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ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT

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— OF THE —

ILLINOIS

Otate Dee-Keeper^' Association

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Organized February 26, 1891, at
Springfield, Illinois

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COMPUTED BY

JAMES A. STONE, Secretary,
• - R. R. 4, Springfield, 111.

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Springfield, III.: -, .

Illinois State Reg-ister Print. \

1912 •

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UNIVERSITY OF !LilNOI|
AGRICULTURE MBRARV

Letter of Transmittal.

! Office of the Secretary, ) '

R. R. 4, SPRINGFIEI.D, III.. Feb. 1, 1912. f " v

To his Excellency Charles S. Detieett, Governor of the State
of Illinads:

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the Eleventh
Annual Report of the Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Association.
Respectfully submitted,

James a. Stone, Secretary.

\ '■

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W

FATHER LAXGSTROTH,
Inventor of the Movable Frame Hive,

OFFICERS

—OF THE— ■ ■.'-,

"* ■ ■ ■ . "

Illinois State Bce-Kceper$* /l$$ociation

FOR 1912 '

C. p. DADANT, President

Hamilton, III.

A. L. KILDOW, . . Putnam

State Foul Bood inspector.

VICE-PRESIDENTS. >

1st— E. J. BAXTER, . . . . . . . . . Nauvoo

2d— I. E. PYLES, . .. .- . Putnam

3d— W. B. MOORE, . Altona

4th— LOUIS WERNER, . Edwardsville

5th— AARON COPPIN, •./ . . . Wenona

JAMES A STONE, ,. . ... . . Secretary

CHAS. BECKER, • / • ■ \ ■ Treasurer

Pleasant Plains.

List of members will appear in back' pf Report. Also Statistical Report.

^

^

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

Formation of the Illinois State Bee-Keepers Association.

Sprfngfield, 111., Feb. 26, 1891.

The Capitol Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion was called to order by President
P. J. England.

Previous notice 'having been given
that an effort would be made to form
a State Association,' and there being
present bee-keepers from different
parts of the State, by motion, a recess
was taken in order to form such an
Association.

P. J. England was chosen temporary
chairman and C. E. Tocum temporary
secretary. On motion, the Chair ap-
pointed Thos. G. Newman, C. P. Da-
dant and Hon. J. M. Hambaugh a com-
mittee on constitution.

Col. Chas. F. Mills addressed the
meeting on the needs of a State As-
sociation, and stated that it was his
opinion that the bee-keepers should
have a liberal apjwtepriation for a State
Apiarian Exhibit ^at the World's Col-
umbian Exposition.

A motion to adjourn till 1:30 p. m.
prevailed.

AFTERIN'OON SESSION.

The Committee on Constitution re-
ported a form for same, which, on
motion, was read by the Secretary, by
sections serially.

Geo. F. Robbins moved to substitute
the word "shall" for "may" in the last
clause of Section 1, Article in. This
led to a very animated discussion, and
the motion was lost.

J. A. Stone moved to amend the
above-named section by striking out
the word "ladies" and all that followed
of the same section, which motion -led
to further discussion, and motion
finally prevailed.

Section 2, Article II., relating to a
quorum, was, on motion, entirely
stricken out.

Mr. Robbins moved to amend Article
V. by adding the words "Thirty days'
notice having been given to each mem-
ber." Prevailed.

Thos. G. Newman moved to adopt
the Constitution, so amended, as a
whole. Which motion prevailed.

See Constitution.

J. A. Stone moved that the Chair
appoint a nominating committee of
three on permanent. organization. Pre-
vailed. ■

Chair appointed as such committee.
Col, Chas. F. Mills, Hon. J. M. Ham-
baugh, and C, P. Dadant.

Committee retired and in a few min-
utes returned, submitting the follow-
ing named persons as candidates for
their respective offices:

For President — ^P. J. England, Fancy
Prairie.

For Vice Presidents—Mrs. li. Harri-
son, Peoria; C- P. Dadant, Hamilton;
W. T. F. Petty, Pittsfleld; Hon. J. M.
Hambaugh, Spring; Dr. C. C. Miller,
Marengo.

Secretary — Jas. A. Stone, Bradford-
ton.

Treasurer — ^A. N. Draper, Upper Al-
ton.

Mr. Black moved the adoption of the
report of the committee on nomina-
tions. The motion prevailed, and the
officers as named by tihe committee
were declared elected for the ensuing
year.

Hon. J. M. Hambaugh moved that
Mr. Thos. G. Newman, editor Ameri-
can Bee Journal, eft Chicago, be made
the first honorary member of the As-
sociation. Prevailed.

At this point Col. Chas. F. Mills
said: "Mr. Chairman, I want to be the
first one to pay my dollar for member-
ship," at the same time suiting his
action to his words, and others fol-
lowed his example, as follows:

CHARTER MEMBERS.

Col. Chas. F. Mills, Sj^ringfield.
Hon. J. M. Hambaugh, Spring.
Hon. J. S. Lyman, Farmingdale.
C. P. Dadant, Hamilton.
Chas. Dadant, Hamilton.
A. N. Draper, Upper Alton.
S. N. Black, Clayton.
Aaron Coppin, Wenona.
Geo. F. Robbins, Mechanicsburg.
J. W. Yocum, Williamsville.
Thos. S. Wallace, Clayton.
A. J. England, Fancy Prairie.
' P. J. England, Fancy Prairie.
C. E. Tocom, Sherman.
Jas. A. Stone, Bradfordton.

1 FIRST HONORARY MEMBER.

"Thos. G. Newman, editor American
Bee Journal, Chicago.

.1.1 .

ELEVENTH. ANNUAL Report of the

-• ■ < -■

-■■ - - >: " ■

State of Illinois— Department of State

ISAAC X. PEARSON, Secretary Of • State.

To all to whom these Prcseyits shall f<?w^^-GREETiNG:

Whereas, A certificate duly signed
and aclinowledged having been filed in
the office of the Secretary of State on
tihe 27th day of February, A. D. 1891,
for the organization of the Illinois State
Bee-ke-epers' Association, under and in
accordance with the provisions of "An
Act Concerning Corporations," ap-
proved April 18, 1872, and in force
July 1, 1872, and all acts amendatory
thereof, a copy of which certificate is
hereunto attached.

Now, Therefore, I, Isaac N. Pearson,
Secretary of State, of the State of Illi-
nois, by virtue of the powers and du-
ties vested in me by law, do hereby
certify that the said. The Illinois State
Bee-Keepers' Association, is a legally
organized corporation under the laws
of the State.

In Testimony 'Wihereof, I hereunto
set my hand and cause to be affixed
the great seal of State.'

Done at the City of Springfield, this
27th day of February, in the
[Seal] year of our Lord one thou-
sand eight hundred and nine-
ty one, and the Independence
of the United States the one
hundred and fifteenth.

I. N, PEARSON,
Secretary of State.

STATE OF ILLINOIS, )
County of Sangamon, f

To Isaac N. Pearson, Secretary of
State:

We, the undersigned, Perry J. Eng-
land, Jas. A. Stone and Albert N. Dra-
per, citizens of the United States,
propose to forrn a corporation under an
act of the General Assembly of the
State of Illinois, entitled "An Act Con-
cerning Corporations," approved April

18, 1872, and all acts amendatory
thereof; *and for the purposes of such
organizations, we hereby state as fol-
lows, to-wit:

1. The name of such corporation is,
The Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Asso-
ciation.

2. The object for which it is formed
is, to promote the general interests of
the pursuit of bee-culture.

3. The management of the afore-
said Association shall be vested in a
board of three Directors, who are to
be elected annually.

4. The following persons are hereby
selected as the Directors, to control
and manage said corporation for the
first year of its corporate existence,
viz.: Perry J. England, Jas. A, Stone,
and Albert N. Draper.

5. The location is in Springfield, in
the County of Sangamon, State of Illi-
nois. [Signed,]

Perry J. England,
Jas. A. Stone,
Albert N. Draper.

STATE OF ILLINOIS, / ^
Sangamon County. f *

I, S. Mendenhall, a notary public in
and for the County and State afore-
said, do 'hereby certify that on this
26th day. of February, A. D. 1891, per-
sonally appeared before me. Perry J.
England, James A. Stone and Albert
N. Draper, to me personally Icnown to
be the same persions who executed the
foregoing certificate, and severally ac-
knowledged that they had executed the
same for the purpos'es therein set forth.

In witness whereof, I have hereunto
set my hand and seal the day and year
above written.

S. Mendenhall.

[Seal] Notary Puhlic.

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS

OF THE-

lilinois State Bec-Kccper$ Jlssociation

CONSTITUTION

Adopted Feb. 2e, 1891.

ARTICLE I.— Name.

This organization shall be known as
The Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Asso-
cia.tion, and its principal place of busi-
ness sihall be at Springfield, 111.

ARTICLE II.— Object.

Its object shall be to promote the
general interests of the pursuit of bee-
culture.

ARTICLE III. — Membership.

Section 1. Any person interested in
Apiculture may become a member up-
on the payment to the Secretary of an
annual fee of one dollar <$1.00).
(Amendment adopted at annual meet-
ing, November, 1905): And any affili-
ating Association, as a body, may be-
come members on the payment of an
aggregate fee of fifty cents (50c) per
member, as amended Nov., 1910.

Sec. 2. Any persons may become hon-

orary members by receiving a ma-
jority vote at any regular meeting,

ARTICLE IV.— Officers.

Section 1. The officers of this Asso-
ciation shall be, President, Vice-Presi-
dent, Secretary and Treasitter. Their
terms of ofiice shall be for one year,
or until their successors are elected
and qualified.

Sec. 2. The President, Secretary and
Treasurer shall constitute the Execu-
tive Committee.

Sec. 3. Vacancies in office — by
death, resignation and otherwise-
shall be filled by the Executive Com-
mittee until the next annual meeting.

ARTICLE V. — Amendments..
This Constitution shall be amended
at any annual meeting by a two-thirds
vote of all the memibers present —
thirty days' notice having been given
to each member of the Association. •

BY-IiAW^S

ARTICLE I.

The officers of the Association shall
be elected by ballot and by a majority
vote. >,

ARTICLE n.

It shall be the duty of the President
to call and preserve order at all meet-
ings of this Association; to call for all
reports of officers and committees; to

put to vote all motions regularly sec-
onded; to count the vote at all elec-
tions, and declare the results; to de-
cide upon all questions of order, and
to deliver an address at each annual
meeting.

AiRTICLE m.

, The Vice-Presidents shall be num-
bered, respectively, First, Second,
Third, Fourth and Fifth, and it shall be

10

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

the duty of one of them, in his re-
spective order, to preside in the ab-
sence of the President.

ARTICLE IV.

Section 1. It shall be the duty of the
Secre^jftfy to report all proceedings of
the Association, and to record tihe
same, when approved, in the Secre-
tary's book; to conduct all correspond-
ence of the Association, and to file
and preserve all papers belonging to
the same; to receive the annual dues
and pay them' over to the Treasurer,
taking his receipt for the same; to
take and record the name and address
of every member of the Association;
to cause the Constitution and By-Laws
to be printed in appropriate form, and
in such quantities as may be directed
by €he Executive Committee from time
to time, and see that each member is
provided with a copy thereof; to make
out and publish annually, as far as
practicable, statistical table showing
the number of colonies owned in the
spring and fall, and the amount of
honey and wax produced by each mem-
ber, together with such other informa-
tion as may be deemed important, or
be directed by the Executive Commit-
tee; and to give notice of all meetings
of the Association in the leading pa-
pers of the State, and in the bee jour-
nals at least four weeks prior to the
time of such meeting.

Sec. 2. The Secretary shall be al-
lowed a reasonable compensation for
his services, and to appoint an as-
sistant Secretary if deemed necessary.

ARTICLE V.

It shall be the duty of the Treasurer
to take charge of all funds of the As-

sociation, ^nd to pay them out upoi.
the order of the Executive Committee,
taking a receipt for the same; and to
render a report of all receipts and
expenditures at each annual meeting.

ARTICLE VI.

It shall be the duty of the Executive
Committee to select subjects for dis-
cussion and appoint members to de-
liver addresses or read essas^s, and to
transact all interim business.

ARTICLE Vn. .

The meeting of the Association
shall be. as far as practicable, gov-
erned by thb following order of busi-
ness:

Call to order.

Reading minutes of last meeting.

President's address.

Secretary's report.

Treasurer's report.

Reports of committees.

Unfinished business.

Reception of members and collection.

Miscellaneous business.

Election and installation of officers.

Discussion.

Adjournment.

ARTICLE VUL

These By-Laws may be amended
by a two- thirds vote of all the mem-
bers present at any annual meeting.
C. B. Yocom.
Aaron Coppin,
Gteo. F. Robbins

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

11

Following is a copy of the law passed by the Illinois Legislature May 19th,
and signed by the Governor June 7th, 1911, to take effect July 1st, 1911:

State Inspector of Apiaries*

Preamble.

§ 1. State Inspector of Apiaries — appoint-
ment — term — assistants — per diem.

§ 3.

§ 2. Foul Brood, Etc. — what declared nuis- § 4.

ances — inspection — ^notice to owner
or occupant — treatment — abatement

• of nuisance — appeal.

Annual Report.

Penalties.

HOUSE BILL NO. 670.

<^ " (Approved June 7, 1911.)

An Act to prevent the introduction and spread in Illinois of foul brood among
bees, providing' for the appointment of a State Inspector of Apiaries and
prescribing his powers and duties.

Whereas, the disease known as foul
brood exists to a very considerable ex-
tent in various portions of this State,
which, if left to itself, will soon ex-
terminate t-he honey-bees; and

Whereas, th« work done by an in-
dividual bee-keepeer or by a State in-
spector is useless so long as the official
is not given authority to inspect and,
if need be, to destroy the disease when
found; and .^

Whereas, there is a great, loss to the
bee-keepers and fruit growers of the
State each year by the devastating
ravages of foul brood;

Seation 1. Be it enacted by the Peo-
ple of the State of Illinois, represented
in the General Assembly: That the
Governor shall appoint a State inspec-
tor of Apiaries, who shall hold his
office for the term of two years, and
until his successor is •appointed and
qualified, and who may appoint one or
more assistants, as needed, to carry on
the inspection under his supervision.
The Inspector of Apiaries shall receive
for each day actually and necessarily
spent in the performance of his duties
the sum of Four Dollars to be paid up-
on bills of particulars certified to as
correct by the said State Inspector of
Apiaries, and approved by the Gov-
ernor.

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of every
person maintaining or keeping any
colony or colonies of bees to keep the
same free from the disease known as
foul brood and from every contagious
and infectious disease among bees. All
bee-hives, bee-fixtures or appurten-
ances where foul brood or other con-
tagious or infectious diseases among
bees exists, . are hereby declared to be
nuisances to be abated as hereinafter
prescribed. If the inspector of apiaries*
shall have reason to believe that any
apiary is infected by foul brood or
other contagious disease, he shall have
power to inspect, or cause to be in-
spected, from time to time, such apiary, '
and for the purpose of such inspection
he, oc his assistants, are authorized
during reasonable business hours to
enter into or upon any farm or prem-
ises, or other building or place used for
the purpose of propagating or nurtur-
ing bees. If said inspector of apiaries,
or his assistants, shall find by inspec-
tion that any person, firm or corpora-
tion is maintaining a nuisance as de-
scribed in this section, he shall notify
in writing the owner or occupant of the
premises containing the nuisance so
disclosed of the fact that such nuisance
exists. He shall include in such notice
a statement of the conditions consti-
tuting such nuisance, and order that

'h

■>?^

^

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

the same be abated within a specified
time and a direction, written or printed,
pointing out the methods which shall
be taken to abate the same. Such
notice and order may be served per-
sonally or by depositing- the same in
the post office properly stamped, ad-
dressed to the owner or occupant of
the land or premises upon which such
nuisance exists, and the direction for
treatment maj^ consist of a printed
circular, bulletin or report of the In-
spector of Apiaries, or an extract from
same.

If the person so notified shall refuse
or fail to abate said nuisance in the
manner and in the time prescribed in
said notice, the Inspector of Apiaries
m.ay cause such nuisance to be abated,
and he shall certify to the owner or
person in charge of the premises the
cost of the abatement and if not paid
to him within sixty days thereafter the
same may be recovered, together with
the costs of action, before any court in
the State having competent jurisdic-
tion.

In case notice and order served as
aforesaid shall direct that any bees,
hives, bee-fixtures or appurtenances
shall be destroyed and the owner of
such bees, hives, bee-fixtures or appur-
tenances shall consider himself ag-
grieved by said order, he shall have
the privilege of appealing within three
days of the receipt of the notice to
the county court of the county in
which such property is situated. The

appeal shall be made in like manner as
appeals are taken to the county court
from judgments of justices of the
peace. "Written notice of said appeal
served by mail upon the Inspector of
Apiaries shall operate to stay all pro-
ceedings until the decision of the
county court, which may, after investi-
gating the matter, reverse, modify or
affirm the order of the Inspector of
Apiaries. Such decision shall then be-
come the order of the Inspector of
Apiaries, who shall serve the same as
hereinbefore set forth and shall fix a
time within which such decision must
be carried out.

Sec. 3. The Inspector of Apiaries
shall, on or before the second Monday
in December of each calendar year,
make a report to the Governor and also
to the Illinois State Bee Keepers' As-
sociation, stating the number of
apiaries visited, the nijmber of those
diseased and treated, the number of
colonies of bees destroyed and the ex-
pense incurred in the performance of
his duties.

Sec. 4. Any owner of a diseased
apiary or appliances taken therefrom,
who shall sell, barter or give away any
such apiary, appliance, queens or bees
from such apiary, expose other bees to
the danger of contracting such disease,
or refuse to allow the Inspector of
Apiaries to inspect such apiary, or
appliances, shall be fined not less than
$50.00 nor more than $100.00.

Approved June 7, 1911.

■^

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

13

(Bill passed in the 47th General Assembly.)

Bee-Keepers^ Association

§ 1. Appropriates $1,000 per annum — pro-
viso, r-

§ 2. How drawn.
§ 3. Annual Report.

HOUSE BILL NO. 99.

(Approved June 5, 1911.)
An Act making an appropriation for the Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Association.

WJiereas, The members of the lUi-,
nois State Bee-Keepers' Association
have lor years given much time and
labor without compensation in the en-
deavor to promote the interests of the
bee-lceepers of the State; and,

Whereas, The importance of the in-
dustry to the farmers and fruit-grow-
ers of the State warrants the expendi-
ture of a reasonable sum for the
holding of annual meetings, the publi-
cation of reports and papers containing
practical information concerning bee-
keeping, therefore, to sustain the same
and enable this organization to defray
the expenses of annual meetings, pub-
lishing reports, suppressing foul brood
among bees in the State, and promote
the industry in Illinois;

Section 1. Be it enacted by the Peo-
ple of the State of Illinois represented
in the General Assembly: That there
be and is (hereby appropriated for the
use of the Illinois State "^Bee-Keepers'
Association the sum of one thousand
dollars ($1,000) per annum for the
years 1911 and 1912. For the purpose
of advancing the growth and develop-
ing the interests of the bee-keepers of
Illinois, said sum to be expended un-
der the direction of the Illinois State

Bee-Keepers' Association for the pur-
pose of paying the expenses of holding
annual meetings, publishing the pro-
ceedings of said metings, suppressing
foul TDrood among bees in Illinois, etc.

Provided, however. That no officer
or officers of .the Illinois State Bee-
Keepers' Association shall be entitled
to receive any money compensation
whatever for any services rendered for
the same, out of this fund.

Sec. 2. That on the order of the
President, countersigned by the Secre-
tary of the Illinois State Bee-Keepers*
Association, and approved by the Gov-
ernor, the Auditor of Public Accounts
shall draw his warrant on the Treas-
urer of the State of Ulinoia in favor
of the treasurer of the Illinois State
Bee-Keepers' Association for the sum
herein appropriated.

Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the
treasurer of the Illinois State Bee-
Keepers' Association to pay out of said
appropriation, on itemized and re-
ceipted vouchers, such sums as may be
authorized by vote of said organiza-
tion on the order of the president,
countersigned by the secretary, and
make annual report to the (Sovernor of
all such expenditures, as provided by
law.

14

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Code of Rules and Standards for Grading Apiarian Exhibits at Fair as
Adopted by Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Association.

COMB HONEY.

Rule 1. Comb honey shall be marked
on a scale of 100. as follows:

Quantity *0

Quality 40

Style of display 20

Rule 2. Points of quality should be:

Variety 6

Clearness of capping 10

Completeness of capping 5

Completeness of filling 5

Straightness of comb 5

Uniformity 5

Style of section 5

Remarks: 1. By variety is meant
different kinds, with regard to the
sources from which the honey is gath-
ered, which adds much Interest to an
exhibit.

2. By clearness of capping is meant
freedom from travel stain and a water
soaked appearance. This point is
marked a little high, because it is a
most important one. There is no bet-
ter test of the quality of comb honey
than the appearance of the cappings.
If honey is taken off at the proper
time, and cared for as it should be. so
as to preserve its original clear color,
body and flavor will take care of them-
selves, for excellence in the last two
points always accompanies excellence
in the first. Clover and basswood
honey shoud be white; heartsease, a
dull white tinged with yellow; and
Spanish needle, a brigtht yellow.

3. By uniformity is meant closeness
of resemblance in the sections compos-
ing the exhibit.

4. By style is meant neatness of the
sections, freedami from propolis, etc.

5. Honey so arranged a3 to show
every section sihould score the highest
In style of display, and everything that
may add to the tastiness and attract-
ivness of an exhibit should be con-
sidered.

EXTRACTED HONEY.

Rule 1. Extracted honey should be
marked on a scale of 100, as follows:

Quantity 40

Quality 45

Style of display 15

Rule 2. The points of quality should
be:

Variety 10

Clearness of color 5

Body 5

Flavor 5

Style of package 10

Variety of package 5

Finish : 5

Remarks: 1. Light clover honey
pouring out of a vessel is a very light
straw color; Spanish needle, a golden
hue, and dark clover honey, a dull am-
ber.

2. Style of package is rated a little
higih, not only because in that consists
the principal beauty of an exhibit of
extracted honey, but also because It
involves the best package for market-
ing. We want ^;o show honey in, the
best shape for the retail tradey'and
that, in this case, means the most at-
tractive style for exhibition. Glass
packages should be given the prefer-
ence over tin; flint glass over green,
and smaller vessels over larger, pro-
vided the latter run over one or two
pounds.

3. By variety of package is meant
chiefly different sizes; but small pails
for retailing, and, in addition, cans or
kegs (not too large) for wholesaling,
may be considered. In the former case,
pails painted in assorted colors, and
lettered "Pure Honey," should be
given the prefertence.

4. By finish Wnaeant capping, label-
ing, etc.

5. Less depends upon the manner of
arranging an exhibit of extracted than
of comb honey, and for that reason,
as well as to give a higher number of
points to style of package, a smaller
scale is allowed for style of display.

^i^V^HS^'

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

15

SAMPLES OF COMB AND EX-
TRACTED HONBiY.

Rule 1. Single cases of comb honey,
entered as such for separate pre-
miums, should be judged by substan-
tially the same rules as those given
for a display of comb iboney, and sam-
ples of extracted, by those governing
displays of extracted honey.

Rule 2. Samples of comb or ex-
tracted honey, as above, may be con-
sidered as part of the general display
In their respective departments.

GRANULATED HONEY.

Rule 1. Candied or granulated (honey
should be judged by the rules for ex-
itracted honey, except as below.

Rule -2. The points of quality shoul.d
be:

Variety 10

Fineness of grain 5

Color • 5

Flavor 5

Style of package 10

Variety of package 5

Finish 5

Rule 3. An exhibit of granulated
honey may be entered or considered
as part of a display of extracted
honey.

NUCLEI OF BEIES.

Rule, Bees in observation hives
should be maked on a scale of 100. as
follows:

Color and markings 30

Size of bees .TTv^ 30

Brood • 10

Queen 10

Quietness 5

Style of comb 5

Style of Mve 10

Remarks: 1. Bees should be exhib-
ited only In 'the form of single frame
nuclei, in hives or cages with glass
sides. V

2. Italian bees sibould show three
or more bands, ranging from leather
color to golden or light yellow.

3. The markings of other races
should be those claimed for those races
in their purity.

4. A nucleus from which the

queen is omitted should score zero on
that point.

5. The largest quantity of brood in
all stages or nearest to that ^bould
score the highest in that respect.

6. The stralghtest, anoothest and
most complete comb, with the most
honey consistent with the most brood,
should score the highest in that re-
spect.

7. That hive which, is neatest and
best made and Fhows the bees, etc., to
the best advantage should score the
highest.

QUEEJN BEES.

Rule. Queen bees in cages should
be marked on a scale of 100, as fol-
lows:

Quantity 40

Quality and variety 40

Style of caging and display.... 20

Remarks: 1. The best in quality
consistent with variety should score
the highest. A preponderence of Ital-
ian queens should overweigh a pre-
ponderance of black ones, or, perhaps,
of any other race or strain; but sam-
ple queens of any or all varieties should
be duly considered. Under the head
of quality should also be considered
the attendant bees. There should be
about a dozen with each queen.

2. Neatness and finish of cages
should receive due consideration, but
the principal points in style are to
make and arrange ,th« cages so as to
show the inmates to the best advan-
tage.

BEESWAX.

Rule. Beeswax should be marked
on a scale of 100, as follows:

Quantity 40

Quality 40

Style of display 20

Remarks: 1. Pale, clear, yellow
specimens should score the highest,
and the 'darker grades should come
next in order.

2. By style is meant chiefly the
forms In which the wax is molded and
1 put up for exhibition. Thin cakes or
small pieces are more desirable in the
retail trade than larger ones. Some
attention may be given to novelty and
;3^ariety. ,

"A ■ - ,^

I , ^•.-"
.. - I ' - ■-

■ . ,- (. ■

■'&A

16

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

?oul Brood and Other Diseases of Bees

Foul brood — ^bacillus alvei — is a fa'tal
and contagious disease among bees,
dreaded most of all by bee-keepers.
The germs of disease are either given
to the young: larval bee in its food
when it hatches from the egg of the
queen-bee, or it may be contagion
from a diseased colony, or if the queen
deposits eggs, or the worker-bees store
honey or pollen in such combs. If In
any one of the above cases, Ijhe dis-
oase will soon appear, and the germs
increase with great rapidity, going
from one little cell to another, colony
to colony of bees, and then to all the
neighboring apiaries, thus soon leav-
ing whole apiaries with only diseased
combs to inoculate others. The Island
of iSyria in three years lost all of its
great apiaries from foul brood. Dzier-
zon, in 1868, lost his entire apiary of
500 colonies. Cowan, the editor of the
British Bee Journal, recently wrote:
"The only visible hindrance to the rap-
id expansion of the bee industry is the
prevalence of foul brood, which is so
rapidly spreading over the country as
to make bee-keeping a hazardous occu-
pation."

Canada's foul brood inspector, in
1890 to 1892, reported 2,395 cases, and
in a later report for 1893 to 1898, that
40 per cent of the colonies inspected
were diseased. Cuba is one of the
greatest honey-producing countries,
and was lately reported to me by a
Wisconsin bee-keeper who has been
there, and will soon return to Wiscon-
sin: "So plentiful is foul brood in
Cuba that I have known whole apiaries
to dwindle out of existence from its
ravages, and hundreds more are on
the same road to sure and certain
death. I, myself, took, in 90 days in
Cuba, 24,000 pounds of fine honey from
100 colonies, but where is that apiary
i)nd my other 150-colony apiary? Dead
from foul brood." Cuba, in 1901, ex-
ported 4,795,600. pounds of honey, and
1,022,897 pounds of beeswax.

Cuba at present has laws to sup-

press foul brood, and her inspector is
doing all possible to stamp the same
from the island.

Even in Wisconsin I know of several
quite large piles of empty hives, where
also many other apiaries where said
disease had gotten a strong foothold.

By the kindness of the Wisconsin
bee-keepers, and, in most cases, by their
willing assistance, I liave, during the
last five years, gotten several counties
free of the disease, and at the present
writing, March 12, 1902, have what
there is in Wisconsin under control
and quarantined. This dreadful dis-
ease is often imported into our State
from other States and countries, so we
may expect some new cases to develop
until all the States shall enact such
laws as will prevent further spread
of the same. Arizona, New York
(1899), California (1891), Nebraska
(1895), Utah (1892), Colorado (1897),
have county inspectors, and Wisconsin
(1897), and Michigan (1901), have
State inspectors. The present Wis-
consin law, after five years of testing
and rapid decrease of the disease, is
considered the best, and many other
States are now making efforts to se-
cure a like law.

There are several experimental api-
aries in Canada, under control of the
Ontario Agricijjtural College; also a
few in the United States, especially in
Colorado, that have done great work
for the bee-keeping industry, and their
various published' bulletins on the
same are very valuable. The Wiscon-
sin State Bee-Keepers' Association has
asked that an experimental apiary
might be had on the Wisconsin Ex-
perimental Farm, but at present there
are so many departments asking for
aid that I fear it may be some time be-
fore bee-culture will be taken up.

Causes of Fou! Brood.
1. Many writers claim foul brood
originates from chilled or dead brood-
Dr. Howard, of Texas, one of the best

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

17

practical modern scientific experi-
menters, a man of authority, has proven
beyond a doubt that chilled or common
dead brood does not produce foul
brood. I have, in the last five years,
also proven his statement to be true
in Wisconsin, but I do believe such
conditions of dead brood are the most
favorable places for lodgment and
rapid growth of disease. Also, I do
not believe foul brood germs are float-
ing in the air, for, it they were, why
would not every brood-comb cell of
an infective hive become diseased? I
believe that this disease spreads only
as the adult bees come in contact with
it, which is often through robber-bees.
Brood-combs should not be removed
from any colony on cold or windy
.days, nor should they be left for a
moment in the direct rays of sun-
shine on hot days.

2. The foul brood may be caused by
the need of proper food and tempera-
ture. Generally this disease does not
p.ppear to be serious during a honey-
flow, but at the close of the honey sea-
son, or at time of scarcity, it is quite
serious, and as the bees at such times
will rob anywhere they can find stores,
whether from healthy or diseased
combs, it is the duty of every bee-
keeper to keep everything carefully
protected. Hive -entrances contracted,
no old combs or any article with a drop
of honey in where the bees can get to
it. While honey is coming in from
the various flowers, quite a portion is
used direct as food for the larval bee,
and with such no disease would be
fed to the bees. Such fed bees, even
in a diseased hive, will hatch, as is
often the case. I never knew a case
where a bee hatched from a brood cell
that had ever had foul brood in. If
the germs of disease are there in the
dried scale attached to thQ lower side
walls, bees will store honey therein;
the queen will deposit eggs, or the cell
may be filled with pollen, or beebread,
a.s some call it. Said honey, or pollen,
when it comes in contact with those
germs of disease, or the food given to
the young bee, if in the proper temper-
ature, said germs of disease will grow
and develop rapidly.

Causes of Contagion.

I fully believe that if the history of
foul brood in Wisconsin were known,
nearly every case could be traced to
contagion from diseased combs, honey,
or from home diseased queen-breed-

—2'

ers' cages. There are some instances
where I have traced the history of con-
tagion in Wisconsin:

1. Diseased apiaries, also single col-
oiiies, S-old either at auction or private
sale. Several law^ suits have resulted
in the settlement of some of the cases.

2. Brood-combs and. various imple-
ments from diseased hives, used by
other bee-keepers, and borrowed ar-
ticles.

3. All the bees in an apiary dead
from foul brood, and the hives having
an abundance of honey in the brood-
combs, said combs placed out by the
side of hives, so that neighbor's bees
might get the honey. From those
combs I lined robber bees to seven
other apiaries, and each time became
diseased and were treated.

4. Robber bees working on empty
honey packages in the back yards of
grocery stores and baking factories.
Said honey came from diseased api-
aries, some located in far distant
States, even Cuba.

5. Loaning of hives, combs, extrac-
tors, and even empty honey- packages.

6. ' Buying honey from strangers, or
not knowing where it was produced,
and feeding it to bees without boiling
the honey.

7. Too common a practice of using
old brood-combs from some apiary
where the owner's bees have died from
"bad luck," as he calls it.

8. Queen-bee — by buying queen
bees from strangers and introducing
her in the cages they came in. I have
traced several new outbreaks of the
disease to the hives where such queens
were introduced, and the queens came
from distant States. To be safe, on ar-
rival of queen, put her carefully alone
in a new and clean cage with good
food in it. Keep her in there, warm
and comfortable,, for a few hours be-
fore introducing. The shipping cage
and every bee that came with the
queen should be put in the stove and
burned. I do not think there is any
danger from the queen so treated,
even from diseased hives, but I do
know of many cases where disease
soon appear in the hives, where the
shipping cage and bees were put in
with the colony. The great danger is
in the food in said cage being made
from diseased honey. I was called to
attend a State bee-keepers' meeting
in another State, and I agked if any
there . had had experiences' with foul

\

18

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

brood. There was a g^oodly number
of raised hands. Then I asked: "Do
any of you think you got the disease
by buying queen-bees?"' Again sev-
eral hands were raised. Even bee-
keepers there had traced the disease in
their apiaries to the buying of queens,
and all from the same breeder. If you
get queens from abroad, I hope you
will do with them as I have described
above. Better be on the safe side.

Experiments.

1. A prominent Wisconsin bee-
keeper some years ago had foul brood
among his bees so bad that he lost

i 200 colonies before the disease "was
checked. Having a honey-extractor
and* comb-foundation machine, he first
boiled the hives in a large sorghum
pan, then in a kettle all combs were
melted after the honey was extracted;
the honye was boiled and also the
extractor and implements used. The
bees were returned to their hives on
comb-foundation he made from the
wax made from the melted combs,
then fed the boiled honey. Several
years have passed, and there has been
no sign of disease in tiis apiary since.

2. Foul-brood germs are not always
killed when exposed to a temperature
of 212 deg. F. (boiling point) for 45
minutes. uBt in every case where the
combs are boiled in boiling water, and
same were well stirred while boiling,
no germs were ali^e.

3. Foul brood in brood-combs is not
destroyed when exposed to the temper-
ature of Wisconsin winters of 20 deg.
below zero, and in one case I developed
foul brood frontycombs that had been
exposed to 28 deg. below zero.

4. Honey, if stored in diseased
combs, acts as a. preserving medium,
and in such cases the germs of disease
will remain so long as the comb is
undisturbed. Four years at least.

5. Honey or beeswax, or the refuse
from a solar or sunheat extractor, is
not heated enough to kill foul -brood
germs. Several cases of contagion
where robber bees worked on solar ex-
tractor refuse or honey.

6. Comb-foundation made by sup-
ply manufacturers is free from live
germs of disease and perfectly safe to
use. To prove this experiment be-
yond a doubt, I took a quantity of
badly diseased brood-combs from sev-
eral apiaries and render each batch
of combs into wax myself on the farm

where found. Then on my own foun-
dation mill I made some brood-foun-
dation. I also took quite a quantity
more of said wax, went to two whole-
sale comb-foundation manufacturers,
and both parties willingly made my ex-
perimental wax into comb-foundation,
just the same as they do every batch
of wax, I then divided the various
makes of foundation, and selected 20
of the best bee-yards in Wisconsin,
where no disease ha^ ever been known;
had the same placed in 62 of their best
colonies, and in every case no signs
of disease have appeared. Those same
colonies tontinue to be the best in the
various apiaries.

Symptoms of Foul Brood.

1. The infected colony is not liable
to be as industrious. Hive entrance
with few guard bees to protect their
home. Sometimes fine dirt or little
bits of old comb and dead bees
in and around the hive-entrance, and
often robber bees seeking entrance.

2. Upon opening the hive, the brood
in the combs is irregular, badly scat-
tered, with many . empty cells which
need inspection.

3. The cappings over healthy brood
are oval, smooth, and of a healthy
color peculiar to' honey-bee brood, but
if diseased, the cappings are sunken,
a little darker in color, and have
ragged pin holes. The dead larval bee
is o fa light color, and, as it is termed,
ropy, so that if a toothpick is inserted
and slowly withdrawn, this dead larva
will draw out much like spittle or glue.

4. In this ropy stage there is more
or less odor peculiar to the disease;
it smells something like an old, stale
gluepot. A colony may be quite badly
affected and not omit much odor, only
upon opening of the hive or close ex-
amination of the brood. I have treated
a few cases where the foul brood odor
was plainly noticed several rods from
the apiary.

5. Dried Scales. — If the disease has
reached the advanced stages, all the
above described conditions will be
easily seen and the dried scales as well.
This foul matter is so tenacious that
the bees cannot remove it, so it dries
down on the lower side-wall of the
cell, midway from the bottom to front
end of the cell, seldom on the bottoni
of the cell. According to its stage of
development, there will be either the
shapeless mass of dark brown matter,

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

19

on the lower side of the cell, often
with a wrinkled skin covering, as if
a fine thread had been inserted in
the skin legthwise and drawn enough
to form rib-like streaks on either side.
Later on it becomes hardened, nearly
black in color, and in time dries down
to be as thin as the side walls of the
cell. Often there will be a small dried
bunch at the front end of the cell,
not larger than a part of a common
pin head. To see it plainly, take the
comb by the top bar and ht)ld it so
that a good light falls yiio the cell at
an angle of 75 degrees from the tip
of the comb, while your sight falls
upon the cell at an ^ngle of about
? 45 degrees. The scales, if present,
-will easily be seen as above described.
.This stage of disease in combs is easily
seen, and is always a sure guide or
proof of foul brood. Such combs can
never be used safely by the bees, and
must be either burned or carefully
melted: Be sure not to mistake such
marked combs in the spring for those
soiled with bee dysentery. The latter
have a somewhat similar appearance,
but are more or less surface soiled,
and will also be spotted or have
streaked appearance by the dark
brown sticky excrements from the

adult bees. f

■ - ■ ■ *-

Treatment.

"A bee-keeper who does not discover ^
foul brood, before his nostrils remind^
him that there is something wrong*
with his bees, is not the proper person
to treat the case." Dr. Howard, in
his valuable book on foul brood,
states: "I regard the use of all drugs
In the treatment of foul brood as a
useless waste of time and material,
wholly ineffectual, inviting ruin and
total loss of bees. Any method which
has not for its object the entire re-
moval of all infectious material beyond
the reach of both bees and brood, will
prove detrimental and destructive, and
surely encourage the recurrence of the
disease." In Wisconsin, I have tried
m.any methods of treatment, and cured
some cases with each method; but the
one that never fails, if carefully fol-
lowed, and that commends itself, is
the McEvory treatment. Canada's foul .
brood inspector has cured foul brood
by the wholesale — thousands of cases.

McEvoy Treatment.

"In the honey season, when the bees
are gathering honey freely, remove

the combs in the evening and shake
the bees into their own hives; give
them frames with comb -foundation
starters, and let them build comb for
four days. The bees will make the
starters into comb during the four
days, and store the diseased honey in
them, which they took with them from
the old comb. Then, in the evening of
the fourth day, take out the new
combs and give them comb -foundation
(full sheets) to work out, and then the
cure will be complete. By this method
of treatment all the diseased honey is
removed from the bees before the full
sheets of foundation are' worked out.
All the old foul -brood coVnbs must be
burned or carefully made into wax,
after they are removed from the hives,
and all the new combs made out of the
starters during the four days must be
burned or made into wax,- on account
of the diseased honey that "would be
stored in them. All the curing or
treating of diseased * colonies should
be done in the evening, so as not to
have any robbing done, or cause any
of the bees from the disease colonies
to mix and go with the bees of healthy
colonies. By doing all the work in the
evening, it gives the bees a chance to
settle down nicely before morning, and
then there is no confusion or trouble.
This same method of curing colonies
of foul brood can be carried on at
any time from May to October, when
the bees are not getting any honey, by
feeding plenty of sugar syrup in the
evenings to take the place of the
honey flow. It will start the bees rob-
bing and spread the disease, to work
with foul brood colonies in warm days
v.hen the bees are not gathering honey,
and for that reason all work must be
done in the evenings when no bees
are flying.

"When the diseased colonies are
weak in bees, put the bees, two, three,
or four colonies together, so as to get
a good sized colony to start the cure
with, as it does not pay to spend time
fussing with little, weak colonies.
Wheu the bees are not gathering
honey, any apiary can be cured of foul
brood by removing the diseased combs
■■: in the evening and giving the bees
frames with comb -foundation starters
on. Then, also, in the vening feed
the bees plenty of sugar syrup, and
they will draw out the foundation and
sore the diseased honey which they
took with them from the old combs;
on the fourth evening remove the new

20

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

combs made out of the starters, and
give the bees full sheets of comb-foun-
dation, and feed plenty of sugar syrup
each evening, until every colony is in
first class order. Make the syrup out
of granulated sugar, putting one pound
of water to every pound of sugar, and
bring it to a boil. As previously stated,
all the old comb must be burned, or
made into wax, and so must all new
combs made during the four days. No
colony Is cured of foul brood by the
use of any drug.

A. L Root, of Medina, Ohio, says:
"The starvation plan, in connection
with burning the combs and frames
•and building the hives, has worked the
best in treating foul brood. It never
appeared after each treatment, though
it did in some cases where the hives
were honey-stained and not boiled,
thus comfirming the theory or fact of
spores."' .

All the difference from the McEvory
treatment that I practice is this: I
dig a deep pit on level ground near
the diseased apiary, and after getting
a fire in the pit, such diseased combs,
frames, etc., as are to be burned are
burned in this pit in the evening, and
then the fresh earth from the pit re-
turned to cover all from sight. Often
I use some kerosene oil, a little at a
time being poured on old broodcombs,
or those having much honey in, as they
are hard to burn. If diseased combs
with honey in are burned on the sur-
face of the soil, there is great danger;
the honey, when heated a little, will
run like water on the soil, and in the
morning the robber bees will be busy
taking home the diseased honey that
was not heated enough to kill germs
of foul brood.

I also cage the queen while the bees
are on the five or six strips of founda-
tion. It helps to keep the colony from
deserting the hive and going to other
colonies.

R. L. Taylor, Michigan University
Experimental Apiary, reports: "The
plan that the colony be shaken out
into another hive after being allowed
to build comb for four days, I have
proven, in 100 cases, to be unneces-
sary." ^

In "Wisconsin I, too, have cured sev-
eral cases by the one transferring,
when honey was not coming in very
freely, but it is better, and a great
saving of time to both bees and owner,
to exchange in three or four days,

those foundation starters, for full
sheets of foundation. Diseased brood-
combs and those with honey in, if
melted in a sun or solar extractor, th«
wax, honey or residue is not hot
enough to kill germs of foul brood.
This I have proven by several expe'ri-'
ments. It must be boiled and well
stirred while boiling, to be safe.

I do not believe in, or practice, burn-
ing any property, such as hives, beefe,
beeswax or honey, that can be safely
treated and saved. Many times it is
poor economy to save all, and so many
bee-keepers are not so situated as to
keep all diseased material from rob-
ber bees while taking care of it; the
best and oly safe way is to burn the
diseased combs and frames.

Utah.

Utah has county inspectors, and
from one who has remarkable success
I copy the report of his method of
treatment:

"Wherever found it should be dealt
with earnestly and with dispatch. If
the colony is weak, I recommend
something the bees, and in order to
do this without letting a bee escape,
take a tablespoonful of sulphur and
place It in the hive entrance of the
hives; if there is any breeze, turn the
hive so it will blow in the entrance.
Then fire the sulphur and it will soon
kill the bees. This should be done
early in the morning, before any of the
bees are fiying, as one bee escaping
fro mthe hive might carry the disease
to any colony with which it may take
up its abode. If the colony is a strong
one, I would keep the entrance partly
closed, so as to prevent any other bees
from getting in. Then as soon as fruit
blossoms come out so the ■ bees can
obtain honey, I treat them. I procure
an empty box of any kind, so it is
Glean, then find the queen, put her in
a screen wire cage, which is easily
made. Take a small piece of screen
roll it up and tie a string arond either
end; cork up one end, then place the
queen and a few workers, for company,
in the cage, and place in the other end
cork. Put same in this box, and shake
all the bees out of their hive into this
box. This must be done in the even-
ing, when no bees are flying. Keep the
queen in this box for 24 to 48 hours,
allowing the bees to fly in and out as
they please. Next take a clean hive,
Avith good, healthy combs ar founda-

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

21

tion, and shake bees into it, letting the
queen go, and they will be free from
disease. The old combs are melted
into wax, bring-ing same to a good
boil. Often washing with boiling
water any hives or implements that
might contain disea.se. Whenever
strictly followed, this has affected a
.cure." — C. Wilcox, Emery Co., Utah.

Pickled Brood.

Some seasons pickled brood is quite
bad among bees, and in a few cases
I have known it to reduce large colo-
nies, even large apiaries, to doubtful
hopes, but those samte colonies, after
I gave them treatment, were in a
month free from disease. Some-
times it takes as careful handling as if
foul brood. I do not believe it is con-
tagious, for all I have seen 60 colonies
in one apiary badly reduced by it. As
an experiment, one of my out-apiaries
had 50 colonies at one - time with
pickled brood. I treated them, and all
were soon free from dead brood. At
the same time I took ten of the worst
brood -combs, where at Least two-
thirds of the brood were idead, and
placet! these combs in other striong,
healthy colonies. They at once cleaned
out the dead brood, and reared as nice
brook as one could ask for. , .

Symptoms.

The larval bees (in last of May and
through June) show light brown spots;
a little later the cappings have small
holes in — the cappings are not shrunk-
en or dark colored, as in foul brood.
The dead bee will be first swollen, with
a black head dried to a hard bunch,
and often turned up — Chinaman-shoe-
like. The skin of the dead bee is quite
tough, and, if punctured, the thin,
watery fluid of the body will flow as
freely as water, often; a little yellow or
brownish colored frqm the dissolved
pollen from the abdomen of the bee.
It has very little or no smell; does not
at any time stick to the walls of the
comb; is easily pulled out of the cell;
is never ropy or sticky, and, if the
colony is properly cared for, the bees
will take care of themselves. Plenty
of liquid, unsealed honey and pollen
near the brood, and hives so protected
as to keep the bees and brood com-
fortable on cold days and nights.

Never put bees on old black brood-
combs, or those with dead broods in;
better make wax of the combs, and

give the bees full sheets of broodcomb
foundation.

Treatment.

Keep all colonies strong, with plenty
of unsealed honey near the brood, and
if hives are properly sheltered, so as to
be warm on cold days and nights, there
will be little or no pickled brood. If
the queen is old, shows signs of weak-
ness by putting several eggs in one
brood-cell and nursing several others,
so that the brood is patchy, I would
kill such a queen, feed the bees a little,
and, when queen-cells are started, re-
move them all and give them a queen
and bees, between two of her own
brood-combs from a hive where she
has lived. I do not think pickled
brood is often the fault of the queen,
but rather a lack of proper food and
heat in the hive. In most cases, a
shortag-e of liquid honey, or moldy
pollen, even in hives with plenty of
sealed honey in the outer combs.
There is a time in spring in Wisconsin,
between dandelions and white clover
bloom, when there is no honey coming
in from flowers, and often cold days
and nights, so that the live bees con-
sume the liquid, unsealed honey first,
and cluster in- a compact body to keep
warm; the result often is the larval
bee, just changed from the egg to a
tender little grub, is either starved,
half-fed or chilled, so that it grows
slowly, and too often it dies, and then
it is we first notice this about the time
white clover honey begins to come in.
In other parts of ■ the state, where
pickled brood appeared, it was from the
same cause, and at other dates, which
was due to a difference of time of
honey bloom.

Wherever I fed daily some honey, or
even sugar syrup, and kept the hive
w-arm, all dead brood soon disappeared
while in the same apiaries other colo-
nies affected and not so treated, con-
tinued for some time, but got rid of
it as soon as treated.

Strong colonies of bees in the fall,
with a young laying queen, and an
abundance of good honey, seated or
capped by the bees, if properly cared
for during winter, whether in the cel-
lar or in chaff hives, wintered out of '
doors in siheltered location, seldom .-
have pickled brood, chilled or other ';
dead brood, or dysentery, and are the
colonies that give their owner profit.

22

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Black Brood.

Blaok brood is another fatal and
contagious disease among bees, af-
fecting the old bees as well as the
brood. In 1898, 1899 and 1900, it de-
stroyed several! apiaries in New York.
Last year I found 6ne case of it in
Wisconsin, which was quickly disposed
of. Dr. Howard made more than a
thousand microscopic examinations,
and found it to be a distinct form of
bacteria. It isi most active in sealed
brood. The bees affected continue to
grow until they reach the pupa stage,
^th;^ turn black and die. At this
'itaite there is a sour smell. No de-
oomidosition from putrefactive germs
in pfckled brood. In black brood the
dark and rotten mass in time breaks
down and settles to lower side-walls
of the cell; is of a watery, granulated,
syrupy fluid, jeHly-like; is not ropy or
sticky, as in full brood, and has a pe-
culiar smell, resembling sour, rotten
apples. Not even a house fly will set
a foot upon it.

Treatment.

Best time is during a honey-flow,
and the modified McEvoy plan, much
as I have treated foul ibrood, by
caging the queen five days, remove the
foundation starters, and giving full
sheets, keeping queen caged five days
longer. As great care should be taken
of diseased hives, combs, honey, etc.,
as in foul brood.

Dysentery.

Dysentery among bees in Wisconsin
In the spring of the year Is often' quite
serious. Many colonies die with it.
Dysentery is the excrements of the old
bees; it is of brownish color, quite
sticky, and very disagreeable smelling,
and is sometimes mistaken for foul
brood.

Causes.

1. Bees confined too long in the
hives, so that they can no longer with-
hold their excrements, and are com-
pelled to void the same on the other
bees and combs.

2. Poor winter stores, gathered in
the fall from honey-dew, cider mills,
sorghum mills, rotten fruit; also some
kinds of fall flowers.

3. Old and especially moldy pollen
or bee-bread.

4. Hives too cold or damp. If mois-
ture from the breath of the bees is

not carried out of the hive by some
means, such as through a deep cushion
of some kind over the bees that will
absorb moteture and at the same time
retain the heat, or by some means of
ventilation, so that all is dry and' com-
fortable. If mold forms on the combs
or cellar is so damp as to form mold,
there is great danger the bees will
have dysentery and die.

Treatment.

1. First of all, have an abundance
of combs of sealed clover or basswood
honey in brood-frames carefully saved,
and see that each colony is wintered
on such food. Three or four such
combs will winter a fair colony safely,
if confined on those combs late in the
fall, and the hive contracted to fit the
same. This is one of the most im-
portant conditions for success in win-
tering. ,

2. If in the fall the bees have gath-
ered this unwholesome honey from the
above named sources, it should all be
extracted and either exchanged for
those honey-combs, or feed the bees
good honey or sugar syrup until win-
ter S'tores are secured. This should
be done before cold weather in the
falL

3. Hives contracted and made com-
fortable, whether in cellar or out-
doors.

4. If wintered in chaff hives out-
doors, with feed as above directed, and
there come one or two ' warm spells
during winter, so that the bees can
have a cleansing flight, they will not
have dysentery or dead brood, and will
be much stronger when clover opens.

If wintered in the cellar, the bees
will not need so much honey, and if the
winters are generally long, with doubt-
ful warm spells, the cellar "will be best.
But to keep the bees from dysentery,
so often fatal to cellar-wintered bees,
they should have such winter stores as
above spoken of, then the cellar kept
at a medium temperature, about 32
deg. F., ventilated so the air is fresh,
and no mold will form in the cellar.
Fresh air-slaked lime an the bottom
of the cellar may help, if it is damp
or has poor air.

5. Dysentery will not appear if bees
are kept on sugar syruip, or best grade
white clover or basswood honey, and
are in a dry place, either sheltered by
cellar or chaff-hive.

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

23

V

C. P. DADANT, President.

PROCEEDINGS

— OF THE — ■

Twenty-first Annual Session

— OF THE —

IlMois State Bee-Keeps' Association

November 23 and 24, 1911,

AT THE STATE HOUSE.

-/

The 21st Annual Meeting of the Illi-
nois State Bee-Keepers' Association
was held in the State HJouse at Spring-
field, 111., November 23 and 24, 1911.

The meeting was called to order by
the President, C. P. Dadant, at 10 a.
m., November 23d. Prayer was offered
by George W. York, of Chicago.

Pres. iDadant — I desire to thank you
for the very fine compliment I received
last year. I was laid up with rheuma-
tism-, and I received a telegram from
this convention. I want to tell you I
appreciated it; it made me very glad.
I want to thank the membership for
that attention.

24

ELEVENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE

^Pres. Dadant — The Secretary will
read the minutes of the last meeting.

MINUTES OF THE LAST MEETING
NOVEMBER 17, 1910.

The 20th annual session was called to
order at 10:00 A. M., by Vice-President
W. B. Moore.

Prayer was offered by Mr. York. The
Secretary announced that the President-
would not be with us on account of illness.

^Vhereupon. the Secretary was in-
structed to send a telegram expressing
our regret on account of his absence.

The minutes of the last meeting were
read and approved. Secretar^^'s report
was rend and adonted as read.

Treasurer's report read and referred to
nudi.ting committee, appointed by the
Cliair as follows: Messrs. York, Bowen
and Pyles.

Kecretary's faiancial report read and
referred to tlae same committee.

Mr. York moved that the Chair appoint
a commilteo. of three, on 'resohitions im-
mediately after dinner. Carried.

The Chair appointed as such committee:
York. Moorp and Pyles. "and to thein was
i-eforred all the matter named in the
Secretary's report.

.\ motion prevailed to have a picture
taken of the members iiresent in a group
to l)e. placed in tlie 10th Annual Report,
before dinner tomorrow.

Adjourned to 1:60 o'clock p. m.
One o'clock p. m.

It was at this hour the Chair announced
the resolution committee above named.

Dr. BoliVer's paper was read by the
Secretary. "Legislation on Foul Brood,"
referred to committee on resolutions.

Motion made by Mr. York prevailed,
that Drs. Bohrer and Phillips' suggested
bills be referred to a legislative com-
mittee of three to be appointed bv the
Cliair.

Committee as follows: C. P, Dadant,
Jas. A. Stone, and I. E. Pyles.

Mr. A. L. Kildow (Foul Brood Inspec-
tor) reported on his work for the year,
giving a map illustrating the prevalence
of ATTierican and also European Foul
Brood in the State.

Report was approved, and he was ad-
vised to present same before the Legisla-
ture in aid of our Foul Brood Law.

The Secretary read a letter received
from- -President Dadant. and it was re-
ferred to committee on resolutions.

Dr. Phillips made a very fine address,
recommendmg a way of coming at the
Bee Keepers of the State, and the matter
was referred to the committee on reso-
lutions.

A paper by Dr. Bohrer was read bv
3Ir. York, on "Treatment of Foul Brood."

Question box was next in order.

A motion pre^^ailed to elect officers at
10:00 a. m., tomorrow, second day.

A motion was made by the Secretary
that the Constitution be changed, charg-
ing a fee of fifty cents (50c) to affiliat-
ing members instead of twenty-five cents
(35c). Carried.

On motion a recess was taken to 7:30
p. m. tonight.

Evening session at 7:30 p. m. spent
hearing report of Committee on Resolu-
tions and with the question box.

The following resolution was heard:

One recommending New Orleans as the
place for nolding the Panama Exposi-
tion.

All the resolutions were adopted.
Adjourned at 9:30 p. m. to meet at
9:00 a. m. next daj-.

9:00 a. m. (the 18th).

Called to order.

The code of rules for judging honey
at fairs ^^■as taken up and considered.

No changes were made except in R. 4
Comb Honey; the latter clause relating to
the size of the section was stricken out.

A motion was made to do away with
the manipulating of bees at our State
Fair.

, After being discussed it was left to the
Executive Committee to decide.

Proceeded to the election of officers,
with the following result: V

Four Brood Inspector, A. L. Kildow.

President. C. P. Dadant.
1st Vice-President, W. B. Moore.
2d Vice-President, J. W. Bowen.
3d Vice-President. I. E. Pyles.
t4h Vice-President, Aaron Coppin.
5th Vice-President, Louis Werner.

Before the election of Secretary and
Treasurer, their salaries were fixed, the
Secretary at $7ri.00 and the Treasurer at
it:25.00 for the ensuing year.

Jas. A. Stone was re-elected Secretary,
and Chas. Becker, Treasurer.

The tollowing were elected honorary
mem))ers: Dr. E. F. Phillips. Dr. G.
Bohrer, Miss Lillian M. Stewart.

Adjourned sine die, at 11:00 o'clock a.
m., the 18th of November, 1910.

Pres. Dadant — You have heard the
Secretary's minutes; what shall we do
with them?

Mr. York — I move that the minutes
be approved.

Motion seconded and carried.

Pres. Dadant — The next thing m
order is the President's address. I am,
not a believer in long addresses, there-
fore, I have not pre.pared one. I will
simply say a few wordis about the
work of the Association for the past
year. Most of you have helped in the
passage of the Foul Brood law,
which has been a big success for
our Association. This we tried
to get for a nuim'ber of years,
and we have at last succeeded. We
had the help of the Chicago-North-
western Association; the help of the
Department of Agriculture; Dr. Phil-
lips, of "Washington, did all he could
for us. We had the help of Mr. N. E.
France, General Manager of the Na-

.ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

tional; also the' Eastern Illinois State
Bee-Keepers' Association, whose Pres-
ident is with us today. The law is not
qi^ite as perfect as we hope to have it,
because some changes were made at
the last minute by the Attorney Gen-
eral, but we have something that in
the course of time can be improved
upon. The legislators have recognized
our need of, and right to, laws, so that
now Illinois is on a par with Indiana,
Wisconsin, Ohio, and otiier states on
that matter. "We hope still to make
some changes, and we will probably
have to go before the Legislature
again. We have also succeeded in
getting an appropriation. Tou know
all these things, but I thought well to
call attention to them. This has
probably been the largest work this
Association has ever done.

There is now • before iis a change
proposed in the Constitution of the
National As.sociation, and it remains to
be seen whether that change is at
present needed, or is advisable; the
majority will have to decide it. We
thought best to discuss it at this
meeting. We will now have the report
of the Secretary, of the w6rk done
during the past year:

SECRETARY'S REPORT FOR 1911.

When we made our report last year
we were proud of the fact that our
mempership had made an increase of
jus't Iso members more than_ the year
beforV

Lap year our total membership was
286, -and, as we just stated, a gSin of
30 ove-r the preceding year. \

This year our total membership is
302, a gain of only 16 over last year.

The membership of those coming
direct into the State Association last
year was 177; this year, 219 — a. gain of
42 members over last year.

The membership coming through the
Chicago-Northwestern last year was
86; this year, 66 — a decrease of 20
members.

Those joining through the Northern
Illinois and Southern Wisconsin last
year were 17; this year, 14 — a loss of 3.

Last year we had 6 members coming
-through the Western; this year none.

So the total gain this year, though
small, was on account of the large gain
in the mem'bers who came direct into
the State Association.

W;e reiceived a good many members

direct during the year who had pre-
viously come through other associa-
tions, and the reason is simply because
it was the cheapest way to get to the
same end, viz.: Two memberships and
the annual report.

These conditions are all right for the
State Association, but while you can-
not keep people from going where they
can get what satisfies them for the
least money, we are sorry to see the
smaUer organizations going down, for
we had thought the affiliation plan
would build up many small neighbor-
hood societies, and we are still hopeful
that in the future it will result favor-
ably.

This matter was a _ burden on our
_mind when we were considering the
adoption of the new constitution by
the National.

We had 300 copies of our report this
year bound in cloth, and 100 in paper,
and before they were out of the print-
ing office we were compelled to order
20 more copies, cloth bound, for the
rea.son that, besides our membership
of 302, there are new calls coming in.
from State and .other libraries.

While last year we had 7 such calls,
this year we had I.t.

In view of the fact that we are able
to determine beforehand about the
number of cloth bound copies needed,
we think it advisable to publish our
report as soon as possible after the
holidaj^s.

The resolution sent to Con.gress last
year, recommending New Orleans ns
the place for holding the World's
Panama Exposition for 1915, did not
avail, because New Orleans was asking
for a large appropriation by Congress,
and later San Francisco (which was a
bidder for the same) pledged for the
whole amount, and asked for no appro-
priation. So, as a matter of course.
New Orleans "Vi^as not considered.

One of the greatest causes for the
continued increase in our membershif)
is through the 1,200 blanks gent out
to that number of bee-l^eepers. in the
State, for which we I are greatiy
under renewed obli.gatiorts to Editor
York for the use of his mailing list.

Before these blanks are sent out for
the next year we will have to know
what change is made, if any, in rela-
tion to our membership in the Na-
tional, and, therefore, they cannot be
sent out till after the vote is announced

26

ELEVENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE

on the adoption of the new Constitu-
tion.

Some action will be necessary in this
meeting, providing' for a possible
change of the National Constitution.

The blank petitions sent out to 1,200
bee-keepers for a Poul Brood law
brought us over 500 signers, and
seemed to attract particular attention
when placed over against a remon-
strance signed by a single man.

We spoke in our last report of the
aid in adding members that came from
the State Inspector and his assistants.
The same has been the case this year,
but not so many, as the Inspector's
office was an uncertain factor for a
good part of the season.

In our last year'si report we spoke
of the move the National made at
Albany regarding a raise in the fees'.
The present change in its Constitution
now being voted on, should the new
Constitution be elected, provides that
the affiliating societies pay $1.00 per
member, but is it not a fact that we
can still join the National and renew
at fifty centsi (50c), and no way for
them to drop our names till our year
is up? That is the way we felt obli-
gated to carry our members, who came
in last year on November 1st, at
twenty-five cents (25c) through the
Northerp Illinois and Southern Wis-
cons'in, though we changed the fee at
our meeting, only 16 days later, ■'.o
fifty cents (50c) per member.

Not knowing what is to be — it seems
to m^ the only action we can take is
on what now exists.

At our State Fair last month the
exhibition of handling bees in wire
cages became quite interesting by 'be-
ing competitive, two parties having
made entries for that premium, and
only one premium.

In order to keep peace and quiet,
there being a majority of the Execu-
tive Committee present, they pledged
a second premium of $10.00 from the
Association State Fund, and they wish
to recommend that the Executive
Committee apply to the State Board
for second and third premium® to be
added to that entry.

Tour Legislative Committee, viz.,
Dadant, Pyles, and Stone, appointed
last year to carry out the sense of the
meeting to secure a Foul Brood law
making the State Entomologist the
Inspector, proceeded to carry out their
work in the following manner:

The Chairman (Dadant, appointed
by the committee) called a meeting to
wait upon Professor Forbes, at Cham-
paign, and see if we could get through
the University what we thought would
be to the best interests of our industry.

But Professor Forbes 'being absent,
the committee failed to see him; but
they formulated a letter upon which
they were unanimous', asiking Professor
Forbes if he would, in case we co-op-
erated in getting the Bill as we had
proposed, and succeeded, give our
Association any voice in the appoint-
ment of a State Inspector.

His answer to us ■was that he would
be handicapped by no one.

Whereupon our Cliairman called a
second meeting of the committee at
Peoria (the most convenient point), to
know what action to take. The com-
mittee were all present, and it was the
unanimous decision that we would
proceed to apply for the 'same law that
we had sent out so many petitions to
obtain.

Thereupon our Chairman corre-
sponded with all the Legislative Com-
mittee that had been previously
appointed, and their decision was
unanimous with that of your committee.

The following letter, dictated by
the Chairman, was then sent out to
a thousand or more bee-keepers
throughout the State:
To the Illinois Bee-Keepers:

Dear Sir— The bee-keepers of the State
are hereby notified that the committee
of ten elected in 1909 by the State Asso-
ciation, and tlie committee of three
elected in 1910, for the purpose of secur-
ing legislation, have jointly and unani-
mously resolved to apply to the Legisla-
ture for the foul-brood law published in-
the petition, which has been signed by
hundreds of bee-keepers. This is almost
identical with the Wisconsin law. The
only change which Is expected to be made
is a demand for an appropriation of not
to exceed $3,000 for the State Association
■of Bee-Keepers, three-fourths of which
to be available for foul brood. The sum
of $600 has been considered aa altogether
too small, owing to the alarming increase
of foul brood in the State.

Bee-keepers all through the State are
hereby requested to urge the passage of
the law with their representatives and
senators. Copies of the foul brood law
and petition will be forwarded promptly
to all who will apply to the Secretary,
Jas. A. Stone, R. 4, Springfield, Illinois.

The bee-keepers who are able to wield
any inflliuence at the State House are
requested to correspond with Secretary
Stone, in order to join forces for the oc-
casion, c. P. DADANT,
L B. PTLBS,
J. A. STONE,

Committee.

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

27

You will hear more about the work
of the committee before our meeting
ends.

Pres. I>adant — You have heard the
Secretary's report; what shall we do
with it?

Mr. Becker — I move that it be re-
ceived, approved, and placed on file.

Motion was seiconded and carried.

Pres. Dadant — I think that the com-
mittees ought to be appointed. What
is the wisih of the meeting' in regard to
the appointment of committees? We
ought to have a Committee on Resolu-
tions, and perhaps another committee.

Mr. Pyles — I move that the Chair-
man be instructed to appoint a
Committee on Resolutions, and a
Committee on Reports; and any other
committees that may properly come
before us. I mean the Resolution
Committee and the Auditing Commit-
tee, and any other committee^ i

Dr. Bohrer — I live in Kansas, and I
don't think it would be out of the way
to keep a Legislative Comanittee.

Pres. Dadant — That is, I think, a
good suggestion.

Dr. Bohrer — In order that any de-
fects in your law, if there are any, can
be referred to them, and brought be-
fore them in the future for considera-
tion and action; I believe it would be
a good thing to appoint a Legislative

Committee, consisting of probably
three members.

Pres. Dadant — As I understand it,
there was a motion made, but not sec-
onded yet, to have committees ap-
pointed. Mr. Pyles, will you add that
to your motion?

Mr. Pyles — I will accept that.

Mr. Becker — I second the midtion.

Mr. Stone — I would suggest that the
Legislative Committee be the Execu-
tive Committee of our Association:
then they can attend to anything that
comes up in the order it comes. They
are really the Trustees — ^President,
Secretary, Treasurer.

Pres. Dadant — It is for the meeting
to decide.

Mr. York — I think the motion pro-
vides that the President shall appoint
these committees. He can appoint
those same people.

Mr. Moore — ^The presiding officer of
any association is ex-officiol Chairman
of all committees.

Mr. Pyles — I never would appoint
over three — a larger committee is very
unwieldy. You can always get a com-
mittee of three together because two
are a majority.

The motion was put and carried.

Pres. Dadant — ^If there is nothing
else, we will hear the Treasurer's re-
port:

TREASURER'S REPORT.
Chas. Becker, Treasurer, In Account with State Bee- Keepers Association.

1910. Dr. Cr.

»Nov. 18. To balance on hand $ 1,121 80

Now 18. J. A. Stone 89 25

Dec. 26. L. C. Dadant (per J. A. Stone) Association Fund.. 24 00
1911.

July State Treasurer 1,000 00

Sept. 12. J. A. Stone (fees for members). Association Fund.. 100 00

$ 2.335 05
1910.

Nov. 18. By C. P. Dadant (order No. 14) $ 20 18

Nov. 18. By N. A. Cluck (order No. 15) 8 20

Nov. 18. By J. A. Stone, salaiT (order No. 16) 75 00

Nov. 18. By J. A. Stone, exp. of Ass'n (orders Nos. 17; 18) 129 39

Nov. 18. By C. Becker, expense of bondUorder No. 19) 25 00

Nov. 20. By Geo. W. York (order No. 2()) •. . 9 40

Nov. 20. By Dr. Bohrer (order No. 21) 14 10

Dec. 20. By Miss Stewart, reporting (order No. 23) 80 00

Dec. 21. By Geo. W. York, printing, etc. (order No. 22) 30 25

1911.

Jan, 4. By C. P. Dadant, committee (orders Nos. 24, 25) 17 70

Jan. 31. By Miss Stewart, reporting (order No. 26) 96 00

Feb. 2. By C. P. Dadant, committee (orders Nos. 27. 29) 17 08

Mch. 8. By Geo. W. York, committee (orders Nos. 27, 31).. .18 70

Mch. 8. Bv I. E. Pyles. committee (order No. 28) . 18 56

Mch. 8. By A. L. Kildow, committee (orders Not. 30, 34) 56 14

May 6. By E. J. Baxter, committee (order No. 32) 37 02

May 26. By C. P. Dadant, committee, (orders Nos. 33, 36) 17 64

.Tune 24. By Illinois State Register (order No. 35) 282 50

July 5. By Frank Hinderer, Inspector (order No. 37) 5 25

July 5. By A. L. Kildow, Inspector (order No. 38) 55 44

28

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

July 5. By'L. C. Dadant, postage (order No. 39) 10 00

July 11. By Artl-.ur Lee (order No. 40 j 9 SI

July 14. By E. J. Baxter (order No. 41) 9 58

Sept. 12. By J. A. Stone (order No. 42) 109 33

\Oct. 24. By C. Becker (order No. 43) 6 8S

Uct. 24. By Arthur Lee (order No. 44) 2 98

Oct. 24. By Frank Hindercr (order No. 45) 3 70

$ 1.174 83
Nov. 23. By balance 1,160 22

$ 2.335 05

Nov. 23. To lialance In Ass'n Fund $ 234 94

Nov. 23. To balance in State Fund 925 28

Total $ 1.160 22

Mr. Stone — That just corresponds suggest subjects, he can draw up the

with my book all the way through. resolutions, and you can suggest any

There is one thing looks pretty hard changes as you think good to be made,

on the Secretary — getting- so much There is no need of any great effort on

money. The money that he charged any one's part, esipecially in an asso-

up as being collected by the Secretary ciation like this, w-here your resolu-

was for the expenses of the Associa- tions are not so important, nor carry

tion, and then the money he received <"is much weig-ht as in some meetings,

from the Secretary, part of it, he cred- You take it in the Upper Mississippi

ited to J.,ouis C. Dadant. It was a River Improvement Association — there

checlv that came from him, but it came the only business is to present resolu-

through the Secretary — was for fees tions, and they are most important,

turned over. Those things not being The most important thing here is the

itemized, as to what they were for, discussing of our interests and passing

make it look like the Secretary got all on the management, although we may

the money. pass some important resolutions. Any

Pres. . Dadant Ttio vouchers are members can give to that committee

there. ' You have heard the Trea- suggestions they have to offer,
surer's report— what will we do with Mr. Pyles — If any of you have any-
it? thing to suggest in the form of a res-
Mr. Pyles— I move that it be referred "'"tipn, that you would like to have
to the Auditing Committee. ^^i^'' committee act upon, please pre-
-^ ^. . , ., . , sent it in writing, if you will, anv time
Motion seconded and carried. between now and tomorrow morning.

Appointment of Committees. Pres. Dadant — I would suggest that

.„ T^ , J"ou bring w'hatever you mav have on

Pres. Dadant appointed as the Au- j-Q^r minds before this committee, and

ditmg Committee, Messrs. Moore, t^ey then can perfect the resolutions

York, and Kildow; as the Resolution between now and tomorrow morning,

Committee, Mr. Pyles, Dr. Bohrer and ^nd have them passed tomorrow morn-

J. H. Roberts; and as the Legislative i^g; and, if possible, that we have the

Committee, Messrs. Baxter, Stone, and report of the Auditing Committee to-

morrow- morning-. The Legislative

Dr. Bohrer — I would like to know .Committee will be a standing commit-

who is the Chairman of the Committee tee, and they Avill have nothing to

on Resolutions. report at present.

Pres. Dadant — Mr. Pylesw If there is no unfinished busln^sisi, I

iDr. Bohrer— All I can do is to sug- think it would be well to have recep-

gest something to the committee. tion of members, and the collection of

Pres. Dadant-I have often served "^^^^^ I'erhaps we would better have

on a Resolution Committee, and I find ^ recess.

that the main thing is to suggest sub- Mr. Stone— I did not read the Sec-

jects, and then let one man, the man retry's Financial Report,

who can, draw up the resolutions. If Pres. Dadant — If there is no objec-

the members of the committee will go tion, we will have the Secretary's

to the Chairman of the committee and Financial Report now:

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

29

SECRETARY'S REPORT.
Jas. A. Stone, Secretary, in Account with the Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Ass'n.

1910. Dr. Cn
Nov. It). To balance on hand $ S9 ^.5

Dec. 20. To Louis C. Dadant (for 48 fees) 24 00

- 1911.

Aug. 31. To Louis C. Dadant (14 fees) 7 00

Aug. 31. To fees to date (168) 18(5 00

Oct. To 14 fees from Sec'y N. 111. and S. "V^'is 7 OO

Nov. 20, To 8 fees received since Aug. 31st 8 00

Nov. 20. To Louis Dadant, 2 fees since Aug. 31st 1 00

1310. ~^^ ,

Nov. 18. By amount turned over to Treasurer Beclter « gg 25

Dec. 20. By fees turned over to Treasurer Becker -_ 94 nn

1911. - "

Aug. 31. By N. E. France for 186 fees to Nat 93 00

Aug. 31. By Chas. Becker, check 1 00 on

Nov. 20. By N. K. ITrance, 8 fees to Nat 4 00

Nov. 20. By balance 12 00

% opo or

Nov. 20. To balance on hand } 12 00

Pres. Dadant — Are you ready to act kindly. I would manage to get that

upon the Secretary's report? If there before as many of the members of the

is no objection, and there is no motion. Legislature as possible. It will show

we will simply refer it to the Auditing them that we appreciate what they

Committee. It is so referred. The have done. The resolution ought to be

next thing in order will be the recep- a highly complimentary one.
tion of members and the collection of Prgg. Dadant— I think it is a verv

dues. We will have a recess of five nice thing to write compliments es-'

minutes, for those who wish to have pecially when we mean them It' is a

their name® enrolled, or to pay their mistake to write compliments we

^"f-f" .• .. . * « ■ * ^^^'^ mean; but when we mean them,

Meetmg adjourned for five mmutes. we can generally write thing® that are

— — — ^ ^ „ . pleasant, and make people feel kindly

Convention called to order by Presi- towards us. When our law was passed,

<^^"t- we had had so much to do with the

Pres. Dadant— Dr. C. C. Miller was Legislature, and the Governor had

to have had an address, but he is not treated us so kindly, I felt in du+y

present. The next man is Mr. W. B. bound to write him a letter. And he

Moore, with an essay on "Foul Brood." responded to me by saying: "Such

Mr. Moore— I should prefer to wait letters as these are pleasant,' indeed."

until after dinner. I was pleased to receive his answer.

Pres. Dadant — The next is Mr. York, The Governor, who has many flat-
on the "National Bee-Keepers' Aseo- terers, will appreciate flattery only
elation." when he knows it is deserved. I have

Mr. Stone — ^We would better have had other occasions where I found that

that this afternoon. compliments that are deserved are

Pres. Dadant — ^We might have a really appreciated by those who receive

Question-Box. Do you wish to appoint them.

a committee, or will you simply bring Mr. Pyles— I wish to say that I have

up questions? Let each one who already asked a member of the Asso-

wants to ask a question, write it and ciation to write, thanking the Illinois '

bring it to the desk. Legislature, and that resolution will be

Dr. Bohrer — While that is going on, brought in, in due time.
I would like to say a few words on the .1, ^i „ ■ ..,

matter of legislation. I would advise D'-°"«« *° »<eep the Brood Warm.

the members of this Association to I^^es. Dadant— Until the questions

formulate a resolution strongly com- come in, I have one here: "Are drones

plimenting your State Legislature for useful in keeping- the brood warm?"
giving you the laws you have been Pres. Dadant — There has -been a

given; you may need additional legis- discussion in the European bee-jour-

lation, and you cannot treat them too nals as to the usefulness of the drone.

30

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Some think drones are more injurious
than beneficial, and do away with them
where they are not wanted for breed-
ing; while there are men who thinlv
they should be let alone because they
are necessary to keep the brood warm.
I would like to have the opinion of
the bee-keepers here on that suhject.

Dr. Bohrer — In my experience and
observation I have never seen drones
hovering around or staying close to the
brood. They are not very plentiful
about the hive, anyhow, when the tem-
perature is cool. There must, how-
ever, be some animal heat about them,
and if they are in the part of the hive
where what heat they generate will
reach the brood, they certainly will be
of some ■ value to thie brood. There
are sometimes occasions, in the spring
of the year — in April and May — when
there will come a time when the brood
sometimes suffers, when the bees are
not very plentiful, but I never have
found drones very numerous, or of a
benefit to the brood, at that time. I
think they are of very little value.
However, if there should be a large
number in the hive where what animal
heat they generate will reach the
brood, they certainlj' will be of some
value; but I don't think it would
amount to nauch.

Mr. Pyles — ^It has just come to my
mind that there are times when drones
will become a nuisance in a colony,
and that would be when you, have a
colony — the queen failing, perhaps —
largely running to drones. They then
become burdensome and a nuisance;
but at any other time I can't see where
they do any harm. I really believe
that, at times, drones are a benefit to
the workers.

Mr. Moore — T\''ell, it takes as much
to rear two drones as three worker-
bees. I would rather have three
worker-bees for that extra heat than
to have the drones. I would do away
with the drones. I don't believe they
are nec&si.«ary in big quantities.

Mr. Pyles — There is another thing,
and that is, you can't improve very
much on nature. "When things are
natural — when you have a colony
largely running to drones, it becomes
abnormal. Under ordinary conditions,
I don't think the presience of droftes is
any detriment to a colony. As much
honey is stored.

Mr. Moore— In the rearing of domes-
ticated stock of all sorts — they, are in

an abnormal state today, and not in a
state of nature. Man has changed their
nature, to get best results. We work
bees to get the best results. I don't
think having any quantity of drones
gets the best results. The fewer
drones we have in our colonies — the
fewer drones are reared — the better off
the bees are, in my opinion. We have
to rear a certain number of drones, but
should make the effort to rear them
from our best colonies for reproductive
purposes. .

Pres. Dadant — I write for European
bee-journals. I find that a progressive
man, wanting to make changes, en-
counters a good deal of opposition
over there. This discussion of drones
was raised, and I took one side of the
question. I looked through a dozen
different works on bee-culture, jf
England, France, Austria, Switzerland,
Italy, and America. I found two
writers who thought drones' were use-
ful; others say an excessive number
of drones is injurious, and only two
men who made the state-ment that we
must destroy the drones in the poorer
colonies, and increase them in the
colonies we want to breed from.

I will give you my reasoning in re-
gard to this. I am not certain I am
in the right. When you bfeed animals
— chickens — you do away with the
superfluous roosters. When you breed
horses, you castrate the males; you
keep only a few for reproduction; you
do that in all domesticated animals.
Now, in the bee-business, each colony
will rear from two to three thousand
drones; some authors say as many as
8.000 — I believe Cheshire " so states.
Some say that two or three hundred is
a fair number. Two or three thousand
does not look like an . unreasonable
number, when 5-ou have but one hive,
but if you have one hundred colonies,
you have between two and three hun-
dred thousand drones.

Some bee-keepers say they are in-
tended by nature to consume the
.surplus honey, which is possible; but
if they consume the surplus, we don't
get it.

Is it advisable to reduce the number
of drones in each colony , to a few
hundred, and in colonies that we wish
to breed from, rear as many as they
would be willing to raise; or should
we leave them alone because , the
drones keep the brood warm? When
it needis to be kept warm, it is in the

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

31

earJy spring, and that is when there
are no drones. I would like to have
your experiences and opinions, as to
whether or not the members here have
noticed that drones keep the brood
warm.

Mr. Stone — That is a wider field than
I had any idea it was; and I believe
what Mr. Dadant says in regard to it
is just the thing exactly. "What would
be the object in letting Nature provide
for itself? You want to breed from
certain colonies, and you can't have
the drones too numerous there. And
the colonies that you don't want to
breed from, you can't have them too
few-. I don't believe as much in letting
Nature take care of itself as a neigh-
bor of mine did. He says: "Why
prune your grape-vines? Nature
didn't provide that they should be
pruned that way; Nature stands for
reproduction, and Nature would pro-
vide for the greatest number of
grapes, and the greatest number of
seeds, not the greatest number of tons
of grapes." He was a great man to
believe in the Bible. I said to him:
"You believe what the people said in
the good book, about the time when
the children of Israel were receivng
their laws from Moses? They were
commanded every seventh year to
leave their vines grow undressed, and
they were only to get the fruit that
came from the vines those years un-
dressed. It was an acknowld'gment
that the fruit was not so good when
their vines were undressed."

Dr. Bohrer — Is it not believed to be
good policy among all well informed
bee-keepers to have as little drone-
comb in the hive as possible where you
expect a large production of honey?

Mr. Dadant — We are trying to have
that answered.

Dr. Bohrer — You don't want many
drones in the hive.

Mr. Pyles — There are a good many
things coming up in this discussion
since it was started. We are talking
about an excessive amount of drones.
i don't believe in an excessive amount
of drones in any hive. You understand
the position of the male in all creation;
whenever there are a greater number
of males than females it is out of pro-
portion. When you find one queen in
the hive, and perhaps 3,000 drones, and
not over 30,000 workers, you have the
colony largely out of proportion. X
have gone through some little work in

the way of the drone question. I can
remember the time when I didn't have
any comb honey in the hive that was
not built on full sheets of foundation,
with as little drone-comb as it was
possible to have, and I have gone down 4.
the line when they tore down part of
that and built drone-comb; and I have
produced more honey with a reason-
able amount of drones than I did when
I didn't produce practically any. There
may be something about my system of
manipulating. I notice that I have
more drone-comb compared with what
I had several years ago, and I got more
honey, and honey is what we want.

Pres. Dadant — Mr. Pyles says his
bees tore down the work-comb and re-
built drone-comb; I think that is a
mistake. Did you ever try to put in
the hive nothing but drone-comb? If
they tear down the drone-comb and
build worker-comb, I will believe it,
but they don't. They will either swarm
out again or remodel the cells. The
bees will either swarm out of the hive
that has nothing but drone-comb, or
will narrow the mouths of the cells and
have the queen lay worker eggs in
those combs. In every instance where
I have followed up a statement of this
kind, I have found the comb had
broken down. Now, of course, it can
be broken down, and also stretched, if
it becomes too much loaded. "That is
one thing I want to inquire about. I
wish every one' of you who could afford
to do it, would try to see if they would
tear down any comb. How many
drones are a normal quantity, and how
manj^ abnormal? I would like to have
your opinions on that subject.

Dr. Bohrer — For the last thirty years ^
I have been manipulating frames in
hives.. I have had good chances to
see the interior of the hive. That
question has never come to my mind,
but since I think about it, I have never
observed, at the time of year when we
needed the brood kept Warm, that there
were any drones there to keep the
brood warm. When the bees are gath-
ering honest it begins to bring the
drones. There has never been a time
when I have had much drone-comb,
and while the number of drones they
will breed every j-ear is comparatively
smaller than what it was in the begin-
ning, there are still too many drones.
I never see that they are of any use in
keeping the brood warm at any season
of the year. I notice when the food

32

ELEVENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE

stops, they begin to kill them off. They
are not present at any season when
they would do any good to keep the
bees warm. They generally get away
from the brood. I don't believe it could
be held at all that they were present
at any time of the year when they
would be beneficial in keeping the
brood warm.

Pres. Dadant — I think I must state
the matter more positively. The main
argument of the European bee-keepers
is to leave the hive as Nature has it,
they claim the drones keep the brood
warm when the colony swarms — the
drones remaining in the hive. A man
told me that he had seven colonies of
bees, and the one that had the largest
quantity of drones gave him the most
honey; therefore, drones helped to
make honey. I said to him, "You see
a number of men on the street with
silk hats, and you find out the men
who wear those hats are, generally,
wealthy; is it the hat that makes that
wealth, or the wealth that makes the
hat?" My opinion is that the drones
are the result and not the cause, so far
as the product is concerned. A strong
colony will produce a certain amojint of
honey, but I hold that that colony will
produce just that much more honey if
it has less drones; two drones certainly
consume as much as three workers.

• Mr. Moore — There is another point
brought out from the discussion. The
queen as a matter of relief from laying
worker eggs lays at certain times drone
eggs; she becomes tired and lays drone
eggs.

Mr. Kildow — ^Is that not more of a
theorj' than anything else?

Mr. Moore — I don't think so.

Pres. Dadant — Dr. Miller called my
attention to the fact that bees will
leave the drone-cells empty when the
queen hunts for drone-cells.

Mr. Moore — I have had cases where
the queen went up in the sections and
laid half a section of drone -comb.

Mr. Kildow — ^Is that not on account
of not being the right time of year, or
because the queens think they must
look out for the future?,

Mr. Moore — No, not in this case.

Mr. Kildow — I think a colony that
swarms out, and has a lot of drones to
take care of, doesn't amount to a great
deal. I can't see why the drones' do
any good. Very often you will And the
drones in one corner of the hive.

Mr. Pyles — Did you ever go out to
the hive and lift out the comb, and
flnd the drones on that comb — were
they down "in the corner all by them-
selves, or scattered among the bees?

Pres. Dadant — It depends upon the
weather. They are often crowded in
the corner.

Mr. Pyles — I have known of the bees
tearing off part of the comb when they
need it. They have taken the wax and
moved it from one place to another, so
why could they not tear off part of the
comb ?

Pres. Dadant — You believe they do
tear down comb?

Mr. Pyles — I believe th^y take wax
from one place to another, and, when
they need it, they build it in there as
drone-comb.

Pres. Dadant — I don't think they
ever tear down comb for that purpose.

Mr. Baxter — While it may be true
that colonies that produce a great deal
of honey, sometimes produce a great
many drones ; it is not universidly true,
because some of the colonies from
which I got the largest crops I ever
had, had very few drones. In 1883 I
had an apiary of forty-one colonies
that produced 12,000 pounds of honey.
I had as few drones as ever I had at
any season, and one was a colony that
I had just taken a'great deal of drone-
comb out of, and had left nothing but
worker- comb. The question is', is- the
drone- comb beneficial, and should it
be permitted? I don't think so. I
think the dronesi are at all times ob-
jectionable; and if we rear drones; we
should rear them from our best col-
onies for breeding purposes, but make
them few.

Mr. Stone — ^Would you recommend
having drone-traps to catch the
drones?

Mr. Baxter — No, sir. What is the
use of that? Avoid breeding them.
The drones can be of no detriment, al-
though they are of no benefit.

Mr. Stone — They are eating the
honey, all the time.

Mr. Baxter — Not much of it.

Pres. Dadant — Here are 'some ques-
tions on the Foul Braod law — would
you rather have them, or hear Mr.
York ?

Mr. Stone — I would suggest that we
hear Mr. York after dinneri Here are
a couple of question from Dr. Miller in
the Question-Box: ^ —

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

33

Pres. Dadant — Dr. Miller says: "The
temptation to go to Springfield is very
strong. I would have a fine visit with
Mr. York on the way, and I would en-
joy very much meeting you and other
good friends. Indeed, I have some-
times been almost persuaded to think
I would undertake it, but, on the whole,
I doubt if it would be prudent. But I
would like to be there."

Single-Tier Or Double-Tier Shipping-
Cases.

"Is it better to have shipping-cases
single-tier or double-tier?"

Mr. Kildow — I have noticed the Col-
orado people go in mostly for double -
tier.

Mr. Dadant — Altogether now.

A Member — For the life of me, I
can't see why they do. I can't see that
it looks any better than mine. I am
decidedly in favor of flat single-tier
case. It is only a matter, it seems to
me, of opinion in regard to that ship-
ping-case business.

Pres. York — I think the double-tier
case may be a little stronger, because
a little more compact. In handling
single -tier cases, they seem to be
weaker; being spread out so makes
them thinner. I think you can
make a stronger case in the
double-tier. There is one objec-
tion: Unless you use corrugated
paper between the two rows, if a siec-
tion should break in the upper tier; it
would run down; so in that way pne
single-tier would be cleaner. I believe
the double-tier is a little stronger. I
believe in having almost the double
amount of glass; it shows off more of
the honey. But that would be a detri-
ment unless your honey was extra
good.

I saw a double-tier case from Utah
last -R-eek; in fact, I took a picture of
it to use in the American Bee Journal.
It was practically all unsealed Elec-
tions ; scarcely a whole sealed section
in that case. It seems to me that a
bee-keeper should be fined for putting
such honey on the market. Some sec-
tions were not half full of honey.
Several himdred cases were shipped
from Utah to Chicago, unsealed; culls,
simply. I had the case in my office. I
don't know what they are going to do
with it. No grocer would buy honey
in that way.

It seems to me the double-tier ship-
ping case would he a little safer to

ship, and to handle, than the single-
tier, although I think the single -tier is
more easily filled, and has its advan-
tages, also.

Dr. Bohrer — I notice that men, in
handling packages, the heavier they
are "the more roughly they handle them.
My impression would be that there
would be more broken sections where
the package is heavier than where it
is light.

Mr. York — There would be the same
number of sections in either the single-
tier or double-tier. .

Dr. Bohrer — I have had no experi-
ence in packing that way.

Mr. Stone — I would suggest that we
take a rising vote. I would like to
state what some one said who ships
honey in car-load lots, in large quanti-
ties. He says in the Eastern market
those double-tier cases sell more read-
ily than the other. You take a long
case; a man steps on it and cracks the
sections, and with the others' they
don't.

Mr. York — Why should any man^
want to walk over a case?

Pres. Dadant — They do on the train,
or in the stores, to reach something.

Mr. Kildow — As I came through
Peoria, I stopped and saw a shipment
of Colorado : honey that was to go to
; some neighboring towns. They had
four or five cases stacked up with a '
piece of board .on each side; had an-
. other with five cases, or four, and two
, others had three cases, each nailed up
■ straight. A fellow might just as well
step on a flat case as to send it that
way; the jar of the train would tip '
this over. Folks ought to know better
than to ship honey in that way the
same as they ought to know better
than to step on a case of honey. I
said to myself that that honey would
get smashed the flrst time that engine
starts. It seems to me in reply to Mr.
Rauchfuss' statement, that Colorado
honey sells better in double-tier cases —
that the reason for this is, there is
more Colorado honey sold in double-
tier cases because that is what they
use out there. I don't know why they
do, unless it is because the>' are
stronger and more compact. I should
think that would be more of a reason
than because men stepping on the
other cases; a man stepping on a case
would be an exception. I can readily
see why Colorado honey would sell
better in double-tier cases — because It

34

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

is put up that way. I never saw any
Colorado comb honey put up in single-
tier cases: it has always been in the
double; they have adopted that way of
shipping. The same as do the Western
people put their apples up in boxes,
while the Eastern people use barrels.
The Western apples are all put up in
boxes, and Colorado honey is put up in
double-tier cases; the Eastern people
using mostly the single-tier case. It
is a matter of locality, and appearance.
If it is good honey it will sell any way.
Mr. Stone — I believe the bee-keepers,
the railroad men, and the commission
men, and all those interested parties,
should learn by experience which is the
best. I have seen lots of bananas shipped,
and the men walked right on them.
They were employed, and didn't care'.
You know what the Bible says about -
the laborer in the field — because he is
a hireling he doesn't care for the life of.
the sheep, and when the wolf conies he
flees. The banana men have gotten
to shipping their bananas in sacks;
a lot of bananas come into the market
green, and those fellows walk all over
the bananas and consequently bruise
them. They ought to be allowed to
ripen and get black without having
been bruised.

Mr. York — Suppose you were going
to buy a lot of honey from a bee-keeper
who has honey in both double-tier and
single-tier cases, and it is all as fine
as Mr. Coppin's, would you buy it be-
cause of the case, or the honey? I
don't think 4t would make a bit of dif-
ference what sort of a case it was in.
I go to a wholesale dealer for honey —
he has honey for sale; I want the
honey; I don't stop to see what kind
of case it is in. It seems to me there
is "nothing in it," except perhaps for
handling where they ship in carlots,
but I doubt if you will get any more
per pound for the honey if you have it
in a double-tier than in a single-tier
case.

Mr. Stone — W^hat kind of a case, if
you know, does Dr. Miller use?

Mr. York — I sold him about 1,500
eases one year and they were all
single-tier, 12-lb.

Mr. Stone — We got double-tier at the
time of the World's Fair.

My Pyles — I came through Peoria
and stopped at a commission house and
saw" . a carload of _ Colorado honey,
double-tier cases without one broken
section, and they were even so good

that the bottom fell out of one case and
the honey fell on the floor and not a
section was broken.

Mr. Coppin — About the time of the
World's Fair we nearly all used the
double-tier cases, but I have long ago
abandoned the double-tier cases, and I
understoon nearly all. Eastern people
had.

Mr. York — ^Why do you like a single-
tier?

Mr. Coppin — If there is any leakage
of honey — which there is once in
a while, no matter how_ careful you are
— there is more danger of spoiling the
sections in the double-tier than in the
single. In the double case we have not
got the lower chamber to catch the
drip like in the single-tier, and that is
why I prefer the single-tier, and my
/honey is nearly all put up that way.

Mr. York— Mr. Pyles said this case
_down at Peoria had the bottom drop
'out and the honey was not injured; the
reason they didn't break, it seems to
me, was not because they were in a
double-tier case, but because they were
better filled; the case could not save
the honey.

Mr. Moore — It might be it was the
drones in one section that saved it!

Mr. York — May be the drones down
in one corner. kept it warm!

Mr. Pyles — If you say appearance has
nothing to do with the sale of the
honey, w^hy not get any kind of a sec-
tion?

Mr. York — You said that case came
all the way from Colorado; I saw a
carload of single-tier cases of honey
that came all the way from California
and it was all right.

Mr. Moore — I think it is simply a
matter of opinion.

Pres. Dadant — As Dr. Miller asks the
question, possibly it would be well to
take a vote upon it.

Those in favor of the single-tier
•case rise — nine; those in favor of the
double-tier case rise — four.

The convention then adjourned until
1:30 p. m.

FIRST DAY— AFTERNOON SESSION.

The convention was called to order
by Pres. iDadant at 1:30 p. m.

Pres. Dadant — The first on the pro-
gram this afternoon is the paper of
Mr. Moore, on "Foul Brood."

Mr. Moore — When I received a letter
from Mr. Stone saying the committee
wished me to give a paper on "Foul

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

35

Brood," I hesitated before answering in
the affirmative, ^because I felt that
there were several men who were bet-
ter qualified, and knew more about this
subject than I, 'but I thought I would
do the best I could.

Foui Brood.

The subject of foul brood has been
pretty well talked and discussed in
our meetings, and in, articles in our
bee-papers, so that a good many of the
members think that too much time has
been used on the subject; 'but when
we consider that foul brood is the
-greatest menace to the bee-keeping in-
"dustry today, don't think that we can
spend too much time in discussing
ways and means' of controlling this
disease. I think that it cannot be too
thoroughly dis'cussed or understood.

There may be some here that are not
posted, or have not inquired, as to the
origin of the disease — what it starts
from. And some may not be hefe,
but who will read this report, and there
should be a little information for them.

The bacillus of foul brood starts
from a spore of a vegetable nature
similar to mould that comes on fruit.
This spore is fed to the young larvae
in the honey, and soon develops into
bacilli. These bacilli reproduce them-
selves by dividing and subdividing!
until they become almost innumerable/
in the body of the larvae, and even^
tually produce death. Upon the death
of the larvae these bacilli develop,
spores which will produce disease in'
other larvae when fed to them.

This larva, after it dies, and dries
down, turns to a light brown color.
Most of you are familiar with the de-
scription of it, if you have ever seen
it. It is similar to the color of coffee
with cream in it — a light brown color,
of a gluey consistency. It will stretch
out, by using a toothpick, to about an
inch or more. It dries down to a dark
mass in the bottom of the cell, and
adheres thereto, and cannot be gotten
out without tearing the cell-wall down.

The spores of foul brood are "very
hard to kill. They have been placed in
a 5 iper cent solution of carbolic acid for
twenty-four hours without affecting
them; they would still live and de-
velop; also in a 1-1000 per cent solu-
tion of corrosive sublimate, without
effect.

Mr. France reports having exposed
foul broody honey to a temperature of

20 degrees below zero, for either ten
or fifteen days, and when that honey-
was fed to healthy larvae it developed
foul brood. The only way to kill the ^
germs is by extreme heat. Heating
honey to the boiling point, and keeping
it there for at least thirty minutes,
seems to be the only way to destroy
those spores, and it is then generally
safe to feed the honey back to the
bees.

In American foul brood, the larva
very seldom dies until after it Is
capped over, though occasionally you
will find them dead before being
capped. The cappings appear sunken,
with small perforations throtrgh them.
The bees in time will taJce those cap-
pings 'Off and try to clean out the cells
to use the honey stored in there; if the
eggs are laid in that cell, they become
infected, of course, with the spores.

In European foul brood^al though I
have had no experience with that, and
have not seen, a case of European foul
brood — from the reports I have learned
that the larva dies at an earlier stage
than in American foul 'brood' — almost
always before it is capped over it
turns a yellowish color at first, and
gradually gets darker and dries down
into the lower wall of the cell, ac-
cording to its position, in a dr;,^,
brownish scale (a watery mass). It
not stick like American foul
brod^rvand can be easily cleaned out.

In thev American foul brood there is
lconside?able 'Odor, likened to the. smell
old glue-pot, but I don't think I
ever smelled a glue -pot that had the
smell of! a bad case of foul brood. . In
European foul brood there is also
siome smell — there is a sour smell at-
tached to it, as I understand it.

As to the modes of treatment: The
one that I always recommend to the
ordinary bee-keeper, for ^ither a case
of the American foul brood or Euro-
pean, is the McEvoy treatment, of
brushing bees on a foundation and
destroying the old combs^ — either de-
stroying the honey, or boiling it so as
to render it safe to feed back to the
bees.

With the European foul brood, the
Alexander method of re-queening, and
also the Baldridge plan, have been
used in both cases with good success
by some, and others have reported
failure.

It seems to be the general opinion
that the infusion of yellow blood tends

36

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

to keep the disease under control; yel-
low bees seem to be able to fight it;
they are hardier.

You can clean it up at one time, and
maybe a few months after, or next
season, it will re-appear. I think, if
anything, the European foul brood is
worse than the American.

The main point in cleaning up all
cases of foul brood is to destroy, or
render innocuous, honey that is in-
fected, so that none of those spores
can be carried and fed to living brood.
In case there are a, few cells of foul
brood in a colony, the bees, in traveling
over and trying to clean it out, are
liable to carry the spores to other
cells, and thus spread it, and if any
honey is spilled in the operation of
cleaning, the bees are likely to carry
it in, and you can't tell where it will
go.

One great point in the control of foul
brood, I think, is going to be in the
better education of bee-keepers and
the people at large, but bee-keepers
especially.

Most of the bee-keepers — those who
are progressive — attend these conven-
tions, and if they cannot attend the
conventions, they can read the reports,
so that they can tell of the appearance
of foul brood from reading. The
healthy brood is always of a glistening
pearly white color, and anybody who
has handled brood very much should
be able to tell at a glance if there is
disease. You can tell by the appear-
ance of the cappings — if they are
smooth and nice, it is all right.

If we would use our eyes and brains
in cases, we could any of us diagnose
a case of foul brood.

The first case I ever saw — I knew
what it was at once. I had read de-
scriptions of it in bee-papers, and I
could tell at once that it was foul
brood. I think that any one can do
the same thing, and if bee-keepers all
over the State — those who are progres-
sive — would pay more attention to
this, we could soon get it under better
control.

We should each of us — as a matter
of selfishness, say — go to a neighboring
bee-keeper and explain this matter to
them. You take our farmer bee-keep-
ers around the State, they know but
little about bees; explain to them the
foul brood question; ask them to alloAV
you to examine their apiary, and as-
sure them that you will tell them

whether or not the bees have foul
brood, and this may be a protection to
your own bees.

Then, I think, one thing that we
should do in this matter of education,
is to use our influence to make bee-
keeping a branch in our State Uni-
versity, so that it -will be taught there.
Get a good man to take charge of a
State apiary, and have that under
. State control. Have some practical
bee-keepers give lectures; some one
"Who can teach these farmer boys that
go there; and, although it would be in
the winter time, th.ey can get informa-
tion on lots of these things, and when
they go home to their farms, they
would take more of an interest in the
bees they have there, and would take
pains to get things in a better condi-
tion; and they would also be able to
distinguish whether or not thej' had
any foul brood, and be able to clean it
out if they had it.

If any one has a case of foul brood
that he is doubtful about — if you have
some dead brood in your hive, and you
are not able to diagnose the case —
send to Dr. E. F. Phillips, Washington,
D. C, a sample of that brood in a. tin
box, and' get his opinion on it. There
is no expense attached to this, and,
upon application, he will forward a
franked box in which to send the sam-
ple.

Our State laws, as we now have
them, I consider to be very good in
most respects, although there are some
things that could be changed. Most of
the states have laws — some are good
and some indifferent. What I would
like to see would be a law passed by
our National Congress on this bee-dis-
ease question, so that we could have
uniform State laws on the control of
foul brood, and especially controlling
the shipment of foul broody bees and
ap-pliances; put it in the hands of the
Interstate Commerce Commission, so
that they could look after it, the same
as they do the livestock and other
things. I think this would be a mighty
good thing for us. I am told that they
have a few colonies of bees at the State
tJniversity which are in a very poor
condition; in fact, some one stated he
thought the bees were infected with
foul brood. It is a disgrace to the bee-
keeping fraternity of the State of Illi-
nois to have such a condition exist in
an institution of learning.

There are plentj' of bee-keepers in

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

37

the State who are fully competent to
go there and give instruction on bee-
keeping and on bee-diseases.

With reference to the inspection
work and the foul brood question, I
think it has been rather up in the air
the last jear. Under our new law the
inspector hardly knew what to do, but
when we consider the amount of foul
brood there is in the State of Illinois,
and the limited amount of money at
hand, and the few inspectors that can
be put into the field, It looks as .if it
was going to be a pretty hard matter
to control it without individual effort.

For my part, I take particular pains
in talking with any of my farmer
friends who keep a few colonies of bees,
in regard to these bee ciuestions, and
especially bee diseases. It is a matter
of selfishness on my part. I don't want
foul brood, and if I can go and look
over their place and firtd that any of
the colonies are diseased, and I can
help them clean it up, it is good policy.
If we would- all do our part it would
not be long before we would have it
under control.

Pres. Dadant — The question of foul
brood is now open for discussion. We
would like to hear the ideas of those
present on the suggestions made by the
gentleman who has just spoken. How-
ever there are two questions here, if
you wish to treat them at the same
time. They both relate to this subject:

1. Would it be advisable to ask the
legislature for any radical change in
our foul brood law in the near future?

2. What, if any, changes should be
made in our foul brood law?

Dr. Bohrer — I was verj' much inter-
ested in the remarks in the paper that
Mr. Moore read. I think he has struck
the key-note in several parts of his
paper. We want more education up-
on the subject. I have a lecture to
deliver next week at the Agricultural
College before the students on the sub-
ject, "The Hive and the Honej^-Bee."

Mr. York — You ought to give each of
them a copy of Langstroth's book,
"The Hive and the Honej--Bee," re-
vised by Dadant!

Dr. Bohrer — I will recommend that. I
have said repeatedly that the books by
Cook and Langstroth are the best
standard works in this country. I will
recommend them before that class in
Kansas, in the lecture that I hope to
deliver there.

Our law in Kansas is a little different

from yours; it is very much like that
we recommended here last year. Dr.
Phillips and I were selected as a com-
mittee to get something up; I formu-
lated a bill that is a little different
from yours.

I want to say that theoretical educa-
tion is not going to make practical bee-
keepers, nor persons who can be sent
out to diagnose and successfully treat
foul brood; it will not do at all; we
want practical education along these
lines. I am going there to tell them
plainly what should be done, and to
advise them to have an apiary right
there on that Agricultural college farm,
and to have practical demonstrations
made through the honey season — teach
the students what foul brood is, and
talk to them concerning the matter of
transferring the bees from box-hives.
The standard Langstroth hive is more
in use than any other hive in the
world.

My experience has been very similar
to that of Mr. Moore's with regard to
the diagnosis of foul brood. I never
saw it until some five years ago. I was
well acquainted with Mr. Langstroth,
and talked with him on the subject; I
also had a conversation with Mr. Rood,
of Michigan. It was at the first Na-
tional Convention, held at Indianapolis;
his treatment was verj- similar to that
which I have found necessary to adopt
in stamping it out of my apiary. Tw^o
or three times I have thought I had it
cured, and it would show up. I won't
treat a colony in my apiary except in
this way. If there is a honeyflow com-
ing on I brush the bees off into another
hive. If it is a colony worth saving,
or if two or three have got to be
treated, I will not try to save either the
comb or the honey. I took the con-
tents of four or five hives last spring —
about eight or nine o'clock in the even-
ing, about the month of April or May;
I took the contents of all of those hives,
after brushing the bees off of them and
put them on a brush-heap, and I put
fire to the w-hole business — comb,
honey, brood and all — the whole thing.
The next morning I put kerosene into
every one of those hives and set fire to
them.

McEvoy says that it is not necessary
to disinfect the hives, but I think it is
just possible that in some nook or cor-
ner there may be a little mite of honey
secreted, or deposited there, that the
bees might reach, and then you will

i"^''^'

38

ELEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OP THE

have foul brood ag-ain. It costs but a
very little to put kerosene in a hive
and set 'a match to it. Just drop the
match in carefully and then stand
back. ^ The first time I did it I had my
whiskers burned in the process!

Mr. Wheeler, of Chicago, says, treat ~
it as you Avill and it is bound to re-
appear again, but that is not true, if it
is stamped out.

Mr. Rood said that the most effective
plan he had found for treating foul
brood was to dig a hole on the level
ground near the diseased apiary, and
after making a flre in the pit, burn the
diseased combs and the frames, etc.,
and then put the earth back in the hole
to cover it all up — just fill up the hole.

That looks like a loss. 1 lost several
hundred pounds of honey by burning
it up; but I did a great deal better
doing this than if I saved it. Be as
careful as you may, if you don't burn
it, the bees are liable to get a drop of
honey and carry it with them, and,
when you least expect it, you will find
you have a return of the disease; I
don't want to take any chances what-
ever. I will destroy the entire contents
of the hive every time I have to treat
it, if necessary, and if late in the fall,
I won't try to save the bees.

We have a Samson on our hands —
there is no question about it. It is the
greatest menace to the bee-kfeeper that
I can call to mind. Aside from' this, it
may be considered a great source of
consolation and of satisfaction to the
bee-keepers of the United States that
in the matter of legislation the States
of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Kansas,
have all passed foul brood laws within
the last five or six years. Tour law
may not be perfect — I don't think that
it is.

I don't know what these men at the
Agricultural College at the State Uni-
versity are going to do, whether they
will make bee-keeping practical or not.
They must take these young men — se-
lect boys that are solid, square-shoul-
dered, well built fellows, boys that
mean business, and educate them —
teach them what it is to be stung by a
honey bee. Give them practical les-
sons, and then send them out among
the bee-keepers, and they will talk
sense to the farmers.

There is another method) of getting
rid of this thing. I won't sell a colony
of bees to a farmer or one of my neigh-
bors. They bother me more than the,

bees are worth. They can't handle
them; foul brood gets among their
bees ,and they get into trouble in one
way or another. They don't know how
to care for bees, and foul brood is in
evidence, and I would rather they
would not have bees- If they come to
me and want to buy a colony, I ask
them, "Did you ever read the standard
works on bee-keeping?" and they an-
swer me, "No." "Did you ever read
the bee papers?" "No." "Then you
would better never keep a colony of
bees."

These are matters for us to take into
consideration.

We like to sell our bees when w^e can
spare them, but I don't want them to
go into the hands of some one who
knows nothing about them, and in all
probability get foul brood, and have
it return to me.

I am taking up too much of your
time. I camB here more to help you
rejoice over the victories you have
won, because I consider you people in
Illinois have won a great victory. I
don't know whether I will ever come
back here, but I hope to come back;
I like to get among you* people who
talk about these stinging insects. You
are going to be a source of information
to the people of this country. I be-
lieve the Unnted States is going to be
the greatest honey-producing nation
in the world.

It is not every one that can make
money out of bees, but there are a few
that can, and I want the few to have
the opportunity.

I know a number of ladieS' who have
a few colonies of bees, and they bring
them in $5.0'0i to $15.00. Miss Candler
takes care of her old father and
mother, up in the 80's, and handles
over three hundred colonies of bees.

Honey is one of the most wholesome
sweets there is in*. the world. You
won't find any man in the medical
fraternity but what will take the stand
I have on that subject; and in the
treatment of the white plague, in
special institutions to treat that dis-
ease, you will find that they advocate
there is no other sweet that will take
the place of honey.

Mr. York — Will it be necessary in
two years to bring the question of a
Foul Brood law before the Illinois
Legislature, or does the present law
stand until it is repealed?

Mr. Moore — The law will stand until

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

39

it is reipealedi — as far as the Foal
Brood law is concerned, and the In-
spector. The appropriation has ".o
come up each session. We will have to
look to it the next session'of the Legis-
lature, a year from January; the
apppdpriation for paying the Inspector
is not included in the Appropriation
Bills.

We will have another season to try
out the foul brood question, and we
will know pretty thoroug-hly how it is
going to work out, and whether or not
any changes will be desirable to have
made in the law. If there are such
changes deemed advisable, we can
formulate them at the next convention,
and appear before the Legislature in
plenty of time.

Dr. Bohrer — The Foul Brood law you
have now, I believe, will work pretty
well for the present, because you folks
here have more experts in bee-keeping
than we have in Kansas, by far. It is
difficult for us to find competent men
to act as bee Inspectors. With us it
may be necessary to have the law
changed, and you may want this law '
changed, and to get your State and
colleges to work to educate young men
and women on that subject.

Mr. Baxter — 'We have to wait an-
other year before we can have the law
changed. My opinion is, we have one
of the strongest laws in the United
States on foul brood. We have a pro-
vision in this Bill, declaring the keep-
ing of foul -broody bees on your
premises as a nuisance. We didn't
have that in our former Bills. I think
the provisions of this Bill are very
strong, and I think you will have no
trouble in working it out. I think,
after we have tried it out a year, we
won't need any changes, unless' it be
required in the paying of expenses of
Inspectors. We are weak on that
point; but so' long as we have an ap-
propriation we can ipay it out of that,
and see how it works.

Mr. Stone — I have yet to see the
weak point in our law. We got exactly
what "we asked for, and I can't see
anything that we lack in it.

Mr. Kildow — I don't see that there
should be very much change yet; at
least not for the present, or until we
get a little more of an insight into it,
and see what we are going to need.
There is only one weak point, as it
looks to me. There is no money for
paying the expenses of the deputies;

the money comes from the $1,5<)0 to
pay the per diem of the deputy, but
there is no provision for paying his
expenses. I think our law is a very
good one, and, as Dr. Miller says, "It
has got teeth in it."

Mr. Dadant — There was some state- -■ _
ment made in regard to obtaining ,|-
National uniform laws throughout the :•
country. I would like to have the
opinion of the members upon that. -
Can we obtain uniform laws from the
States, or will we have to go to the
United States G-overnment to get uni-
form laws?

Mr. York — Would that not be some-
thing like the Pure Food law? We
have a National Food law, but that
applies only to Interstate Commerce;
then the States have to have laws in
line with the Federal law. The Na-
tional Food law applies only to Inter-
state Commerce.

Pres. Dadant — Then it is impossible
to have uniform Foul Brood laws for
all States? -

Mr. York— That is the way I under-
stand it.

Mr. Baxter— The Supreme Court ren-
dered a decision the other day, that
the State Commissioners, Railroad and
Warehouse Commissioners, were pow-
erless in fixing State rates. That no
matter what the transportation was
within the State, it always applied to
Interstate Commerce, and that it was
a question for the United States Com-
mission; and if that point is good, and
if it holds good, and it must, it -^^ould
apply to everything; it would do, away
with the State Commissions, and with
the State Food Commissions, and
everything would be under the general
Government.

In our particular ease, this relates to
the criminal side of it — a nuisance ; and
I don't think the National law would
apply at all.

The horticulturists! have been try-
ing to get a National law for years for
nursery inspection, because the State
inspections are a farce. What they
will not allow to be sold in their own
State, they will allow to go out and be
sold to others. They have not been
able to get the National Government
to recognize it as advisable. I think
we can't get a National law on this
Siubject.

Mr. Stone — The question was up on
the whys and wherefores of the Act
making an appropriation for the lUi- .

40

ELEVENTH ANNU'AL REPORT OF THE

nois State Eee-Keepers' Association.
It reads this way:

"Wiiereas, tlie importance of the in-
dustry to the farmers and fruit-growers
of the State warrants the expenditure of
a reasonahle sum for tlie holding of an-
nual meetings, the publication Of reports
and papers containing practical informa-
tion concerning .Pee-keeping; therefore,
to sustain the same and enable this or-
ganization to defray the expenses of an-
nual meetings, publishing leports, sup-
pressing foul brood among bees in the
State, and promott; the industry in Illi-
nois: -i

Section 1. — Be it enacted by the people
cf tlie State of Illinois represented in the
General Assembly. That there be and is
herein- appropriated for the tise of the
Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Association,
the sum of one thousand dollirs (.il.OOO)
per annum for the years lilll and 1912.
for the purpose of advancing the growth
;ind developing the interests of the bee-
keeper.s of Illinois, said sum .to be ex-
pendeii under the direction of the Illinois
State Bee-Keepers' Association for the
purpose of paying the expenses of holding
annual meetings, publishing the . pro-
ceedings of said meetings, suppressing
foul brood among Vices in Illinois, etc."

Mr. Stone — Can the Attorney Gen-
eral keep us from spending what
money Ave want to for the extermina-
tion of foul brood under a law like
'that? This law we have had every
year .since the publishing of this Ri^-
port. This is the tenth.

Pres. Dadant — "What we are trying
to discuss now is whether we can have
a general law from the Government —
a National Law?

IMr. Stone — Some one suggested they
might repeal this law. Then the ques-
tion comes up — can we pay the ex-
penses of an assist^int foul brood in-
spector out of our State appropriation?

Dr. Bohrer — JMight not congress be
asked to require every man who takes
bees from one State to another, or sells
queens, or ships honey,' that he get a
certificate, certifying it is entirely free
from disease?

A member — The National Govern-
ment might pass a law that before such
property was moved from another
State a certificate would be required.

Mr. Kildow — How long would that
certificate be good?

Mr. Baxter — Until he got into the
State.

Mr. Kildow — I might visit a man's
yard tomorrow, and pronounce his bees
clean, and two weeks from that time
his bees might be diseased. But he lias
a clean bill of health! It is a pretty
hard thing to give a bill of health for
bee inspection.

I would not give a man a bill of

health, except for a short period, be-
cause I can't do it. His bees may be
affected in less than a Aveek, but I
have had to give him a clean bill of
health, and he can come back on me
and say that I gave it to him all right.

Mr. York — As I understand it, when
you give a certificate of that kind, it
applies only to the day you are there.
You can't give me a certificate stating
that I will have no- smallpox in my
house for the next ten days, 1 don't
see how you can make a certificate
cover any time in the future.

Mr. Pyles — Would it lie advisable to
have the national government pass
some uniform* law? The governnient
can refuse to allow the manufacturer
to ship an impure article out of the
State, but they don't interfere with
shipping it into the State. We can sell
impure honey in this State, but we
can't ship it out; and neither could we
if the national government passed
anything in the waj-' of a foul brood
law, and prohibited shipping diseased
bees from one State to the o'ther — that
would not interfere with the selling of
impure honey in our own State, unless
our State law interfered.

Mr. Moore — If the United States
government would adopt a law on this
interstate shipment of honey, and so
on, it would tend to get more uniform
State laws.

You take a State that has no law
in regard to he shipping of foul brood,
or the control of foul brood, it is dif-
ficult to curb it; but if a man had foul
brood and he wanted to ship his honey
into a neighboring State, and that
honey Avas stopped — it would soon, get
indifferent bee-keepers interested, and
they would get a foul brood law for
their own State, and in that way it
would help. It would simply be a mat-
ter between the States. The govern-
ment has no control of the shipments
in each State; that is a matter that
the State laws control.

Pres. Dadant — The thing I was try-
ing to get at is this: Whether or not
a law passed by the United States
government would be advisable — not
as things are, but as they might be.
We are too much accustomed to think-
ing of our present system as perfect.
One State says that a young lady-
may be married without asking her
parents' permission; if she steps a few
feet across the line into another State,
her rights are entirely different. Is

n.LINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATIOX

41

that right? If each State has the
right to make its own criminal laws,
then I think we cannot change it; but
if that is wrong, I think there is a way
to get uniform laws without having to
ask each legislative body.

We have this year succeeded in get-
ting a law; we don't know but two
years hence we cannot. Is it not
necessary that we should have uniform
laws?

Mr. Moore — This question of State
rights has been a fight all through the
country; it was one of the causes of
the War of the Rebellion, and that is
insisted upon too much today. Each
State has the right to make its laws,
an,tl--i-^tli^ink that, in a country the si^se
this, and as closely connected as are
'the various States, there should be
uniform laws covering the different
State.*, and the sooner we can get to
that idea the better it will be for the
entire country.

Air. Baxter — It is advisable, but un-
der our present Oonstitution we can't
do it.

Mr. Dadant — If we don't discuss it,
We will never get it. and never get to
it.

Mr. Baxter — It seem that progress is
being made all the time; although the
people themselves cannot get what
they want, the Supreme Court is grad-
ually doing it. The decision of this
Warehouse Commission is a big thing
in advance. They are getting at the
point. But for the present it is im-
possible to get the uniform laws we
desire.

Pres. Dadant — \\''hat I am aiming to
do is to draw the attention of our
bee-keepers to this matter. At present
the conditions in the United States are
such that they should be remedied.
We have to spend too much time get-
ting down on our knees and asking for
State laws. Look at the condition
that exists with reference to weights
and measures, a bushel of oats being
different in one State than it is across
the line in another State. There are
things that ought to be governed by
the local authorities, but there are also
others that should be regulated by
Federal laws. I want to discuss this
here, and let us each think It over, and
put forth our best efforts to get this
condition corrected.

See the people going out to Nevada
when they want to get a divorce.
Why, isn't that a sihame? We want to

change • those things. We want to
change this matter of Foul Brood
laws. At any rate, I believe it is never
too soon to speak about these matters.
We cannot change them within the
next year or so, but we want to think
about them, and then we will be able
to get at the matter sooner or later.

Mr. York is to address the meeting
on the changes in the Constitution of
the National Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion.
The National Bee- Keepers' Association.

Mr. York — I suppose most of those
present are members of 'the National
Association, and have seen the new
constitution as it appears in the Forty-
Second Annual Report issued by Gen-
eral Manager France.

The new constitution appears as it
was appproved at the Minneapolis con-
vention last August. It is now being
submitted to the membership through-
out the country, and is being voted
upon. The polls close a week from to-
day. The' next day the vote.? will
be coun't-ed, and we will then learn
whether or not the new constitution
has been approved.

It provides for a great many changes
from what we have been used to for
the past number of years.

I remember as far back as perhaps
twenty years, or maybe twenty-five
years, when Mr. Newman , the then
editor of the American Bee Journal,
also a prominent member of the Na-
tional Association, tried- to get the
Association to change to an affiliated
body. This new constitution provides
for that. Some ten years after that,
another effort was made to get the
Association to adopt an affiliated or-
ganization, but failed, and it seems to
me the time has come now when we
might safely try the new plan, and if
the new constitution is approved by a
majority vote of the membership this
month, of course that will be done.

I don't suppose every n:iember of the
Association will approve of it. Per-
sonally, I think that the new constitu-
tion, if it is appproved, will give the
National organization an opportunity
to do some things which it has not felt
it could do heretofore, or at least has
. not undertaken.

It provides for five directors instead
of twelve. I think there is no question
about that being an advantage, in view
of the fact that it is almost impossible

42

ELEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

to get t^Yelve people together, scattered
as they are over the country, and it
takes a long time to hear from each
one by mail; to get a majority of them
to agree, it takes a lot of correspond-
ence. So if we can have the number
of directors- reduced to five, they can
get together more easily and have fre-
quent meetings, and the organization
can be run more as a business organi-
zation. All the discussion at Minne-
apolis tended that way. What the Na-
tional should be is more of a business
organization instead of simply a social
gathering, as it has been for a number
of years.

There will be four officers, I believe,
in addition to the five directors.

This new Constitution provides that
the President shall preside at all meet-
ings of the whole b'ody, as well as of
the directors. I don't remember why
it was put that way, unless it was
thought the President should be in
touch with everything that is being
done by the directors, as well as the
annual meeting.

The new annual meetings will be
made up of delegates, if this new Con-
stitution is approved— one delegate
from each local organizaiton.

Pres. Dadant — Is it not for every
fifty members?

Mr. York — One delegate from each
affiliated association, but he will have
a vote for each fifty members or frac-
tion thereof. Most of the organiza-
tions would not average more than
seventy-five members. If any local
organization wishes to have anything
done, they would, of course, advise
their delegate to bring it before the
annual meeting, and have it discussed
and voted upon, and if a majority of
the members thought it a good thing,
it would be approved and followed up.

Some have thought the meetings
would be only of delegates. There is a
provision in this Constitution, where
the sessions of the annual meeting
shall be open to the attendance of any
one who wishes to come into the meet-
ing.

It is not going to be what we might
call a "closed corporation," but an
opportunity for local bee-keepers as
well, to go into the open meetings and
take part in the discussions.

Dr. Bohrer — Is the program to be
made out previous to the meeting?

Mr. York — They could discuss spe-
cial or general _ topics as the Board of

Directors may decide upon. Questions
may be sent to the Board of Directors,
the same as questions are sent in here,
and then the Board of Directors would
bring them up.

Dr. Bohrer — ^Would that do away
with the Question-Box?

Mr. York — I should think not. Every
member in the open meetings would
have an opportunity to ask questions.

The meetings heretofore of the
National have been mainly local. We
would meet, for instance, in Harris-
burg, Pa., as we did one year, and
nearly all those in attendance were
from around Harrisburg. One year
the National met in San Antonio,
Texas, and nearly all those in attend-
ance were from around San Antonio,
or from Texas.

Now, if we can have a delegated
body, we will have representatives
from all parts of the country, and they
can discuss conditions that affect the
whole country, so far as bee-keeping
is concerned.

I think' it will be more truly a meet-
ing national in character than it has
been heretofore.

Another thing some thought it would
be well for the National Association
to do, was to sell and advertise a
market for honey. It may not be that
they will be able to start a brand
right away, but in the State of Michi-
gan, the State Association hasi been
used to help the members to sell their
honey.

Mr. Tyrrell, who is the Secretary of
the National, and also of the State
Association of Michigan, has a good
many ideas along the line of helping
members in the marketing of their
honey, and, no doubt, some of those
could be tried out if this new Consti-
tution is approved.

It may be that you will have some
■questions to ask, and I will be glad to
answer them, if I can do so.

This new plan of the National
should be thoroughly discussed by
every local association. If it is a
success, it will be a success because a
large majority of bee-keepers are in
favor of it.

There is one point, it seems to me,
that would have to be changed, or
we would not have any National or-
ganization. And that is the question
of dues. I get it direct from the Gen-
eral Manager, that after paying the
expenses of the year in the way of

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

43

getting out reports, sending out bulle-
tins, etc., there is nothing left in the
treasury to pay his own • salary.
That, of course, will never do. Mr.
France is the man who has done more
of the real hard work for the National
Bee-Keepers' Association than any
one-half dozen other men, and for him
not to receive any of his salary cer-
tainly would not be right.

It simply shows that 50' cents dues
are not enough to cover the legitimate
expense of the Naitonal Association.

The new constitution provides $l.pO —
&0i cents to be retained for the local
organization, and .$1.00 to go to the
National, and that will give them al-
most double the money hereafter, for
the majority have been coming in
through the local association at one-
half rate, or 50 cents a year.

The Annual State Report I have be-
fore me is really a larger report than the
one issued by the National Bee-Keepers'
Association. I was looking over this
today, and it seemed to me it is one of
the most complete and valuable publi-
cations in the bee line that any organi-
zation in this country' has ever put
out. I hope every member will read it
carefully. It contains a great deal of
first-class information on the subject
of bees and bee-keeping. I think it is
a great credit to the State of Illinois,
and to the officers of this Association*;r
to Mr. Stone in particular, who cora^
piled the work and who had charge, of
getting it out.

The new constitution may not \>e
adopted, and if it is not, that will end
it for the present, and the National
will go on under the old constitution
until such a time when a new one may
be 'adopted or the old one changed

• Personally, I think it is a good thing
to have a change once in a while, and
have a new plan to work under.

We are not going to make any
progress unless we experiment a little,
and' try something difterent; we don't
know whether or not the changes will
work for good until we try them, but
I hope this constitution will be ap-
proved.

I am sure we only want what is best
for the National Association, as well
as for the smaller State and local
organizations.

Mr. Stone — I had made up my mind
to vote for the new Constitution, and
when I considered the whole matter I
could not do it.

There is one point I believe there will ,'::

be some trouble about in Section 2,
Article 4: "Whenever a local bee-
keepers' association shall decide to
unite with this association, it will be
received upon payment to the local
secretary of $1.00 per mernber per an-
num to the Secretary." ■; ;

•The local association will come into
the National at $1.00 each, and 50 cents ■'.

to go to their local association. Here '

is the trouble: "All active members of - ■

such association must become members
in order to take advantage of this pro-
vision."

We have a great many members that
I know won't pay a dollar to join the
National. That will cut the whole As-
sociation out.^ It will mean a reduc-
tion in the Illinois Bee-Keepers' Asso- ,
tiation, or else we can't join the ■•..

National. That is just as sure as black
is black, and white is white. If we
have to raise our fees— I don't object;
I would pay my dollar to the National, . .:

but I know there are others who won't
do it. If that was stricken out, I would -

vote for the new constitution; with
that in, I could not. I voted "No." The
Chicago-Northwestern won't live three
years after that. Last year they fell
short 26 from what it was the year
before, and it was only for the reason >-

that they had increased their fee to . :■'

$1.50. • ■ ; ■ ;V:'.

I don't see how the Chicago-North-
western can do it. They can't get
along with less than $2.00. If they • .;.;

join the State Association, and have to ■ ;>i.

pay $2.00, won't that Association, Mr.
York, be cut down twenty more mem- ..':'-;':;

bers next year? : .;

The Northern Illinois and Southern ; \
Wisconsin Association have already

sent in their fees for next year — 14 ■"

members — last year it was seventeen. ■;;,

They have cut down three, which is be- ^ ;;

cause they are paying fifty cents in- /'-r:

stead of twenty-flve. . " '

I have had letters from men saying, • " t^

"Will you explain to us the benefit we ■'):'%

are going to get for our dollars ?" I tell V :;i

them what benefit they are getting by ':--'^

being protected by the National; that ■ :.

they are getting the reports from the , vS

three associations; that it cost $1.01.. -:i

last year to publish the report; and . ■■
they send back their dollars; they say : : .-

if it had been over a dollar we would' A. -J

not have done it. ^ ^^^

Mr. York — As I understand it, the ^^ ^ ^^ -^^^

new constitution would not go into ^ *■■?;

44

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

effect until January 1, 1912, if approved.
All associations getting their dues in
before that time would join under the
old rate, so that objection would not
apply this year.

Mr. Stone — Supposing that we send
out our notices in December, or just as
early as we can get them out, we can
warn them that every one that joins
before January can get in for $1.00;
then some will join after that, and we
can't go into the National Association
and leave these men out. They have to
cut off that clause.

Mr. York — That has to stand for this
reason: It has been proven that the
nfty-cent rate is not enough.

Mr. Stone — Cut out the clause where
it compels the whole association to go
in or not any.

Mr. York — When you join in a body
that takes all the members in the local
association.

Mr. Stone — This says it allows them
to affiliate at $1.00 per member, but all
active members of said local associa-
tion must become members in order to
take advantage of this right.

Mr. York — Otherwise you would have
to pay $1.50; that is what that means.
But all active members can, by joining
in a body, get the $1.00 rate, otherwise
pay $1.50. .

Pres. Dadant — Does that mean one
can be a member of the Illinois State
Association and still not be a member
of the National?

Pres York — Yes; and they can be a
member of the National and not the
Illinois State.

Mr. Stone — We would say that hav-
ing one hundred members in our Asso-
ciation, and fifty don't want to join the
National, the National won't take the
fifty without all the hundred joining.

Mr. York — You have to join in a body
in order to get the $1.00 rate.

Mr. Baxter — You have to do that
now under the old constitution. That
is why I made a, motion to increase the
dues to $1.50, so we would have enough
money to pay.

Mr. Stone — If I send out the notice,
then, that $1.50 per member will give
a membership in the State and Na-
tional, next year our association will
go down to 150 members.

Mr. York — That doesn't work out so
in Michigan. They have a great many
more members today at $1.50 than they
had at $1.00. They had the largest con-
vention last year that the Michigan

State ever had. They get more for
their money.

This constitution provides that the
National can do more for its members;
fifty cents is not enough to pay all the
expenses including the salary of the
General Manager. The National will
have to do one of two things — adopt
the new constitution or go out of busi-
ness. They can't pay expenses other-
wise.

Mr. Stone — They could take in the
association if twenty-five members
were willing to join it; and if the
others didn't want to join the National
they would not need to.

Mr. York — That would not be an
afhliated organization.

Pres. Dadant — I would like to make
a statement, because I was on the
committee that discussed the changing
of the constitution and offered the new
constitution. Of course it was new to
me. I did not attend the National last
year. Two proposed constitutions were
brought before the commiCtee, as well
as the old one, to be decided upon.

We were given this at four o'clock
in the afternoon, and we worked all
evening at it, until pretty nearly mid--
night, and then we put it off until the
next morning, and worked two or three
hours the next morning, and then we
realized that the subject was such a
deep one, and one of so much im-
portance, that we ought to have had a
week's work on it to do it justice.

At present there are people who
think, as Mr. Stone suggested to me
when he asked: "Is there a nigger in
the wood-pile ?■•' I didn't see the nig-
ger. I don't believe there is. I don't
believe Mr. York thinks there is. Mr.
France is not satisfied with it.

Although we may not succeed this
time in having this new form of con-
stitution adopted, we have reached a
transition point: ^he National Associa-
tion has done some good, but to most
of its members it does not do enough
good to make it worth while to pay
$1.00.

The Colorado honey-producers have
dropped out. Why? They have an
association self-sufficient; they don't
ned the National.

Can we make it so useful that it will
be worth $2.00, or $3.00', or $4.0i0, or
$5.0fl, to belong to it?

We get together and discuss a few
questions, and go home afterwards
without actually doing anything much

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

45

for the bee-keepers at large. We must
do something- for the bee-keepers at
large, as the citrus growers do in Cali-
fornia, and the orange and lemon pro-
ducers, getting the best prices for
them. I feel that the time has now
come; and I think we have no better
man than Mr. France to accomplish
results, although under the present
circumstances Mr. France is handi-
capped.

Mr. France is not in favor of chang-
ing the constitution. But I believe if
he were the manager, w-ith the change,
we would get along better. Whether it
w-ill pass now, it matters little, but
sooner or later there will be a change,
which will help us to progress.

There is a question raised by Mr.
Stone, that would be a stumbling
block. Is it possible for one part of our
Association to affiliate with the Na-
tional, and the other be an independent
society? Can that be done?

These matters ought to be discussed
thoroughly among the bee-keepers of
the Association until such action is
taken as is best.

I think that sooner or later we must
get some method by which the Na-
tional may make itself more necessary
to each association and to its mem-
bers — more indispensable to the bee-
keepers of the country.

Mr. Baxter — I shall vote against the
new^ Constitution.

The reasons for doing so- as advanced
by Mr. Stone are good. But it is only
a small matter regarding the reasons
why it should not be adopted.

They have, under the new Constitu-
tion, only five directors, instead of
twelve. They say they can better get
together by having only five — can con-
verse together, and do business more
easily. Is that so? If it is so, you
will have to have those five directors
from one near locality, because if they
are widely scattered, in far parts of
the country, they will have to be to
the expense of traveling; therefore,
the business has got to be done by
correspondence.

I believe that twelve heads are better
than five heads, and can more clearly
represent the wishes of the different
members thoughout the country.

Now, then, •ojthy delegates? What
are your National meetings if they are
not social bodies ? Those five directors,
as I understand it, are going to trans-
act all the busiine&s under this new

Constitution. Then what is the use in
having delegates?

Mr. Baxter — A great part of the
business is transacted through the
meetings; therefore, this new business
will virtually be transacted by the di-
rectors. Who is going to pay the dele-
gates' expenses?

Mr. Stone — The different associa-
tions pay their delegates' expenses.

Mr. Baxter — ^When you are meeting
in a certain locality, you will have
delegates that are near that locality,
but you will not get outside delegates.
So far the business has been trans-
acted, and real benefits have been
derived rrom Mr. France's manage-
ment. He has found sales for honey,
and has secure^ many advantages to
bee-keepers. I don't see how you are
going to benefit at all by this new
Constitution. On the contrary, I think
you are going to virtually kill the
National body if you adopt it.

If you need more money, raise the
dues. You will get $1.50 or $2.00.
provided you will make your local
associations interesting, and get the
people to attend. Show them that
there is a profit to them in coming
here^ — in what way they can profit by
these meetings and receive benefit.
One dollar or two dollars is nothing to
a bee;:ikeeper if you give him a good
time, and show him he will get some
benefit.

I believe the best thing that we can
do is to vote this new Constitution
down.

Mr. Stone — I like the Constitution,
but I voted against it after carefully
considering it.

Dr. Bohrer — There was a move made
at San Antonio to change the Consti-
tution disqualifying certain persons
from holding office and I was opposed
to it. I don't believe in disqualifying
any one. If you don't want men to.
hold office don't elect them. Don't hold
a man dowoi; it is not in harmony wath
a free country.

I have attended conventions, and
have paid what I was called upon to
pay in order to keep up my part of
the expenses, but I mainly have gone
\o conventions for what I expected to
learn of the persons who attended
those conventions. My idea was, we
ought to get together and learn some-
thing that would benefit each one of

us, and give it out to the bee-keepers

at large. Attend these conventions,

46

ELEVENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OP THE

and learn what we can, and offer what
suggestions we can, and let the bee-
keepers take what they want — and the
balance it is their right and privilege
to discard.

I did not vote, for this proposed
amendment to the Constitution, and
for the National Convention, or any
other convention, to try and pass reso-
lutions, or enter into some kind of an
organization, to increase the sale of
honey— I do not think it is quite the
thing. I must confess I always have
thought that if honey was put upon
the market in proper shape it would
sell, but I do believe, by adopting an
educational system, such as we have
been talking about, that if people once
learn that honey is the best sweet for
civilization, that will increase the sale
of honey. I. am satisfied it will.

You put the absolutely pure honey
on the market, and point out to the
people that the glucose that is being
sold to people is a deadly poison — then
you will get the people to buy your
honey.

I brought that up before the Legisla-
ture. I said: "You don't know what
you are buying and feeding your chil-
dren. A lot of men are putting ficti-
tious labels, names, or something that
don't mean anything, on their goods,
and children are taking it as food. We
want to stop that."

I w-rote an article about that — these
things that are put up in the shape of
syrup — 90' per cent glucose and 10 per
cent syrup. It is called "Karo." I
don't allow it to come into my house.
And I certainly don't want my bees to
get hold of it, because I think it would
kill the brood. Teach the peoiple that
it is detrimental to feed such things to
their children, or to eat it themselves,
and put the pure article — honey — the
most wholesome of all sweets, on the
market, and educate the people to eat
that — and you will sell as much honey
as you can produce. ,;'

Mr. Baxter — Are the local organiza-
tions to pay the expenses of these 'dele-
gates ?

Pres. Dadant — That is not the under-
standing I have.

Mr. Baxter — We have three hundred
members of this State Association.
That entitles us to twelve delegates.
Suppose the convention is in Denver —
that is $300.00 for railroad expenses;
then there are the living expenses and
the incidentals. Are we ready to meet

that expense? How about the Chicago-
Northwestern ?

Pres. Dadant — You are supposing
the Association is going to pay for it.
You must not argue on something that
is not stated.

Mr. York^This new constitution
provides for one delegate for each local
association. You do not have to elect
more than one, and you don't have to
pay any expenses if he will go without.

Mr. Pyles — I got a letter from Mr.
France, saying why he was going to
vote against this change in the new
constitution. I voted against it for the
same reasons. One of them- was the
proposed increase in dues. I don't be-
lieve, after hearing this discussion, it
makes one bit of difference whether a
bee-keeper pays $1.00, or $1.50, or $2.00,
or $5.00, if he gets the results; and if
these people are going to make the
National Association enough better,
and it brings to each member that
much more good, we can pay $5.00' as
easily as $1.00, for we can get some-
thing back for our money; if we can-
not, then we don't want it at all. We
are paying 50 cents for a social organi-
zation, and get no benefit. I am in fa-
vor of the new constitution, and I
would expect to receive something for
my moneJ^

Mr. Baxter — I differ here. It is not a
social organization. The National is
a real live organization. Do you
mean to say the National has never
done any of the bee-keepers of the
United States any good? Show me
where as much has been done for the
amount of money that has been spent!
The annual meetings are social. The
directors have transacted business,
good live business which has brought
results. If they need more money, give
them' more. But to send delegates up
there, and have to meet the expenses,
I am opposed to it.

I want the constitution so amended
that it will give the Board of Directors
more power, if necessary, and that they
may have more facilities for conducting
their hu.f.iness, or more money if neces-
sary, but you will never get ihe Board
of Dirpctors together in one body,, be-"
ca-i.s3 <-he expense to do thai is .too
great, and you can't pay it out, and the
National will not have it to pay out.
It has to be done by correspond cn.-e,
and by having twelve directors in-
stead of five. You can then represent
the different localities all over the

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

47

United States. Twelve directors are
not too many for a big country lilce the
United States. Five would not repre-
sent the different interests, nohow.

The directors are going to transact
the business; the delegates will have
onlj- a little to say about what is going
tn be Gone and should be done. Why
cut tiis number of the Board of Direc-
tors down from twelve to five? "Why
take the powers away from them? IE
this is dene I feel sure that bad lo-
sults would follow. I am strongly in
favor of having the Board of Directors
remain as it is under the old constita-
tion, twelve in number.

Mr. Moore — About this delegate busi-
ness: Tho new constitution provides
that the local branches shall consist of
not less than twenty-five members and
each branch shall be entitled to one
cTelc^gato, who will have one vote for
each 50 members of the local associa-
tion he represents or fraction of 50
members.

Mr. Stone — I think if it had not been
for this National Association the bee-
keepers of this State would not be half
as numerous as they are. At the time
when we got out our first annual re-
port, Mr. Thomas G. Newman, who was
then editor of the American Bee Jour-
nal, was the general manager. He sent
matter to me that went intO' our first
annual report, regarding a suit that
had come up in Arkadelphia, Arkansas.
The city authorities had given the man
notice to remove his bees from the city
limits; they were declared a nuisance.
Some of the neighboring boys had
stirred up the man's bees, and the bees
had stung one of the boys, and that
made the father mad and he declared
the bees a nuisance. He got a warrant
from the city authorities declaring that
man's bees a nuisance.

Mr. Newman sent an attorney down
there to defend this man's case; the
National body paid the expense of the
lawyer to defend the case. When suit
was brought the lawyer went down
there and he won, and it was appealed
to the Supreme Court — and the Su-
preme Court confirmed the former de-
cision.

The whole proceedings of that suit
were published by the National Bee-
Keepers' Association, and every place
that the National has had a similar suit
come up, this decision of the Supreme
Court has been cited, and the cases
have been dismissed. If it had not

I>een for this decision, and that the
National had stepped in and defended
this man, the bee-keepers would be set
upon in every State and town in the
United States.

Our bees now are just as much legal
property as^nything is, but we must
not put them in places where it would
be dangerous to anybody; and when
ve have done that, we are defended,
f '. ■ this has been accomplished
iV'Ough the efforts of the National.

I don't want anything better — in sell-
ing my honey — than I have already. I
never knew a bee-keeper who produced
more honey than he could sell.

I once knew a bee-keeper who had a
lot of honey; on his way to market,
he stopped at my house — stayed over
night, and he would make his trip to
Springfield, and get back to my house
and stay over night again, and he
never had any trouble in selling all
that honey at $1.00 a gallon.

I never have any trouble in selling
my honey. I sell it in five-pound buck-
ets.

I knew a man, P. J. England, and all
the farmers in the neighborhood would
buy a gallon of honey from him' each
fall. He always sold all the honey
that he had without any trouble.

If I had honey to sell, or wanted to
buy honey, I could do no better than
to get the report of Mr. France that
he sends out every year. It gives
every man the information he wants,
and comes to us without any expense
to us.

Mr. Baxter — Don't you think that
lawsuit in New York was more im-
portant than the one in Arkansas? '

Mr. Stone — Yes. But if it had -not
beeen for the latter we would have
fared a great deal worse, I believe.

Mr. York — It seems to me that
everybody ought to find the National
worth $L00 in dues.

Mr. Stone — It ought to be worth
whatever amount it needs to help on
the worfe

Mr. York — Mr. France has not
enough to pay his own salary for 1911.
The Michigan Association have raised
to $1.50, and they have a larger as-
sociation than thej' ever had.

Dr. Bohrer — Our State Association
pays $1.00 a year, and we have been
turning in 50 cents to the Treasurer
of the National Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion; that admits us in a body. Now,
if this new Constitution is adopted.

48

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

will we be required to pay more than
that?

Mr. Stone — $1.50 a year.

Dr. Bohrer — Our Association meets
next week, and I want to bring all
these matters before them. I think
there are many members throughout
the United States that don't under-
stand it.

Pres. Dadant — The vote is to be
counted November 30th. If your As-
sociation meets next week, it will
probably be too late to take action.

Mr. Stone — Didn't you get the Na-
tional Report? You will find the
Constitution as they propose it.

Dr. Bohrer — I cannot see to read.
I have thought something like this —
that I would' lay the matter before
them and say, if the new Constitution
is adopted, we would hav£ to increase
our State dues. We might do this —
leave the matter in the hands of the
Secretary, and another year we will
try to look out for the $1.50 annual
dues.

Mr. Kildow — I don't think it is right
to cut the directors down, because five,
it seems to me, is not as' good' as
twelve.

Pres. Dadant — The argument used
was this: When you have a matter
to come before twolve men that live
in different parts of the country, and
they raise their objections, and' you
have to resipond to them, and wait for
them to answer, it consumes a great
deal of time, and a great deal of cor-
respondence, in taking the matter up
with twelve directors.

Mr. Kildow — Yes, that is true; but
I think that it is more representative.
It is not what two or three think; they
may be entirely contrary to what the
majority think.

Mr. Pyles — The same thing would
apply if j'ou had twelve directors.

Mr. Stone — I would like to ask a
question on this point:

Shall we instruct our Secretary to
send out the twelve hundred letters,
soliciting membership fees, and write
them: "If paid before January 1st,
$1.00 pays the fees in the State and
National, and- in case the National
adopts the new Constitution, after the
first of January, the fees would be
$1.50 for membership in the State and
National"?

Pres. Dadant — If that is done, then
I would add, "If there is no change
there would be no change in the price."

Mr. York; — You will know inside of
one week whether there is to be a
change or not.

Pres. Dadant — Do you wish to make
any motion in regard to that, or leave
it to the Secretary?

Mr. Baxter — I don't see any use for
any motion. If the constitution is
adop'ted nobody can become a member
of that Association after the first of
January without paying the $1.50.

Pres. Dadant — I don't see it that way.

Mr. Baxter — If you instruct the Sec-
retary not to join the National, it is all
right.

Pres. Dadant — It is necessary to take
action in order to inform the Secretary
as to what he shall do.

Mr. Baxter — The Secretary cannot
do otherwise than take everybody that
has paid in this Association from today
on to the first of January, at 50' cents
to the National; but after the first of
January you are prohibited from tak-
ing in members into this society with-
out payiiig $1.0'0' to the National.

Pres. Dadant — We are not forced to
stay with them when they change their
constitufton. We are a State organiza-
tion.

Mr. Moore — The entire membership
of the State Association are members
of the National, either directly or
through the State Association.

Mr. York — If I am not mistaken,
heretofore every year we have voted
whether or not this Association shall
join the National in a body.

Mr. Stone — When the National gave
us permission to come in for 50 cents a
member, we took it for granted that
every one that became a member here
paid $1.00' for that year, and that made
him a member of both. We do not
give them the privilege of coming for
50 cents into the State Association and
leaving them out of the National.

Mr. York — Every year the Chicago-
Northwestern votes wjaetheij^or not we
shall join the National in a bodj'. I
think we have done the same thing
here.

Mr. Stone — We have done it once,
and continued without further action.

Mr. Baxter — You cannot affiliate un-
less you affiliate every member. The
constitution says that.

Mr. Pyles — Last j^ear we had this
matter up for discussion — the matter
of joining the Association, and' it was
decided when we paid our membership
dues it lasted up until a certain day.

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

49

and I think it was when the convention
met. Now, all the people that join be-
tween now and the first of July become
members of the State and ^ National,
and if the new constitution takes effect,
and .we wish to join after that time,
it will run up until November. Your
membership expires about this time.
A resolution was passed that way.

Now, however, by joining in a body
up to the first of January, we will take
in a large part of the membership of
the State Association for $1.00, and
then we can decide at the next meet-
ing if we want to go in at $1.50.

Mr. Baxter — I see no way out of it
but to authorize the Secretary to af-
filiate with the National under the
present existing conditions, and after
we know the result of the vote, if it is
carried, then to send out notices to
bee-keepers of the State and notify
them if thej- want to become affiliated
with the National, they must send in
their $1.00 before the first of January,
or they will have to join the National
direct. I move this. j.

Motion seconded.

Mr. York — Suppose you vote today to
join the National in a body, you are
voting to join at the 50 cent rate. We
will say that, tomorrow, Mr. Secretary
or Mr. Treasurer sends 50 cents apiece
for the present membership to
M'. France — he sends you a receipt;
we have joined in a body. They are
bound to take us at the $1.00 rate;
they can't do otherwise. They liave
ai^cepted us in a body. We are ^vork-
ing under the old constitution at tl'e
present time; the new one is not in
force. Now say the first of January
thoy change their rule and make it
$1.00 — that doesn't affect those that
have accepted, but it does affect new
members, and we have to send in one
dollar per member after that.

Mr. Baxter — After the first of Janu-
ary every member that comes in will
have +0 pay the extra amount, or th'^y
cuuld not be affiliated by joining this
ss'sif^at'cn, they would have to join
the National direct.

Mr. Stone — They can't join the Na-
tional for $1.00.

Mr. Baxter — $1.50 direct.

Mr. Stone — I must send out my
notices, that after the first of January
it is $!.?•» for every one who wants to
affi 'afr' with the National.

The n:otion was put and carried.

—4

Premium for Manipulating Bees.

I\Ir. Becker — A few years ago the
Executive Committee, through the Illi-
nois State Fair Association, asked a
premium given for manipulating bees .
at the State Fair. Nobody else bring-
ing anj in, Mr. Werner, being a crip-
pled man, and handling the bees, we
made it out for him, and then the asso-
ciation had some cages made, paying
$50.00. Last year he was not there, so
Mr. Coppin naade the entry for it and
he got the S3 5.01. This year Mr. Cop-
pin and jNJr. Werner were both there,
ard both had entries. Mr. Stone, Mr.
Gc ppin, Mr. Werner and myself talked
the m.atter over and I told them that
it originally was intended for Mr.
Werner, on account of his being a crip-
ple, and he came to the Fair, but if
the association would do it, and Mr.
Stone approved of it, that we let Mr.
Werner have the first premium, and
then the Association pay Mr. Coppin
$.10.00. -and then after this year it be
left to the Association, by making a
eompf titive premium thereafter, or cut
it cut and put in something else.

We owe Mr. Coppin $10.00, and we
won id like this Association to decide
what the Executive Committee shall do
hereafter — will we cut it out or con-
tinue it? Of course we would have to
increase it, make it a competitive pre-
mium. It must be done before the
State Board meets.

Pres. Dadant— You all understand
what this was — ^^the question of ma-
nipulating a colony of bees at the
State Fair on the grounds.

There is a premium for $15.00 and
nothing else; as I understand it $10.00
was promised by the Executive Com-
mltTf^e because there was more than
one person exhibiting, and there was
only one premium oiTered.

A member — I move that the action
be approved, and an order for $10.00 be
drawn.

Motion carried.

Mr. York — I move that w^e request
the State Board of Agriculture to offer
three premiums, the first for $15.00, the
second for $10.00, and the third for
$5.00, for manipulating bees on the
State Fair Grounds during the annual
Fair.

Motion seconded.

r>r. Bohrer — What is the object of
having bees manipulated on the Fair
grounds, and not explain how^ this
manipulation is done?

50

ELEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT, OF THE

Mr. York — The object is to make the
exhibition instructive.

Pres. Dadant — If there are three
premiums, it will give the one that
does the best manipulating- and the
best instructing the largest premium.

Cr. Bohrer — In the State of Kansas
• they awarded a prize for the govern-
ing and handling of bees, and I have
never seen one man yet who explained
how it was done. They leave the pub-
lic knowing no more about how it is
done than before they commenced.

I object to awarding prizes for any
such thing, unless the bees are han-
dled bj' a qualified person, and he ex-
plains how it is d'one. The bees, when
hungry, will take liquid sweets, and
when they are filled in that way they
will not act on the defensive.

I would be in favor of having this
manipulation, if it were done in such
a way that it would prove instructive;
but if not instructive, I would not do
it at all. Something of this kind could
be made very instructive.

Mr. York — I can see how such a
demonstration would be instructive. A
great many people are afraid of bees;
they might say, if this man handles
bees, I guess I can also: but such
people would not be taught how to
handle them properly. I have heard
Mr. Werner. I think one year when I
was judge he was there, giving the
people a very interesting talk. They
don't have to juggle with bees. They
can give a talk upon the contents of
the hive, and so on.

Mr. Coppin — I think we did a little
good at the Fair last year, in manipu-
lating bees. "We got Mr. Stone per-
suaded that he could safely come in,
and he came into the cage, and the
bees did not hurt him! (Laughter.)

Mr. Becker — It is very instructive to
some of the people who attend the
Fair. I have iheard people say: "Do
you see those bees — how they are han-
dled in the cage? There is a fellow
.handling the bees without any gloves
on, and without a veil on; just in his
ordinary clothes. If they were my
bees, he would put something on."

Mr. Baxter — I don't believe you
should manipulate them without using
a veil' and appliances. I think the
person manipulating the bees should
be required to put his veil on, and have
a smoker, and the different things that
are used ; and show the cells, and the
brood, and the honey, and the whole

thing, and that no committee should
award the prize to any one manipu-
lating and instructing the public as to
the handling of bees, unless this be
done.

Pres. Dadant — The judges are not
left to our selection. If they were left
to us, we could instruct them. This
matter of exhibition is undoubtedly
proper, and a good thing, if it is done
right.

Mr. Stone — I had quite a little ex-
perience last year. Mr. Coppin was in
a cage handling bees; a crowd was
hanging around the cage. I said to
Mr. Coppin: "Are they 'sassy,' or are
they not? I don't believe I would be
afraid to come in the cage." And I did
go in. The people would say: "There
is a bee on the back of your hand."
"Yes," I wouldt say, "But it does not
mean a sting." And some one would
say that he would not dare handle
bees without a veil on, at home — but
these bees were not "sassy." Educate
the peoiple to know why the bees are
"sassy" and why they are docile. Mr.
Coppin knows that the people at the
Fair grounds were pretty well enter-
tained.

Mr. York — I think Mr. Baxter's point
was well taken, and that the manip-
ulator ought to have on a veil, and go
through the whole performance.

Mr. Baxter — Somebody has to go be-
fore the Board of Agriculture and pre-
sent this matter, and- he should tell
them why we want this.

Pres. Dadant — Do you wish to em-
body into the motion which is now be-
fore you .the statement that you want
a veil and smoker to be used?

Mr. Stone — The word "manipulation"
will do.

Pres. Dadant — The question is of in-
creasing the premiums from one to
three? Let's vote upon that. From my
point of view, it would be better to
manipulate without, the smoker and
veil. Unless it is ruled against me, I
will ask you to vote upon the motion,
as to whether or not we shall give pre-
miums in amounts of $1&.00, $10.00' and
$5.00- instead of a single premium of
$15.0-0i? I don't think you will be unani-
mous on the other question, while I do
think you will be unanimous on this.
As it is I will leave it to the meeting.
Motion put and carried.
Mr. Baxter — The question hinges
now on what is the object of this ma-
nipulation. A practical apiarist does

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

51

not go into the apiaries without a
smolcer and veil. There are times when
he can, and there are times when he
cannot do without a smoker; he can
almost always do without a smoker,
but it is not always prudent to do so,
and, therefore, when you manipulate
bees on the fair ground, you want to
instruct the people how to manipulate
them. You can take your veil off, and
lay the smoker aside, and tell them why
you did it, and tell them that they must
not go to the hive without a smoker
and veil; tell them how to work it.
That is the object in having this com-
petition. I don't object to having them
take their veil off to show the peo-
ple they have got them under perfect
subjugation, and tell them why.

I make a motion that the committee
be instructed to lay before the Board
of Agriculture the object of these
competitive premiums, and make a
recommendation that the bees shall be
manipulated as they are ordinarily in
the apiary, and then the person doing
the manipulating can tell the people
that they can take of£ their veil and
lay aside their smoker, and explain
how it is done, and explain the general
manipulation of bees under all circum-
stances. Motion seconded.

Mr. Becker — That is the judge's busi-
ness. It is' for him to say who does
the best. If there are three com-
petitors ,all three will have to show
their skill, and the Executive Commit-
tee need not explain to them how they
must do this. I understand that Mr.
Coppin was out to the fair grounds
nearly every day and worked with the
bees at least once a day.

Mr. Stone — Why not have this ex-
hibit educational?

"When there are three competitors,
they will have to make it educational,
and do it in siich a way that it will be
approved of by the judge.

The motion was put and carried.

Premium of Samples of Honey.

Mr. Becker — There is one more ques-
tion regarding the premium list. It
states, "Samples of honey not less than
one-half pound." Heretofore they al-
ways have taken into account the num-
ber of samples. The premium was
given to a man who did not have any-
where near as many as I had. The
judge said, "If this premium was on
the number, you would get the pre-
mium," but he gave me the third

premium. I think the number of sam-
ples ought to be takeii into account,
and that it should say, "Display of
samples."

Pres. Dadant — The best and largest
number of samples of extracted honey.
It reads, "Display- of samples of ex-
tracted honey, not less than one-half
. pound each." Mr. Becker, proposes
"Display of best and largest number
of samples of extracted honey, not less
than one-half pound each."

Pres. Dadant — Do you make that as
a motion?

Mr. Becker — Yes.

It was seconded.

Mr. Baxter — What Is the object of
making exhibits — a quantity of ma-
terial or to show the best you have? I
don't think that point is well taken.
There should be a premium for the
best, and then another premium for the
best display; that is the way it is in
"J^ie horticultural department.

Mr. Stone — That would not work
here, with samples of honey. There is
only a $5.00 premium.

Mr. Baxter — Under this ruling, a man
that has a very inferior article, but
much display, would carry off the
premium, while the man with a smaller
exhibit but with a better quality — and
not quantity — would get left. Does
that encourage the exhibition of good
honey?

Mr. York — I would like to ask what
is the object of this particular exhibit?
I always considered the number of dif-
ferent samples that were in this ex-
hibit. I didn't consider the quality.
The number of different kinds of honey
— the variety — was considered.

Mr. Baxter — I mean quality as to dis-
play.

Pres. Dadant — Here is one thing that,
perhaps, has not been noticed: There
are two premiums, one for display of
samples of extracted honey — not less
than one-half pound each — and then
another one for display of extracted
honey.

Mr. Becker — If you give it on the
best display, you are not giving it on
samples of honey; you are giving it on
bottles. It provides you must have no
less than one-hall pound each. If a
man gathers honey all over the United
States for yearsi and years, and some
man comes along with seven or eight
fancy bottles of colored glass, and he
is given the premium, the premium
will be given on the glass, but not on

52

ELEVENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE

the samples of honey. I want the
number of samples taken into ac-
count.

Mr. Pjies — Why not have this mo-
tion read, premium on the largest
number of samples?

Pres. Dadant — You mig-ht have the
same kind, in different bottles.

Mr. Pyles — "The best and largest" —
one has the same amount -of meaning
that the other has; carries just as
much weight as the man who had the
fine article — the largest number — the
greatest display. "Why not make it
"the best display?"

Mr. Baxter — I think it is all right
the w^ay it is.

Mr. York — Why not have the word,
"Variety" of samples — "best and
largest variety of samples of extracted
honey"?

Motion amended, and amendment
accepted.

The motion was put and carried.

Pres. Dadant — Mr. Kildow, have you
a report?

When will it be your pleasure to hear
Mr. Kildow's report?

Mr. Stone — I was going to suggest
that if we have a night session, we
could have the written reports.

Mr. Kildow — Can we not have these
tonight? I move w'e adjourn until 7: 30'
o'clock this evening. I would say that
my report states just exactly what
business I have done.

The convention then adjourned until
7:30 p. m.

' Report of Auditing Committee, 1911.

The cfonvention met at 7:30 p. m.

Pres. Dadant — I understand the Com-
mittee on Resolutions has a resolution
to offer.

A Member — The Secretary has re-
quested me to read this:

Whereas, The Foul Brood Bill as nassed
by the General Assembly. May 19th, and
sijirned by Governor Deneen June 7th. 1911,
has fulfilled the desire of this Association;
and

V/hereas, The passage of this Bill was
largely due to the untiring efforts of the
Governor of the State of Illinois and of
Representatives and Senators of the
Forty-Seventh General Assembly: and

Whereas, By this law the bee-keepers
of the State are making a successful be-
ginning in overcoming the disease known
as foul brood among bees; therefore, be it

Resolved, That the Illinois State Bee-
Keepers' Association, in convention as-
sembled this 24th day of November, 1911,

do tender their most hearty thanks to
Governor Deneen and to the General
Assembly of the State of Illinois for their
valued assistance and energy in procuring
this law.

(Signed) C. P. DADANT,

President.
JAS. A. STONE,
Secretary.

Concurred in by the Eastern Illinois
Bee-Keepers' Association by its President.
JESSE ROBERTS.

Concurred in by the Chicago-North-
western Bee-Keepers' Association by its
Pre.sident. qeO. W. YORK,

Pres. C. N. W. Ass'n.

Pres. Dadant — As I understand, it is
agreed to by the Eastern Illinois Bee-
Keepers' Association by its president,
and by the Chicago-Northwestern Bee-
Keepers' Association by its president.

Mr. York— That is the first I have
heard of it.

Pres. Dadant— Is it agreeabLe to you?

Mr. York — Yes; surely.

Pres. Dadant — The president of the
Eastern Ilinois said to me himself, he
was in favor of it, and that he would
sign it as representing the Eastern
Illinois Bee-Keepers' Association. This
is presented by the Resolution Com-
mittee with their recommendation.
What will we do w-ith it?.

A Memiber — I move its adoption.

Motion seconded and carried.

Pres. Dadant — I think the next thing
on the program is what we were inter-
rupted in by the adjournment. If there
are no further motions to be rnade, we
will hear Mr. Kildow's report.

Mr. Moore — The Auditing Committee
is ready to report.

Report of Auditing Committee.

W^e, the auditing Comimittee, find in
the hands' of Treasurer Chas. Becker,
$925.28 in the State Fund, and $234.94
in the Association Fundi, or a total of
$1,160.22, as shown by his accounts.

"We wouldi suggest that hereafter the
Treasurer keep thase two accounts
separate, starting with the above
amounts.

We would also suggest that the Sec-
retary keep only the "Association
Fund" account ,and start now Avith
$234.94 balance, as shown on his books,
which amount is in the hands of th^
Treasurer.

The Secretary, in drawing orders,
shall stamp them (with rubber stamp,
large letters) the words "Association
Fund" or "State Fund," as the case

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

53

A. L. KILDOW,
State Foul Brood Inspector for Illinois.

Report of State Inspector of Apiaries,

From April 1 to September 30, 1911.

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April

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50 .

. .,

1 ■

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May

Jure .

10

14

315

10

1

5

4

' ] 40.00

7%
1
19

16
4fi

567

824 !

11
91

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2

11

9
10

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30.00
76.00

July

AuRUSt ... .

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30

120
64

1
1704

1473

30
16

1
17

10

12

6

1
1

1
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172.00
120.00

-

September ..

!

Total

110

261

4933

88

45

41

2

30

25

$40.37i$440.00

1

I hereby certify that the above report is correct.

A. L. KILDOW,
State Inspector of Apiaries.

54

ELEVENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE

may.,be, using separate order boolc^ for
each] fund. J

W. B. MOORE.,
I • A. L. KILDOW,

' GEORGE W. YORK.

Pres. Dadant — You have heard the
report of the committee; what will
you do with it?

Mr. Pyles — I move it be approved.

Motion seconded and carried.

Pres. Dadant — The only thing I could
find to criticise in that report is that
the number of diseased colonies in the
diseased apiaries is not stated.

Mr. Kildow — I will explain that.
Sometimes when you strike a large
apiary of 100 or so colonies, it is hard
to go through every colony.

If I find it diseased, I mark it a dis-
eased apiary. Of course, I might go
through it — and as far as I went, tell
how many colonies I found, but there
might be a good many more that I
didn't examine. If an apiary is dis-
eased, it is diseased.

Pres. Dadant — Is there no way to
secure this data, either fromi the bee-
keeper who treats those colonies, or
from the deputy who treats them?

Mr. Kildow — Of coursie, I am under
the instruction of this Association, and
if this Association says that I should
go through all of them, I can do it, but
someitimes it takes a good deal of time
to go through 100 or 200 colonies.

Mr. Baxter — We want to know the
results when you find an apiary dis-
eased, and whether the disease has
been stamped out.

Mr. Kildow — Now, here in my book,
wherever the party has promised to
clean up, I mark \A. so, and where I
treat them, I mark that on my book.
Some of them may not have done
what r told them to do.

Mr. Baxter — You want to see that
they get after the disease. I called on
one man at Peoria, 111.; I was a deputy,
and I had found that he had the dis-
ease; when I met him he said, yes, he
had the disease there. Mr. Smith had
called on him a time or two, and he
had been treating it for years, and the
disease was still there; and I think
you will find it that way in a great
many cases; where an Inspector has
reported a disease, you will find it still
there. The bee-keeper has been treat-
ing it and trying to stamp it out, but
it is still there.

Mr. Moore — Of course, under the old
law, this old way of inspecting was the
best we could do, but it seems that,
under this new law, we have things
in our hands, and the Inspector can
order that this be done. If the Inspec-
tor finds diseased bees, he can order
that the same be abated within a spec-
ified time, and if the person so ordered
refuses or fails to abate this nuisance,
he may cause such nuisance to be
abated.

If the Inspector finds diseased bees,
he has' power to act.

The new Bill reads: "If the Inspec-
tor of Apiaries shall have reason to
believe that any apiary is infected by
foul brood or other contagious disease,
he shall have the power to inspect, or
cause to be inspected, from time to
time, such apiary, and, for the purpose
of such inspection, he or his assistants
are authorized, during reasonable busi-
ness hours, to enter into or upon any
farm or premises, or other building or
place used for the purpose of propa-
gating or nurturing bees. If said
Inspector of Apiaries, or his assistants,
shall find by inspection that any per-
son, firm or orporation is maintaining
a nuisance as described in this section,
he shall notify, in writing, the owner
or occupant of the premises containing
the nuisance so disclosed of the fact
such nui-sance exists. He shall include
in such notice a statement of the con-
ditions constituting such nuisance, and
order that the same be abated within
a specified time, and a direction; writ-
ten or printed, pointing out the meth-
ods which shall be taken to abate the
same. Such notice or order may be
served personally, or by depositing the
same in the post oflice, properly-
stamped, addressed to the owner or
occupant of the land or premises upon
which such nuisance exists, and the
direction for treatment may consist of
a printed circular, bulletin or report of
the Inspector of Apiaries, or an extract
from same.

"If the person so notified shall refuse
or fail to abate said nuisance in the
inanner and in the time prescribed in
said notice, the Inspector of Apiaries
may cause such nuisance to be abated,
and he shall certify to the owner or
person in charge of the premises the
cost of abatement, and if not paid to
him within sixty days thereafter, the
same may be recovered, together with
the costs of action, before any court

Jis'.ffriv

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

OD

in the State having competent juris-
diction."

It seems- to me that the inspector
has everything^ in his own hands. Of
course there will have to be consider-
able tact and judgment used in hand-
ling the various men. I think wherd
you find an apiary diseased, and yoii
have given notice to have it cleaned,
that the inspector should take the
pains to go back there within ten days,
or two weeks at the outside.

Mr. Baxter — Providing it is at a sea-
son of the year he can do it.

Mr. Moore — That is certainly to be
taken into consideration. After, giving
notice, the next thing to do is to see
that the work is done.

Mr. Kil'dow — I have instructions
printed — blanks to fill out, and also
have a copy of the McEvoy treatment
printed. I leave these with the parties,
and when I find isome one who I
think will not do it, I limit the time.

' There was one man at Watseka,
that took a very contrary attitude. He
w.ould not come out to the bee-yard
with me at all. I found one colony
badly diseased — it was badly infected
with European foul brood.

I wrote out a notice and gave it to
his wife, and I appointed Mr. Roberts
a deputy for that vicinity; and I told
him to go back there in a certain num-
ber of days and .see what had been
done. He had done nothing. His wife
said he saw the deputy coming, and he
went out and left the wife to face the
deputy. She told the deputy that her
husband had in a way looked through
the colony, and didn't find any sick
bees; that they were rather weak, and
he would not do anything.

The deputy wrote me, and asked me
what to do.

I wrote a letter to this man and gave
him five days to clean that up, or
that we would do it for him, and I
wrote to the deputy, advising him
what I had d'one.

When the man got .my letter he went
out and burned the hive up. When I
find parties who seem in any way hos-
tile I limit the time in which they are
to clean up. We were rather handi-
capped the first six months of this
5'ear, and I went pretty easy. I did this
so'^as not to get in trouble until we got
to working as we could rightfully do.

Pres. Dadant— In this matter, we can
see where our inspector is wanting to

know the feeling of the Association,
and it is easy to understand that it has
been impossible for him to do the things
that he will now be able to do in the
way of inspecting; but I think we
should express ourselves as being
anxious that he clean everything up
entirely wherever he goes. That is to
say, it is better to go back and make
sure of the spots where he has visited,
rather than to visit more, spots and
leave those already visited unfinished.

I believe it would be a good plan,
and I suggest it, to get a statement
from the parties who are to do the
cleaning up, on what day they will do
it; that j'ou make a memorandum of
the day w-hen they have been visited,
andi when you again visit them, and if
the disease has been eradicated, mark
it as cured, and if it has not been cured,
mark them again, diseased.

I think at that time, and before you
pay anything to the deputies for treat-
ing the bees, I think it would be well
to demand a statement from them as
to what has been done; if you have a
deputy, let your deputy make the
statement of the work done, and the
number of colonies treated, before he
gets the pay for his labor; then we
will avoid any criticism on the part of
the people, ^^^o will find fault if given
any sort of an opportunity, or w%thout
one, and I think it wouldi be well If we
could show the number of colonies
treated and cured by the parties who
have done it.

Mr. Moore^ — The inspector or dep-
uty, as I understand it, is not supposed
to treat bees except at the expense of
the owner. If the inspector inspects an
apiary, he gets paid for that work. It
is his place to inspect, and leave an
order that the treatment be given. If
a man wants to have him treat them,
such service is charged up to the
man.

Pres. Dadant — If you go there and
demand .that the man treat the bees,
you must make sure that it has been
done. If you don't do that, the man
may say he has treated them, whether
or not this is the truth of the matter.

Mr. Moore — The duty of the inspec-
tor is to see that his orders are carried
out.

In regard to a deputy not being paid
until he shows a colony has been treat-
ed — that won't work; he is paid for
inspecting those colonies.

Pres. Dadant — ^If he only looks at

,56

ELEVENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE

one or two colonies he has not done
the full job. He should inspect the en-
tire apiary, and of course get paid for
his time and service, even if he has to
go back the second time. The number
of colonies treated or destroyed, I
think, should be shown with the report.
In that way we will avoid any criti-
cism whatever from any source.

Mr. Kildow — I didn't hunt up new
territory this fall. I thought I would
better go back over some I had visited.
I didn't go to any new places, only
where I had calls to go.

I wanted to get your ideas of what
you want in these things, and what is
the best thing to do. I have gone here-
tofore on my own judgment.

Mr. Baxter — I think this law is very
plain and shows what is expected of
the deputy and of the inspector.

Pres. Dadant — It is better to treat
thoroughly a small portion of the
country than to go over a greater por-
tion, of the country and not treat so
thoroughly.

Mr. Baxter — If you visit a certain
locality, you don't need to go through
the whole of each apiary there located.
The. thing to do would be to give in-
structions for cleaning up. The in-
spector, himself, should appoint some
deputy for that locality.

If you find a diseased colony, why
inspect the whole apiary?

L. C. Dadant — The owner cannot see
what you can see. The Inspector
ought to . have better eyes 'to see foul
brood than the o-wTier.

Mr. Baxter — Then the owner cannot
clean up foul brood?

L. C. Dadant — The Inspector should
go through the hives, and mark the
hives that ought to be cleaned.

Mr. Pyles' — While inspecting, a year
ago last summer, it w^as invariably my
custom, where I went in an apiary of
five, six or eight colonies, to look over
the strongest, and if the strongest
were diseased, I pronounced them all
diseased; the weak colonies are, if the
strong colonies are. Those that are
exceptionally strong, it is not necessary
to examine them, unless you find it
among the weak ones; and if you find
the strong ones diseased, it is not nec-
essary to look at the real weak ones,
because they are diseased, and you will
find it so in every case. And then I
would- condemn the entire apiary; but
when you go into an a,piary where
there are 100 colonies, that is the man

who needs the protection! I would in-
spect thoroughly everything there, if
I find the disease at all. If I don't find
it among the weak ones, it is not nec-
essary to look at the strong ones.

L. C. Dadant — If you wait until you
have a colony weakened by the disease,
you wait too long.

Mr. Coppin — I went out to do a little
work along that line in a man's yard,
and I would look up the weakest col-
onies in the yard. If I looked through
the weak colonies, I thought that was
the most likely place to find the dis-
ease, if any existed. If I looked
through the weak colonies and' could
not find any disease, I came to the con-
clusion that there was no us'e of my
looking through all of those strong
colonies. That was my idea.

Pres. Dadant — If you go tlirough
colonies of bees where the disease is
just commencing, it is just as likely to
be in the strong ones as in the weak
ones. If there is none whatever in the
weak ones, you can take your chances
on the rest in the localities you speak
of.

L. C. Dadant — In the spring of the
year, these strong colonies will rob out
those that are weak, and the strongest
colonies will have the disease. Those
are the ones you want to catch.

Mr. Pyles — That may be true in lo-
calities where the disease exists all
around you. I am talking about in-
spection work when you don't know
where to find the disease. It is not
necessary, then, to pay a man to look
through 100 colonies of bees. Where
you know that the disease exists, then
you must look at everything with sus-
picion.

A man that is used to detecting foul
brood don't have to look through all
the hives to find something that is
bad; he will find it on the outside.

Mr. Baxter — ^We talked about foul
brood at the Chicflgo-Northwestern
Convention three years ago; had -ex-
pressions from men all over the coun-
try, and at the end of the first day I
had to acknowledge the more we
talked, the less I knew about it.

Mr. Coppin — One yard of bees that I
inspected a year ago, of eight colonies,
I could not find a thing wrong with
them, but the neighbors' bees all
around there had the disease, and last
spring I happened to look at this man's
bees again, and every one of the eight
colonies was affected; every one of

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

57

them had the disease, and bad at that.

Mr. Baxter — I would, like some of the
experts to explain this: Last winter,
while we were agitating this question
of a Foul Brood law, a young man,

who is a bee- keeper at N , took

it into his head that he knew there was
a case of foul ibrood close to his place,
as ^on as he heard what I had. to say.
He went to the man the next day, and
asked him to look at a certain hive.
He had seen this hive in October.
There were six colonies on the place —
Ave strong, and one weak. It was this
weak hive he suspicioned. He asked
the proprietor to take a siample of
comb with the dead larvae, and he sent
it to Washington, to Dr. Phillips, and
Dr. Phillips wrote back that it was a
genuine case of American foul brood.

He told me that as soon as he got
word from Dr. Phillips and went out
there, he found that every bee was
dead.

"Where did that come from? The
other five colonies were strong.

Pres. Dadant— Any other remarks
upon the report of the foul brood In-
spector? We are now ready for the
motion, either approving or disapprov-
ing it.

Mr. Moore — He started giving us
some other figures out of the book —
did you get through with that, Mr.
Kildow?

Mr. Kildow — It was just a few re-
marks.

Mr. York — I move the report be ap-
proved.

Motion seconded, put and carried.

Miscellaneous Discussion.

Mr. Stone — There are one or two
questions we ought to decide tonight.
At what hour will we have our picture
taken, to go into the Report, so that we
can notify the artist?

Mr. Moore — I would suggest 11:30
tomorrow forenoon.

A Member — I move that we have the
picture taken at ten o'clock and ad-
journ after that.

Motion seconded, put and carried. .

Pres. Dadant — Do you want to ar-
range the order of the day for to-
morrow morning?

Mr. York — Have you set the time for
the election of officers ? Why not have
a meeting at 9 o'clock?

Mr. Baxter — Why can't we arrange
tonight for our meeting next year?
Why can't we go to Chicago and meet

with the Chicago-Northwestern next
year?

Mr. Moore — This organization is
known as the Illinois Bee-Keepers' j^s-
sociation, and the principal place of
business is Springfield.

Mr. Stone — You have to have j^our
annual meeting here.

Mr. York — The Executive Cornniit.ee
is doing the business at this point, the
principal plaoe of business. You can
meet somewhere else if you want to,
I think. I may say if the new con-
stitution of the National passes, there
probably will be no meeting of the Na-
tional next year, and it is my thought
that we have a big meeting in Chicago
at the time of the meeting of the Chi-
cago-Northwestern. It would be a
very nice thing if the Illinois State
could meet there, too. I would like to
invite this Ass'ociation, any way, to
come to the Chicago -Northwestern
meeting two weeks from yesterday and
today, December 6 and 7, 1911. We
meet in the Great Northern Hotel, and
have the finest room we ever met in as
a bee-keepers' convention.

Mr. Stone — The location is in Spring-
field, in the County of Sangamon, State
of Illinois.

Mr. Moore — That is right — that part
of it.

Mr. York— How many must be ]. res-
ent in order to do business? How
many are required to hold a meeting
to make it legal?

Mr. Stone — They can have a meeting
here, and then in Chicago, if they want
to; 'but this is the place of business.

Mr. Moore — I have been thinking if
we go to Chicago at the same time
that the Chicago-Northwestern meets,
it will be a kind of joint affair. It
would not be a meeting of the Illinois
State Association. If we had a meet-
ing we would simply have to call the
members together, a sort of a tide-
issue.

Mr. Baxter— The Chicago-North-
western w^ould be like when the Na-
tional met there; it adjourned and
mixed in with the State.

Pres. Dadant — Each association
would have to do its business sepa-
rately. We could have a forenoon ses-
sion and let the officers of the Illinois
State Association take charge, and then
another session for the Chicago-North-
western, and let its officers preside. Do
you wish to take action upon that?

Mr. York — Refer it to the Executive

58.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Committee, I ^vould suggest. I move
that the time and place of the next
annual meeting be left in the hands of
the Executive Committee, with full
power to act.

Motion seconded.

Mr. Baxter — I would like to amend
that, and include something more — that
the sense of this Association is that it
should be in Chicago.

Mr. York — I accept the amendment.

Pres. Dadant — The Executive Com-
mittee will not do anything rash, if we
can't, we won't.

The motion was put and was carried.

Mr. Baxter — In case they might go to
Chicago — that would be during the Fat
Stock Show; that is always the first
week in Etecember.

Now I move, in case we meet here in
Springfield, that the Executive Com-
mittee be authorized to choose some
other day than that on which the
Grand Lodge meets. I, for one, want
to go to both.

Mr. Pyles — I second the motion.

Mr. Stone — Would it not be well to
make a motion stating the day it
should be held?

Mr. Baxter — Leave that to the Exec-
utive Committee.

The motion was put and carried.

Mr. Pyles — It has been suggested
that the button or the badge that is
used next year be a good button, in-
stead of a cheap one, and hereafter we
would then need to have only a
streamer attached to the button. I
suggest that the Secretary be in-
structed to get better buttons for next
year; get one that will be nice, and
have an appropriate streamer put on
for each year, so that it will ^not be
necessary to buy a new button each
year.

Mr. Moore — Unless you get some-
thing in the nature of a solid gold but-
ton, it would not be a very lasting
affair. Take any plated button, a
cheap button, I think, answers the
purpose all right. ' A good button
would be misplaced, and you would
not have it when you wanted it.

•Pres. Dadant — I have two questions
that have been lying on the table.

Dr. Miller sent in two questions; we
answered one. The second one is:

Width of Glass for Shipping-Cases.

"Which is preferable in shipping-
cases, 2-inch or 3-inch glass?"
Mr. Kildow — I like 3-inch glass.

Mr. York — I suggest we take a vote
on that question.

Pres, Dadant— I notice they are dis-
cussing that in Gleanings this month.
If you have any arguments, either in
favor or against, I would like to hear
from you about this.

Mr. Kildow — I think those discus-
sions are a waste of paper, to my
notion. The point argued in favor of
the 3-inch glass is that it shows the
honey off better; the argument in
favor of the 2 -inch glass is the
strength of the case. The 3-inch glass
shows the honey off to pretty good
advantage, and you have strength
enough, so I don't see why the 3-inch
glass is not all right.

Mr. Coppin — I prefer the 3 -inch
glass.

Mr. York — I think it depends alto-
gether on whether you are going to
show the honey at the State Fair, or
sell it in the wholesale market. If I
were going to put up an exhibit at the
Fair, I would want comb honey in 3-
inch glass cases, but, in shipping it to
Chicago markets, I don't think it
makes a bit of difference; they buy the
honey in the case there. They sell it
to grocers by the case. There can be
no object in having a larger glass for
ordinary business of honey-production,
but for exhibition, the larger glass
would be better. I am sure you could
not get a fraction of a cent per pound
more for honey in 3-inch glass case in
Chicago than in the 2-inch.

Mr. Kildow — I quit using glass en-
tirely. I slip a little board in place of
the glass. I have not used the glass
for two years, I think, and I get as
much for the honey. I always used 3-
inch before.

Mr. York — If there was no glass in,
I am afraid the honey would be tam-
pered with in a grocery store. People
would come along and stick their
fingers in the honey^ especially the
children.

Mr. Kildow — If they want glass, I
will send the glass along, and let them
put it in themselves. - '

Fruit-Juice in the Hives.

Pres. Dadant — "Has any one ever
had any good results from' fruit-juice
in the hives?"

Mr. Baxter — No; fruit- juice is dam-
aging in the hives.

Pres. Dadant — How many of you
think good resulra can be had from

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

59

fruit- juice? None. How many of you
think bad results would be obtained?
Several.

Prospects for White -Clover in 1912.

L. C. Dadant — What is the prospect
for white clover crop for 1912?

Mr. Stone — It is good, I think; there
is a g-ood isitand of white clover every-
where,

Mr. Kildow — In my neigbborhoo'd
there was nothing; no chance for next
year.

Mr. Baxter — I should say "there
would not ibe much show.

Mr. Pyles — It is a problem). In some
places we find a good deal of young
white clover coming up. It will
largely depend upon the winter. I
doubt whether we will 'have a large
crop.

Mr. York — I am in the city, where
we don't have much white clover, but
we have some there every year, on
the lawns.

Mr. Moore — I HMnk in my locality
there are good prospects for a white
clover crop. We started in with rain^
the first part of August; we had
rainy weather, favorable for its growth
up to the first of November or later.
There is lots of young clover. ,»t

Mr. Coppin — I think it is very ia.f
vorable in our locality. ? ,

Pres. Dadant — It is very poor in our
locality. "

Miss Holmes — The prospect now is
fine, I think; it may freeze out, though.

Pres. Dadant — I believe within a few
miles there is a difference in fhe pros-
pect; some have good prospects; and
some have none wlhatever.

Mr. Baxter — White clover has failed
to come up in our district; dew-grass
came up and killed everything. Still, I
have noticed when we had these fall
rains we always had a crop of clover.

Mr. Pyles — Some places =have quite
a lot of clover, but it is very small,
and I don't believe that kind of clover
will stand hard freezing weather with-
out any snow on the ground.

Mr. Stone — We are liable to have
deep snows this winter.

Mr. Baxter — We are liable to have
dry weather from the 20th of Decem-
ber to the 20th. of March; it is more
probable than otherwise.

Mr. Stone — I think we get the
benefit of western irrigation here.

Pres. Dadant— In what way — in
drouth?

The convention then adjourned until
8:30 a. m. the next day.

SECOND DAY— MORNING SESSION.

Pres. Dadant — Will we go on with
the election of officers, or discuss some
matter first?

Mr. Stone — I suggest that we have
the election of officers the next thing
after the picture is taken.

Mr. Pyles — I don't think it would be
policy to wait until after we get the
picture taken, because I heard the
artist tell Mr. Stone he would be here
as near after ten o'clock as he could,
but that it might 'be eleven or half-
past eleven.

Pres. Dadant — Suppose we wait un-
til half-past nine. If there are any
more questions to be asked, 'we can
bring up some questions, or if there
is any other business to attend to, we
would like to attend to it this morn-
ing.

Date of Annual Meeting.

Mr. Stone — I would like to have it
decided at what time we will have our
annual meeting.

Pres. Dadant — That is left to the
Executive Committee; tout we can
discuss it informally, of course.

Mr. Kildow — I hardly know how to
bring it about and make it a success.
It seems to me our business ought to
be done here, and if we divide it up
we won't get out a Report like ■we
have now; it seems to me we would
get all muddled up, so I don't know
what to do.

Mr. Moore — I think that if we have
to have part of the meeting here — the
business meeting — we s'hould have the
whole thing here, the same as we are
now doing. I don't think it would be
advisable to come down ihere and hold
a session and adjourn to Chicago.
You could not get the membership
out here unless they know there is
going to be a pretty good program;
not many would turn out. I wouM
like to have the meeting earlier, along
the middle of October; that would suit
me better than this late in the season.
The weather is more pleasant, and you
can get around and see more of the
city. It might be some inducement for
some of the members to turn out.

As far as the Chicago meeting is
concerned, we can go up there any-
way; but I don't think it advisable to

60

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

hold a meeting of this Association
there as part of the other meeting.

Mr. Kildow — It seems to me, if we
would meet there, that only a few
would come. Of course only a few
come down here, tout would we be any
better off by changing and going up
there? I d'on't know whether I could
go to tooth places. And I think that
is the way with a good many. If that
is only a social meeting up there, I
don't know whether I would go or not.

Mr. Stone — I feel just exactly as
Mr. Moore has expressed himself. Un-
der the present condition, between
the Chicago -Northwestern and the
Illinois State and other societies that
have affiliated with us, we are just
as friendly as we can possibly be.
Yesterday Br. Baxter offered his fee
to this Association. He says, "I want
to belong to this and to the Chicago -
Northwestern, too." I said, "Keep
your fees and join the Chicago-North-
western; that will make you a mem-
ber of this one, too." The fees are just
the same, and we can't have any di-
viding line in our feelings. I will work
for a membersihip for the Chicago -
Northwestern just as strong as I will
for a membership in our Sf^ate Asso-
ciation. It is just the same, no mat-
ter whidhi way it goes.

The conditions would change if we
take the meeting up there — they would
all join there, and if we get our mem-
bersihip here too small we won't have
a meeting and a short-hand report,
and it will cut down our Report, and
that is the principal thing — to get the
matter for that Report.

If we get the influential members
here, they are the ones who will do
the talking, even if we had five hun-
dred present the men we can look to
for advice, and for information — if we
can get them to come here, then we
have the matter for our Report, and
each member can have a copy. But if
we met here for a 'business session,
and then adjourned to Chicago, and it
was understood that this is what we
were 'going to do, our memlbershjp
would grow much less.

If the members from the Southern
part of our state had to go to Chicago
to a meeting, they would not come
here. It would not help the Chicago-
Northwestern any, and it would injure
the State convention in the attendance
of its members.

I think it would be better for us to

continue as we are, and get what mem-
bers we can tO' go to the Chicago-
Northwestern convention, and they will
help to make this Report at two places.

Pres. Dadant — The question the
secretary asked, was to advise as to
the day of meeting. Let us come back
to the question. We would like to hear
suggestions.

Mr. Moore — As I stated, I would be
better satisfied with an earlier date —
the first or the middle of October.

Mr. Stone — That would suit every-
body better than any other date. The
first of October we would strike the
State Fair.

Mr. Moore — Make it the latter part
of October.

Mr. Pylesi — I believe that some time
the latter part of October would be a
good time.

Pres. Dadant — Mr. Becker is a mem-
ber of the committee, let us hear from
him.

Mr. Becker — Any time suits me.

Producing Comb and Extracted Honey.

"Is there anything gained by comb
honey producers producing a reason-
able amount of extracted honey?"

Mr. Moore — I think so. I think there
is something to be gained.

Pres. Dadant — I think it should be
explained what a reasonable amount of
honey would be.

Mr. Pyles' — ^A reasonable amount of j
extracted honey produced in connec-
tion with comb-honey production,
would be what would not interfere
with the amount of comb-honey pro-
duced to any great extent. I wrote the
question. Of course I wanted it dis-
cussed. That is what I had in view.

Mr. Coppin — As a comb-honey pro-
ducer at our place, I always produced
a small amount of extracted honey for
the home trade. Lots of people want
extracted honey and not the comb, and
I try to produce enough for my own
trade, of extracted honey; the rest, of
comb. Sometimes we run short of ex-
tracted honey. If I run some for ex-
tracted, I cut down the comb-honey
supply.

Mr. Moore — I think the comb-honey
producer, if he has his extracting supers
ready the first part of the season, the
latter part of fruit-bloom, the bees
would all go more readily into the
frames than into the small sections
separated by separators.

When the bees once get started

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

6i

going' up, you can lift up the extract-
ing supers and put the section supers
underneath, and they will go to work
just as quickly in section-supers as if
you put them on in the first place;
and you will have the advantage of
extra work in the extracting supers.
It will be just that much gain, enough
to pay you.

Mr. Coppin — My idea about that is,
you would have too many combs to
look after, then and during the balance
of the year. I could not keep enough
on hand, putting an extracting super
under each colony of bees the latter
part of the fruit-bloom.

Mr. Moore — There is one point right
there. It does not take very many
pounds cf honey to pay for the expense
and trouble. You will get enough the
first season you use it. I think it
would pay a man, and pay him well.

Mr. Sauer — That is my plan. I get
as much for bulk honey as for section
hones*.

Pres. Dadant — The question is, is
there anything to be gained by comb-
honey producers producing a reason-
able amount of extracted honey?

Mr. Pyles — I don't know, but per-
haps I can offer something. The past
year there was very little honey com-
ing in the fore part of the season, but
you could ;get something in the ex-
tracting supers. As time went along
we got the extracting supers pretty
well filled, and we would not have had
anything in the comb-honey supers.
We produce our honey largely in di-
visible hives, with perhaps three sec-
tions of the brood-chamber. When it
came time for the honey to come in
readily, we lifted up the top section
of this hive and put comb-honey supers
underneath, and those were never re-
moved as long as the honey was com-
ing in. The bees would work readily
in sections of extracting supers when
they would not work readily otherwise.

Pres. Dadant — You all know I am for
extracted honey; we used to produce
comb-honey. The reason we changed
was, that when we put sections on one
hive and extracting supers on the
other, it was as if we had forbidden
one-half from storing honey while the
other produced. I tried to give to a
colony, in a super made for the pur-
pose, four rows of sections in the
center and extracting combs on the
outside. The bees filled the extracting
combs before they worked on the sec-

tions; they began at the outer edges,
which 5'ou all know is not their custom
when you give them the whole thing
of one kind.

Oliver Foster explained once in his
book, that bees are not naturally in-
clined to go into small receptacles for
the winter, and, of course, they put
up their honey expecting to use it for
the winter— rtherefdre they like large
places. That is why they hesitate to
work in sections, when they will w-ork
readily in long combs; so it is not
astonishing I gef them to - succeed so
well, besides, in the case of sections,
they have only foundation instead of
comb already built.

I would like to hear from sonae
others.

Mr. Roberts — I had considerable ex-
perience in the State of Wisconsin in
producing honey. I have been here
a!bout seventeen years, but I always
got more honey from extracting in
Wisconsin than in . sections. The rea-
son is plain — the bees can get into a
body together and create heat enough,
and you get honey quicker, and more,
from extracting supers than from sec-
tions. In a small place there is not
enough toees to create heat, so that a
big body will produce more honey
than in the sections.

Another thing I have against the
production of section comb honey, is
because everybody produces it. You
take a man with two colonies of bees;
he will have section comb honey.
When he gets the . sections full he
takes it to the grocer and asks him, ■
"How much will you give me for my
honey?" He is not going to the ex-
pense of getting an extractor. Another
thing, I always get more than twice
as much honey from the same colony
in extracted as I dp in comb. I could
easily. sell my extracted for 10 cents
and make more money out of it than
comb honey at 15 or 20 cents.

Mr. Baxter — My experience has been
the same as Mr. Dadant's. I find it
works very well. Just as soon as the
combs are filled they begin to w-ork
in sections and fill them in, working
from the sides to the center, wi'nich is
just the opposite from what they do
wihen they have full super extracting
frames.

Mr. Sauer — Do they seem to go into
the super just the same?

Mr. Baxter — Yes, sir. .Better.

62

ELEVENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE

Pres. Dadant — How many are in fa-
vor of the affirmative?

Unanimous vote taken.

Mr. Roberts — I want to ask, what
does the word pile mean in bee-
culture ?

Mr. Moore— I think that is an Eng-
lish expression.

Mr. Pyles — You say not so m.uch a

"lot," tout so much a "pili;" so muoh

a "pile" for the honey. That would

' mean some designated amount, un-

' doubtedly; so much per "pile."

Pres. Dadant — Louis C. Dadant has
a paper on Marketing Honey, which
we will have now:

Marketing Honey — From the Produc-
er's Starrdpoint.

By L. C. Dadant.
As we are producers of extracted
honey exclusively and have not for a
great many years produced or handled
a single pound of comb-honey, the only
ideas I can' give are on the extracted.
After the crop is harvested the next
thing is to find a market. Some bee-
keepers have much of their crop sold
before it is harvested, this is especiaUy
true when the preceding crop has been
very short and the market practically
cleared of old honey.

In marketing a crop of honey the
producers' energy is largely responsible
■ for , the price he secures. Parmer.?,
truckers, firuit growers, and, in fact,
all producers, vary largely in the prices
they secure for their crops. In our
vicinity this ye^r Jonathan apples sold
as low as 50 cents per bushel, delivered,
because the producer was a farmer
who did not give himself the troutole
to hunt a market for his fruit. These
apples should have sold readily at
twice the price.

The same thing is true of beekeepers
who have a crop to sell. One man maj'
be a good salesman and get 20 cents
per pound for extracted honey, the
other, a poor salesman, may get only 6
cents. We have six out-apiaries and
at each apiary we give the farmer one-
fifth of the crop. Of these six men but
one is a really good salesman, two are
fair, two are poor and the last one is
no salesman at all. The first one sells
at from 12 cents to 13 cents a pound
out of the barrels right at his home,
and often buys more from others to
supply his trade. The other two have
their share sold at a fair price before
the next crop is ready to harvest, two

more sell at whatever price they can
get. The last one, though situated with-
in three miles ot the first, retails but
little of his honey, preferring that we
buy it at whatever price we can afford
to pay. It is indeed little wonder when
there is a good crop that prices should
go so low. The only thing to do is
either to buy the surplus honey or hold
back and wait until the market clears.
The community in which a beekeeper
lives has a great deal to do with honej-
sales. Foreigners, as a rule, are good
honey customers. Mr. Ahlers, of Wis-
consin, stated at the Chicago-North-
western meeting last year that he sold
nearly all of his crop to Germans, be-
cause Germans have been educated to
use honey. By the right kind of ad-
vertising and drumming any com-
munity can he taught to use it. After
the people in a locality once get to
using honey there is comparatively
little trouble in getting rid of an ordi-
nary crop.

In the bee papers the great cry is
to sell your honey early. This in the
main is very correct, especially .when
honey is sent to wholesalers or com-
mission men in the city. In going over
our sales for the last five years I find
that from August 1st to October 1st
we sold but 14 per cent of the crop,
from October 1st to January 1st, 63
per cent of the crop, and after Jan-
uary 1st, 23 per cent. Since much of
our honey goes to the beekeeper to fill
out orders for his trade, part of this
honey was delivered to the consumer
considerably later than we sold it, for
it had to be shipped by freight, lique-
fied, repacked and sold again before it
was finally in the hands of the con-
sumer. This would make the percent-
age of sales after January 1st larger
than given and would probably aver-
age about 30- per cent. This late winter
and early spring trade is worth caring
for as the people wio eat honey late
and early are the people who consume
the bulk of our product.

There is little objection to carrying
over extracted honey, as good ex-
tracted honey will keep well from one
year to another. We consider it better
to have to hold a little over than to
have to refuse to fill orders for our
good customers.

The amount of fruit produced has a
great deal to do in regard to the time
of year to sell honey. If there is a
heavy fruit crop in a given locality

J

-hi

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

63

there will not be as heavy a trade for
it as in a year when fruit is very
scarce. When fruit is plentiful it pays
to hold honey until the raw fruit is
out of the way, then it becomes in good
demand.

The matter of packages must be left
with each individual beekeeper, some
use glass and will use nothing else,
so'me use tin and some use paper, wh'le
some use all three. After a trade is„
established it pays to stay with -th«-
package originally used as custoniers
become accustomed to it and will fcuy
more readily in a package they 'are
used to seeing.

In Illinois and surrounding states
during the last three years beekeepers .
have been bothered with honey dew.
In 1909 we had something like 12,000
pounds of honey dew ourselves. We
have some of this honey dew left yet
as we have been in no hurry to'sellit
to bakers at the prices they are willing
to pay. We find that poor honej' like
this will do more to ruin a local trade
than almost anything else. It is verj'
important in selling this kind to either
personiilly explain just what it is or
to put on each and every package an
explanation as to its' poor quality. Of-
course there are exceptions and as
tastes vary widely, one will occasional-
ly And customers who prefer honey
dew to what we call really good honeyv

Honey, as produced by the averagft
beekeeper, varies more or less every
year. This season we had seven dif-
ferent flavors' from our seven different
apiaries, each apiary furnishing a honey
with a peculiar flavor of its own. This
was true in spite of the fact that we
extracted all of the honey dew; early
in July in order not to ruin our fall
crop. Some beekeepers aim to sell the
same grade of honey year after year. .
To obtain an even grade, several differ-
ent kinds are oftentimes mixed, mak-
ing* a blend which remains practically
the same each season. In selling to a
city trade I should think this would be
very important as people in the city
do not understand why the honey of
one package should have a different
flavor from that of another.

Right here it should be said that one
of the strongest arguments to the con-
sumer is a statement that every differ-
ent kind of flower produces a different
flavored nectar. How many times,
even right around hdtne, we have come
across people who nriake the remark

that they bought honey of Mr. Bee-
keeper which they knew was not pure,
for it was dark and so strong they '
were sure Mr. Beekeeper put in too
much flavoring. And then you turn
around and the next man says, "I just
that they bought honey of Mr. Bee-
ducer, and I know it is not pure, he
put in too much sugar and. the honey
has no taste." The explanation that
nectar varies nearly as much as the
fragrance of the bloom will set the
doubter right practically every time.

In selling our crop we have always
found^'that white honey, especially
white clover, sold much more readily
than any other kind while we have
many customers who will have nothing
but our amber fall honey from -hearts-
ease and Spanish needle, yet we have
a much larger trade on white honey,
either white clover or white alfalfa.
No doubt this is caused by the fact
that white clover and white alfalfa are
mot-e generallj^ produced than any
other -kind, and the consumers are
more used to the mild flavored article.

There is much more difficulty, how-
ever, in handling the white than in
handling the api'ber. The amber may
be melted and even if it does darken .
■a little it makes no difference, but in
handling either water white or light
colored honey there is much danger in
darkening when, it is being liquefled.
In some recent experiments it was
found • that honey which ' was kept
warm over night after being liquefied
turned considerably darker than that
which was not liquefied. It is noltto
he wondefect at, then, that much honey
sold as white honey is complained of
as being darker after it is received "and
liquefied by the consumer or dealer.

With us the crops since 1904 have
been much below the. average, except-
ing the season of IMS. i-In order to
take care of our trade we have been
buying western hone3'. While^this has
to be handled on a small n^rgin, we
figure that aside from the money we
make in handling it, it pays us well
to take care of our trade. When a
bumper crop does come our trade will_
be large enough to enable us . to sell
our own product at a good - price atid
with little trouble.

Pres. Dadant — This matter is now
open for ■discussion.

Mr. Stone — If honey is kept hot
over night, do 5;;ou think that is wfhat
colors it, or thd heating of it?

'■'t

.■ ' t

64

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OP THE

L. C. Dadant — When it is cooled
quicker it does not color so much.

Mr. Stone — I liquefied some honey
once that I could see some difference
in color, and could not understand
Why it was.

. Mr. Dadant — I was told that by a
person who had made the experiment,
that if honey was kept warm over
night it would darken perceptibly.

Mr. Stone — You can't explain why it
is so?

Mr. York — I think it makes quite a
difference as to the degree of heat to
which it has been raised, and then let
it stand.

I want to commend this paper
heartily; it agrees entirely with what
I think the bee-keepers ought to do,
that is, when they run out of honey,
to buy it somewhere else and keep
their customers supplied. A bee-keeper
should never be out of honey if the. has
a demand worked up.

It may be your local trade is not
familiar with the honey you buy some-
where else. When you come to ex-
tracting honey, you can get light col-
ored honey from the West, and blend
it with your amber-colored honey.
You can easily d'o this, and thus
double your crop at least.

I think it is a mistake for a bee-
keeper to run out of honey and not
be able to supply his regular cus-
tom»ers. Even if he doesn't make so
mucib on the honey, it is worth while
to keep them supplied.

Election of Officers.

Mr. Dadant — The time has arrived
for the election of officers. We will
now proceed, if there are no objec-
tions.

Mr. Stone — I nominate Mr. C. P.
Dadant for President for 1912.

A Member — I second the nomina-
tion.

Mr. Moore — I move that the rule be
suspended and that the Secretary be
instructed to cast the vote of this As-
sociation for Mr. Dadant.

Motion seconded and carried, and
the vote of the Association . cast for
1912 for Mr. Dadant for President.

Pres. Dadant — I wish to thank you
for the honor you ihave done me. As
I said in the opening session, I appre-
ciated more than anything the fact
that you sent me a telegram last year,
when I was confined to my home, and

unable to ibe with you. It was wonder-
fully pleasant ■ receive it. I feel
grateful for the re-election. I wish to
say, however, that I don't propose to
keep this very much longer, not more
than next year. I think it should go
in rotation among the members. There
are plenty of good men in this Asso-
ciation. I think we can grow by do-
ing this.

Pres. Dadant — How will you vote for
First "Vice-President?

Mr. Moore — As a slight token of our
appreciation of the work done by Mr.
Baxter, in helping to get our Foul
Brood law, I move that the rules be
suspended and that the Secretary cast
the vote for Mr. Baxter for First Vice-
President of this Association.

Mr. Baxter — May be somebody else
w'ants it; give every^body a chance.

Mr. Pyles — I think Mr. Baxter is the
only man in the room that wants the
office of First Vice-President, and we
want Mr. Baxter.

Mr. Stone — I want to say that tihe
members of the Legislative Committee
know something about what Mr. Bax-
ter did. He is quiet about his work.
If he were not in the room I would
say more. We could always find Mr.
Baxter somewhere around. If we were
waiting for some committee to meet,
or something of that kind, we would
find Mr. Baxter off button-holing his
representative, and he worked with
them in a way that we heard about
afterwards.

On one occasion I went to Chairman
Shanahan, when we were waiting in
the House for the session to be called.
I asked him if he could do something
to advance our bill at an early hour
in that meeting. When I had said
what I had to say, I noticed Mr. Chip-
erfleld was sitting in the second seat
from him, and another man was be-
tween them. I didn't know that he
was giving attention to what I had to
say to Mr. Shanahan, and when I
turned to leave, Mr. Chiperfleld said
to Mr. Shanahan, "You should give
these men that bill." Mr. Shanahan
said to him, "What do j^ou know about
Foul Brood?"

He had been instructed by Mr. Bax-
ter, so he knew all about it. He said
to Mr. Shanahan, "I know this much,
tJhat if the bee-keepers don't get that
bill, the bee-keeping of this State is
going to be exterminated." Shanahan
looked at him, and it had an influence

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

65

on him thet he could not shake off.
That was after our committee had met,
and Mr. Baxter's influence was as
strong as any man we have, and we
cannot offer him any more than to
give him this honorary ofBce.

Mr. York — I would like to say a
word for Mr. Baxter. I know quite
a numher of usi tried' to aid in getting
the Foul Brood Bills passed, and it
seems to me that Mr. Baxter did about
the most effectual work, in so many
different ways. I doubt if we would
have gotten the Foul Brood Law if
it had not been for his help. I am
willing to put all the "blame" on Mr.
Baxter I can!

Pres. Dadant — All in favor of the
motion that the Secretary cast the
ballot for Mr. Baxter for First Vice-
President, say aye. It is unanimous.

Pres. Dadant — Nominations are now
in order for other Vice-Presidents.

Mr. Kildow — I suggest that each
voter write four names on a slip of pa-
per, and that the four receiving the
highest number be elected in the order
in which they are nominated.

Pres. Dadant — Is that satisfactory tc
the meeting?

Mr. Moore — That has been the cus-
tomary way of doing it.

Mr. Kildow — The resolution com-
mittee had in view the presenting of
a resolution in praise of the work of
the Legislative Committee, but in
talking it over, and thinking it over,
we decided not ~to do anything of the
kind because it looked like pattins
ourselves on the back. We would be
the people passing the resolution and
thanking for the work. We would
necessarily need to name some men
that had helpefl' in the work. We de-
cided we would let ever,ybody thank
themselves and have done with it!

Pres. Dadant — We are all glad
enough that it has been done.

A ballot being taken, the following
were elected Vice-Presidents: Second,
J. E. Pyles; Third, W. B. Moore;

Fourth, Louis Werner; and Fifth,
Aaron Coppin.

Pres. Dadant — The next in order
will be the election of the Secretary
and Treasurer.

Mr. Pyles — Before the election of the
Secretary and Treasurer, it will be
necessary to fix their salaries for this
coming year. In view^ of the fact
that Mr. Stone hasi served faithfully,
willingly, and done a great deal of

—5

/

work for the Association, if the Asso-
ciation is so fixed that it is possible
to give him a larger salary than be
has already received, I would be in
favor of it. I am informed that we
could pay him $100. I move that the
salary of the Secretary be $100 for the
coming year.

Motion seconded, put and carried.

Pres. Dadant — Do you wish to take
any action on the salary of the Treas-
urer, either as to paying him the same
amount, or increasing it?

Mr. Stone — I move that the amount
be continued — $25 a j'ear.

Motion seconded', put and carried.

Pres. Dadant — The next in order will
be the election of tihe Secr.etary. Is
there any nomination fo^ Secretary?

Mr. Baxter — I move that the Presi-
dent cast the ballot for Mr. Stone for
Secretarj- for the ensuing year.

Motion seconded, put and carried.

Pres. Dadant — The next thing in or-
der is the election of Treasurer.

Mr. Kildow — I -move that the Secre-
tary cast the ballot for our present
Treasurer, Mr. Charles Becker.

Motion seconded, put and carried.

Pres, Dadant — We are open now for
discussion.

Buying Honey to Sell Again.

Mr. York — I would like to go back
again to Mr. L. C. Dadant's paper, and
ask whether any here ever found that
it -was a good thing to get honey from
ot'her places to supply their home de-
mand when they run out of their own
crop?

Mr. Dadant— We would like to hear
from some of our bee-keepers. I kno^w
of some who have bougiit honey to
sell to their customers.

Mr. York — If ther^i is no objection to
it , I would like to know what the
opinion is.

Pres. Dadant — Mr. Becker can give
us information on this. What do you
think of it, Mr. Becker?

Mr. Becker — I have been for the
last ten years buying a good deal of
honey, and especially of extracted
honey. The best bargains that 1 have
got, so far, were from the State of
Michigan. I have bought it as low as
7 cents a pound, and as high as 8 1-3
cents. I always have to buy the honey
just as soon as the producer gets it
oii. the bees, because it goes rapidly.
He generally has from ten to fifteen
thousand pounds a year.

66

ELEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

Of course, I suppose he gets some
from his neighbors. This year his
crop was sihort, and he wrote to me
that he had only about 10,000 pounds
of fine white clover honey. I 'bottle it
up in four different sizes, and sell it
to the stores here in Springfield.

I live 16 miles from the city, and of
course it is considerable work. I
have to make ajbout six to eight trips
in the fall and during the winter. The
past summer I was not able to do it
myself, still I had to make a little
money some way, after spending my
money for doctors' 'bills and hospital
expenses.

I have sold this year, of extracted
honey, 4,000 pounds. I have sold as
feigh as, 10,000 pounds right here in the
city of SpringfleM, and if I were able
to take care of my honey trade here,
I could sell more, because some of the
wholesale commission houses ship in
honey from Cincinnati.

I passed a commission house this
morning, and I saw about twenty-five
or thirty boxes stored up there. I
don't know what kind of honey it is—
whether it is pure or not.

When the people have an objectioii
to my honey at all it is because it
granulates. I alwaj's tell them that
is the only test of pure honey. You
can't keep it from granulating.

I heat my honey even before going
to the Fair. I have to because it be-
gins to get "milky," and now it is as
-hard as a rock, almost, what I have
left.

If you push extracted honey, and
give the people a good article from
year to year, and don't give them any
cheap stuff and try to sell for a high
price, you will increase your sale.

I took with me to the State Fail,
this year, ten gallons of honey in galloii
buckets. I sold it all at the Fair, and
had to send .home for five gallons more,
.and sold the enti/e fifteen. I had
orcjers for six more before I left the
Fair Grounds, and I believe that any
one who has extracted honey to sell,
if he is not near a large city and will
go around to Villages, he will have no
difflculty in disposing of it.

Among the farmers I have a number
of customers, and amongst them is a
man of eighty years. He came to my
house this fall for another five gallons
of honey;. He uses about fifteen gal-
lons a year, and always buys in five
gallon cans. I have a number of cus-

tomers that buy from twenty -five to
forty gallons. ' I have even gone into
Mr. Coppin's territory (so he tells me) ;
I send two five gallon cans down there
and the purchaser sent me the money.
I sell it to them for 12,% cents a pound
in five gallon cans, so you can see there
is a little money in it, and as far as
I am concerned, I enjoy it. I enjoy '
coming to the city of Springfield here
and offering my honey, and they tell
me when I don't get around that they
had to get honey from somebody else.
They say "If you had been arourd
sooner I would have gotten some naore
honey of you." They have told me
that if they bring any of my honey in
and put it alongside this other honey,
that the people won't buy the other
when they see mine.

It is the honorable trading that we
do with our customers that gives us
the reputation and trade.

I sell an article that is pure and good,
and that you can stand by.

I have sold honey and the honey
would granulate. Possibly it would b':
to a new customer. This fall I gatherea
up a couple of cases of that kind that
was granulated. I said to the cus-
tomer, "Why don't you melt it?" And
he replied, "I have not the time." I
said to him, "Give it to me and I will
melt it." And by doing that I sold
them a great amount of honey at an-
other time. »

This makes a little work for me, but
I would rather do that than to -have
my honey standing on the shelves here
in Springfield unused. I want my
honey to sell; I don't want it to stand
around' on the shelf.

Mr. Stone^I will have to relate a
little of my experience.

It is a good deal like Mr. Becker's,
only I don't have the time to spend to
sell honey, except where it is called for
by my customers. I never advertise
in any way, only in having a little
label I put on each bu^et.

I sell most of my honey in five pound
buckets, and if I have a year like last
year, and I have a large call for honey,
T send off somewhere and get honev.

I have sent as far west as Utah for
It.

My customers mail me a post card
telling me how many buckets they
want. I sell all of my honey in that
way without advertising at all or mak-
ing an effort to sell any except just
whatsis ordered.

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

67

Once in a while I run across Mr.
Becker's customers; they say, "We
have got tired of this honey and want
yours." And some of my customers
will say the same thing to Mr. Becker.

People get tired of honey of one
kind, and sometimes when they make
a change and get hold of a poorer
article they imagine it is better.

Sometimes customers get white
honey, and they say, "That is not pure
honey." I say, "That is alfalfa honey."

I was in a barber shop one day waiL-
ing for my turn to come — about a week
ago, and a man happened to be in theie
who was one of my customers.
There were six or eight people in there,
and one of them said to the other,
"What is in that can there?" He re-
plied, "It has honey in it." I saw that
Mr. Dadant's name was on it. They
went on talking. He says, "What do
you pay for that?" "$1.00' for five
pound bucket." "That is cheap
enough".

This customer of mine spoke up and
said, "Here is another honey-man." I
said, "Yes, I sell it in that same shape."
When he got off one side he said to me,
"Do you still sell at the price you did
(7'5 cents)?" I told him I did. I said
to this man, "Don't you say anything
about the price that I furnish you
honey for. I don't want to run in on
this man's trade." He gave me an
order for a bucket of honey.

The point I want to make is, the
same as Mr. Becker, that if we furnish
a strictly pure article, and are r^dy
to stand behind it, and have our label
on it, we can sell all the honey iwe try
to sell.

Wihen I had imore honey than 1
tih ought my customers would take —
when I had a big crop myself — I would
Load up my spring wagon — maybe
1,000 pounds, and bring it to the mar-
ket, and toy ten o'clock I would have it
soM. There is no trouble whatever to
sell honej".

I ran across a grocer one day, and
said to him, "You don't want any
honey, I gness; I see a lot of jars
there the same size as I have." (I saw
Mr. Becker's jars there.) "You are
supplied." He said, "I know you; I
will buy some of your honey, anyhow.
What you taught me, I would not take
$300 for. Have you forgotten that?
Don't j'ou know when you were ;here
about two years ago I had a lot of
candied honey in jars w^hich I could

not sell'? The customers would bring it
all back and say, 'That is not honey';
and you told me how to liquefy it, and
all my honey I could then sellj it all
went. I would not take $300^ not to
know that. I will buy some of your
honey for that."

You have only to treat the people
"on the square," and you are 'bound to
get the trade.

Mr. Becker — In regard to selling a
good article of ihrney, I want to tell
you a little experience one -man 'had.
This man lives at Taylorvil'le. He had
about 125 colonies of bees. He had sold
a great deal of honey. Taylorville is
quite a mining town, and this 'man had
a. fine trade. He was the one ■who put
me "onto" getting my honey • from
Michigan. But he was not satisfied
with a good thing, and he bought, one
fall, a car lot of honey, and he got it
pretty cheap.

There was-anotiher man there, a bee-
keeper, that started me in bee-keeping
about thirty years ago. His wife used
to be a correspondent for the bee-
kieepers years ago. This man told me,
"I am afraid he is spoiling his honey
trade." This man gave me some of
his honey; it was a thick yellow
honey, very strong. I was told the
next year after that, that he lost his
trade. And tlhie man told me 'himself
afterwards, how he had one hundred
and twenty odd colonies in the fall to
go into winter quarters. He fed- the
bees this honey. He took me out to
the place in the spring and showed
me the pile of hives he had. He had
burned up all but the frames, and had
fifty colonies left. He ^^as. dealing in
hives and supplies. He ihaippened to
have plenty of hives; he transferred
the others and put them into new
hives ,and he had a pretty fair honey
crop; but the past summer he told
me he didn't have any bees at all; that
they were all dead.

Now, my advice is this: If you are
sending pff for honey, don't feed it to
your 'bees. I won't feed an ounce of
ihoney that I buy anywhere to my 'bees.
If I can't sell it, it will staj- there; I
won't feed it to the bees, because we
don't know what kind of ibees this
honey oame from; and w^e are liable
to ruin our whole apiary !by feeding
honey that is shipped in.

Mr. Baxter — I have had no experi-
ence in buying honey to supplj!- my
customers, but I have had a great deal

68

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

of experience in selling to bee-keepers.
I have sold probably four-fifths of my
table honey to bee-keepers. I have
bee-keepers today in New Jersey, Penn-
sylvania, "West Virginia, Ohio, writing
to me for (honey that I sold to twenty
years ago. Certainly they must have
found, it profitable to ibuy and supply
their custonaers.

Another thing, we want to be square
with one another — we bee-keepers in
the same locality; we want to "act
on the square" with each other. For
instance: I occupy the same territory
that Mr. Dadant does, and other bee-
keepers. He .will sell to the same fam-
ily, and they will be satisfied, and then
I may find a dissatisfied customicr.
They will say, "I don't like Mr. Da-
dant's fhoney; it is adulterated." And
I ask them why they think it is adul-
terated; and they reply, "Because it
is candied; it don't taste good." I say,
"You can't buy any adulterated honey
from Mr. Dadant."

And it is the same with other bee-
keepers in my neighborhood. I find
some other customers who don't like
some honey that has been sold to then.,
they complain about its not being pure,
and you have to be honest with those
people and tell them that that man
does not sell adulterated honey.

And you should try to agree on a
price and not undersell in disposing of
your honey. The world is wide enoug":-!,
there are plenty to whom to sell your
honey and you will have your cus-
tomers as long as you live if you treat
them right. _

Mr. Roberts — I agree with Mr. Bax-
ter. I think the beekeepers can do a
great deal to injure, and also to help
one another. I had a case where a
man bought a case of section honoy
ciheap. As I was going by on the street
he said to me "Roberts, come in here.
A man cheated me in selling this
honey, it is not fit to eat. I want to
get some from you." I looked at it
and said, "That, is just as good as
mine; that is just as healthful as
mine." He had said to me, "I will have
that man arrested, he has sold me
honey that is not fit to eat," but I tolii
him it was just as good as mine, and if
I had encouraged that man a little bit
he would have sued the other man for
the price of the case of honej-. I in-
quired who the man was and found
that he was as honest a man as ever
lived.

Anatomical Bee Models and Lectures.

Mr. Moore — Most of you have
noticed the bee models I have here. I
got them some time ago, when I gave a
lecture before the zoology class in our
high school. If there are any of -you
who think of doing anything of the
sort I would advise you to get some of
these models. You can give the pupils
an idea of the anatomy of the bee
better by using these than by any talk
you may give them; this is complete —
for both the queen and the drone.

While we are talking on the line of
honey, I will say that in this 'lecture
I brought out quite prominently before
those pupils the change that takes
pla-ce in the honey, why it was a so
much more healthful food than ar.y
sugar they could eat.

If beekeepers could give those lec-
tures to the children it would tend to
create an interest amongst them in the
honey bee, and educate them in the
line of what honey is as a food, and
there would be more demand for honey.
The children would ask their papas,
"Why don't you get some honey? There
was a man who gave a lecture at the
school and he said it was such a
healthful food." And this would tend
to make the parents have it on the
table; it would create a demand for it.

Mr. Baxter — I have been asked by
our high school principal to give a
lecture on bees. I did not feel that I
could give the lecture, but maybe bj
getting these models and studying
them, I might give 'something along
that line.

Mr. Moore — These are gotten out by
the Gleanings' people. They are 7p
cents the pair; 50 cents for either one
alone.

Pres. Dadant — I want to say that
there is credit' due to the A. I. Root
Company, not .only have they produced
these in this country, but they have
been translated into Fcench; I have
seen them published in Europe. These
are really doing a great deal of good
on both continents. The beekeepers
ought to take hold of this matter, and
inform, their neighbors. And these
matters ought to be brought up in "the
schools, and we should have a studj'
in the schools along this line.

When we went before the Governor,
we mentioned to him that there was
no school of bee culture. He said to
us, "We ought to have the study of
apiculture in our college, that is a

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

69

' thing that would be very good." That
was the suggestion of Governor Deneeii.
I believe that sooner or later we
must push that point, and I think wt
can if we will unite and in the course
of time get what we need, discuss the
matter and bring it before the legisla-
ture.

Mr. Baxter^I have taken up that
matter with . Mr. Davenport of the
Agriculture -College already. I was
there last Spring,. I went back with the
committee when they were here before
the legislature, and Mr. Davenport, who
has the management of the books,
"sjiiiwed me all their accounts, this was
in the fore part of May. or the latter
part of April, and he showed me that
they didn't have enough money then
to run the Agricultural College to the
end of the fiscal year. He said, "Mr.
Baxter,, it is impossible for us to take
this up, our appropriations were cut
down. Just as soon as we have^funds
we intend to do that."

When I appeared before the commit-
tee, I suggested that we do like Michi-
gan — have a permanent fund for the
University. Well, I see the legislature
acted along that line and passed a -law
establishing, a tax of one mill on the '
assessed valuation of this state as a
fund for the University, and so now,
I think that they will be in a position
to take it up. I expect to attend .the '
State Horticultural meeting week after
next, and 'I will take the matter up
again with Mr. Davenport, and see if-
something cannot be done in the near
future. I think this Association should
take hold of the matter and p-uSh it.

. We want to show Mr. Davenport and
the authorities there the possibilities
of obtaining a knowledge of apiculture
for the young inen engaged in the agri-
cultural college work. There are
thousands of tons of honey going to
waste in good seasons all .over the
country. If these young men who go
to the agricultural college • would go :
away from' there practical apiarists,
they could add to their income im-
mensely.

' L. G. Dadant — :Would it not be a"
good thing for the Committee on

• Resolutions to adopt such a resolution ?
Pres. Dadant— IS it the- wish of this
meeting to take action on that? •

Mr. .York — I was going to say some-
thing about the State Horticultural

;Society^ — it seems to me they ought to
have beekeeping on their program, '

. Mr. Baxtef — For years they have
been very indifferent, Mr. York,; but'
they are coming to it.

Mr. Moore— One year I, brought out
in this lecture at home the importance
Of^the honey bee in regard to the ferti-
lization of fruit bloom.

Report of Auditing Committee.

Pres. Dadant — We will have the "re-
port of. the Auditing Committee:

We, the Auditing Committee, find in
the hands of Treasurer, Charles Becker,
$926.28 in the State Fund, and $234.94
in the Association ip\ind, or a total of
$1,16'0,22, as shown by his accounts.

We would suggest that hereafter the
Treasurer keep these two accounts
separate, starting with the above
amounts.

We would also suggest that here-
after the Secretary keep only the "As-
sociation Fund" account, and start
now with $234.94 balance, as shown on
hite books, which amount is in the
hands "bt the Treasurer.
* The Secretary, in drawing orders,
fehall stamp them (with rubber stamp)
in large . letters the words ""Associa-
tion Fund," or ' %tate Funds," as the
case may be, using a separate order
book for each fund.
: * ■ Wt B. MOORE, •

; •• A. L. KILDOW,
\; GEORGE W., YORK,

. • ' . Committee.

Bee- Keeping at the State University.

'Pres. iJadant^Here is a resolution
iXnat is presented:

The Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Associ-
ation in convention assembled, recogniz-
ing the great possibilities of bee-keeping
as a means of livelihood in this State,
and also recogmizing the great importance
of bees in the fertilization of our fruits
and many of our other crops, therefore,
the Association most earnestly petition
the Board of Trustees of the State Uni-
versity of Illinois to establish an Apiarian
Department at the University, where
practical bee-keeping will be taught; bee-
diseases and their reihedies .or prevention
studied, and evei-ything pertaining to the
advancement of apiculture.

A copy of this resolution shall be sent
to the President of the Board of Trustees
•of the University of Illinois, and also to
the Dean of the Agricultural College.

- TJie above resolution presented by
Mr. Baxter.

Pre^. Dadant^ What will you do with
this resolution?

Mr.-Moore^I .move that the resolu-
tion be adopted. ._ .

Motion seconded. , • ■.

Mr. Baxter— Ought not arioCber cdpy

70

ELEVENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE

of this resolution be transmitted to
the Board of the University?

Pres. Dadant— All right — put that in.

Mr. Baxter — Also one to the Dean of
the Agricultural College.

Pres. Dadant — All those in favor of
the resolution, with thiese suggestions
added, signify it by saying Aye. Con-
trary, No.

Motion carried.

Honey From Foul-Broody Colonies.

Pres. Dadant — Here is a question
that will be very interesting: "Ought
bee-keepers to be allowed to ship and
sell honey from a foul-broody colony?"

Mr. Kildow — No.

Mr. Baxter — Those are my senti-
ments.

Mr. Stone — That word "honey" was
stricken out of our Foul- Brood Bill
right at the beginning. I got a letter
of about three pages, right away after
it had been offered, stating we had the
word "honey" in there along with
apiarian implements, and if it remained
we could' not sell our honey if any
foul brood appeared in onr apiarj*.

Pres. Dadant — There is a difference;
forbidding the shipping of honey where
foul ibrood exists condemns all the
honey. But in this case, "should bee-
keepers be allowed to ship and sell
honey from a foul 'broody colony?"

You would prevent a man with only
one colony diseased, from selling amy
of his honey.

Mr. Moore — It would be quite a hard-
ship on a man who had a ^big apiary,
to stop the sale of his entire honey
crop because he had only one colony
that was infected with foul brood. It
would be a pretty hard matter, unless
this man were SJtrictly honest, to prove
it on him. If he has taken off ex-
tracted honey from one colony that
had foul brood, it would all go in to-
gether. You would not know w^hether
he was selling it or not. Morally, it
is wrong to sell any honey from a
foul -broody colony.

Mr. Kildow — There should not be
any sold or put upon the market in
any way. The chances are you would
spread the disease hy selling any of it.

Mr. York — If you sold it in the city
w^here there were no toees at all, it
would not.

Mr. Kildow — There are apiaries in
the city, are there not?

Mr. York — Not very many rigtht in a
town as large as Chicago.

Mr. Baxter — That may be so in
cities like Chicago; but in towns of
thirty or forty thousand inhahitants',
they have bees on the outskirts; of the
town.

L. C. Dad'ant— If the Illinois bee-
keepers had to do that you could not
keep honey from heing sold from other
States outside of Illinois, where some
of the colonies were infected with foul-
brood germs as much as those in Illi-
nois. You could not prevent this being
done. Really, that is what we ought
to do, on every shipment that is made;
but we should have the laws the same
in every State.

Mr. Coppin — Any of you here who
bought honey would not let your bees
get to the honey that you huy.

L. C. Dadant — If you sell some of
that Ihoney that you have bought, you
don't know whether it is foul-broody
or not. You take a family that uses;
say three-quarters of a 'bucket of
honey, and' they take a notion they
don't want the rest of it, and throw-
it out; you don't know whether your,
bees will get any of that honey or not.

Mr. Coppin — On the other hand,
should you he restricted from shipping
and selling any of your Ihoney because
you may have foul brood in your
apiary?

Mr. Kildow — I think we all agree it
should not 'be sold from a foul-broody
colony.,

Pres. Dadant — From the acknowl-
edgment of the men in charge of the
Department of Agriculture, they have
not yet been able to locate the germ
of the European foul brood. They
thought they had it, but they d'idn't.
An examination on their part would
be 'aibsolutely void; tihat is to say, the
examination would not give results,
because they have not traced the dis-
ease to any germ as yet.

In the case of Amecican foul hrood,
they have been ahle to find the bacillus
in the larvae. But when we go to
Cheshire, the. English writer, we find
he was convinced the disease was not
in the honey, because microscopical
examinations did not show any of those
bacilli in thie honey. The microscopical
examinations can only be on a very
small amount; you may have fifty
samples and not have a single bacillus
in those samples, and yet if fed to a
colony of bees there may be numerous
germs in it that have not been detected
in the microscopical examination. As

-ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCL^TION

71

to an analj"sis, there is nothing in that.
We' shouM' confine ourselves to the
question, whether .the honey should be
shipped from colonies that are known
to be diseased. I think in this ques-
tion we have a very important topic.

■ Mr. Stone — It would not do any good
to take any action on that without
we tried to get. a ibill in the Legisla-
ture.

Pres. 'Dadant^Then we cauld no
enforce it very well. I think the action
on our part should be to take a vote
showing vi'^hat our sentiment is; this
would have more - effect on bee-
keepers than anything I think we
might do. Something like a resolution.
What are your wishes in the matter?
■ Mr. York — Is it safe to eat it?

Mr. Kildow — I don't Avant to eat it.

Mr. York — Is it not healthy?

Mr. Coppin — I have eaten lots of it;
it has not ^killed me yet!

Mr. Kildow— I wrote to Dr. Phillips
this • fall, asiking him about it, and if
he had anything definite on European
foul brood, and he overlooked my let-
ter — I did not get. any answer as to
whether he found anything or not.

Pres. Dadant — I asked him the ques-
tion personally at Minneapolis. He
was not either able to give a distinct .
difference between European foul brood
and pickled brood — that is, a difference
which any one could detect.

Mr. Kildow — I wrote inquiring about
samples that I sent him, making the
inquiry as to whether or not he had
come to any positive conclusion as to
what caused European foUl brood. I
thinnk he must have overlooked it. I
never got an answer.

Pres. Dadant — He has nothing to
^ve you, or you would have heard
from Ihiim. Well, I think it is desirable
that bee-keepers should not (and I
think it ought to ibe made compulsory)
sell honey from diseased colonies', but
I don't see that it is a practical ques-
tion, because I do not see how you can
prevent a man from doing so under
our present methods of treating bee-
diseases.

Mr. Moore — The question of selling
honey from foul-broody colonies de-
pends upon the morality or honesty of
the bee-keeper who has it — whether he
believes (he should do unto others as he
would have them do unto him. That
is the whole -question. I don't think it
is possible to control it by legislation.

or to do anything with it by way of
education.

Mr. Baxter — It would be well to have
the bee-keepers where there is no foul
brood to be very careful about import-
ing honey that has been taken from
foul-broody colonies. ..Try to work up
a local market for your haney that you
know is all rigiht, and try to have no
foreign honey come, irfto that locality,
and if it does, have it, in such shaj&e
that your bees can!t get hold of it. .

I • have seen famllies~^Buy~hOBe5% and
take it out of the sections, and .Leave a
lot of honey sticking to the sides of
-the sections, and then throw it out of
doors. If there, is any disease in the
sections at all, it is very likely your-
bees will get hold of, it.' We ougiht to
try to get them to burn .up those sec-
tions.. In. our locality I have always
cautioned people not to expose any-
thing of that kind, but to destroy it^,
and never feed foreign honey to the
bees — ^hony that you do not know, defi-
nitely about; instead, feed them sugar
syrup.

Mr. Stone — On this question that is

up for discussion, can this Association

do anything more than to vote "yes"

■ or "no" ? I, think that all we can do is

to vote, unanimously, No. . •

Mr. Baxter — I think we ought to go
on record as saying^ that we are all
opposed to selling honey from diseased
colonies. I. will make a motion to that
effect.

Pres. Dadant — The motion is', that
the rhembers of this Association are .
opposed to selling honey. from a dis-
eased colony. All in favor of Such a
motion, say aye; contrary, no.

Motion carried.

Mr. Roberts — I would like to ask you
about one particular instance: A man
that used to live in Illinois moved to
Indiana. He has twenty-five or thirty
colonies of bees, and they, are, I ibeli^ve,
diseased. He wants to move back into
Iroquois county, and bring them
amongst us. I told him' he would have
to get a certificate from the inspector
in Indiana before (he could do that.
How would you act on that?

Mr. Moore — You can stop him from
bringing- the bees in if they are dfs-
eased.

At 11:30 a. m., onmotion, the con-
vention adjourned sine die, to meet
again in 1912, at the call of the Ebc-
ecutive Committee. ■ .

■*•'... '■ , -

EI.KVKXTH AXXUAI. REPORT OF THE

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ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

/■•)

THE 32d annual CONVENTION

OF THE

Cblcago-ITortbiaestern Bee-Keepers' /Issociation

HELD AT THE

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Great'mrlhern Hotel, Chicago, December 6 and 7, 1911,

Was called to order at 10:30 a. m., De-
cember 6th, the President. Mr. George
W. York, in the chair.

Pres. York — Let us stand while Dr.
Miller opens the convention Avith
prayer.

Dr. C. C. Miller— Our Heavenly
Father, we recognize in Thee the being
who takes care of the highest interests
of the world, who takes care of the
tiniest insect; and now we, as bee-keep-
ers, have come together to talk about'
our mutual interests, and we pray that
Thy blessing may be upon us; that we'
may have the right feeling toward one
another; take s'elttshness out of our
hearts, and may we be sincerely de-
sirous that the others shall he bene-
fited, as well as ourselves. Bless us
in all that is done, forgive our sins,
and finall\' rv"»ceive us, we ask in--
Christ's name. Amen. ' _r

Pres. York — If I mist^ike not. this is
the -Sid annual convention of the Chi-
cago-Northwestern Bee-Keepers' As-
sociation. Dr. Miller was the first
president and the only president, I V)e-
lieve, for a number of years, of the
old Northwestern Bee-Keepers' Society.
Is that right. Dr. Miller?

Dr. Miller— There was a temporary
president at the first meeting. I can-
not think of his name this minute.

Pres. Y'ork — That was probably
thirty years ago. when the "North-
western" met in Chicago for a number
of years, and was, I suppose, ahead of
the National Society in attendance,
and perhaps in interest as well. Then,
for a number of years, "the Northwest-

ern'' ""went out of business," and we
had no convention in Chicago, or else
it combined with the Illinois State As-
sociation. Then, linally, in 1S9S. we
organized the Chicago Bee-Keepers'
Association, and a few jears after that
added the word "Northwestern" so as
to bring in the former society, and
since then it has been called the "Chi-
cago-Northwestern Bee-Keepers' As-
sociation," and this is our meeting for
1911.

The Secretary has prepared a pro-
gram, although he has not divided it
into sessions; but we, perhaps, can
take up something in a general way
first, then have an intermission for
the reception of dues ])y tho Secretary,
and then go on _ with the program.
Perhaps it would be just as well to
have the Secretary's report, if he has
it ready — the minutes of the last
meeting.

The Secretary, Mr. L. C. Dadant,
thej> read the minutes.

Pres. York^-Are there any correc-
tions in the minutes? If not, they will
stand approved as read. ^Ve might
now have the Treasurer's report. Mr.
Dadant is also Treasurer.

The Treasurer. Mr. Dadant, then
read the Treasurer's report.

Pres. Y'ork — You have heard the
Treasurer's report. What will we do
with it? It shows a. shortage of $4.26,
but I suppose that will come in during
the day in the shape of dues.

Dr. Miller — I would suggest — I think
a motion is hardly necessary — an
Auditing Committee. If I were in the
Treasurer's place, I certainly would
desire it.

r

74

ELEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

GEORGE W. YORK.
President Chicago-Northwestern Bee-
Keepers' Association, also President
of the National.

Pres. York — You don't make it as a
motion that an Auditing Committee be
appointed?

Dr. Miller — I make it a motion that
an Auditing Committee be appointed.

Motion seconded; was put and car-
ried.

Pres. York — I will appoint on that
committee, Mr. Stone, Mr. Dittmer,
and Mr. Huffman.

Jas. A. Stone — Am^ I not a member
of the Chicago-Northwestern, and
would I be accepted on that commit-
tee? I am willing to pay my fee. I
am a member of the National.

I>r. Miller — Auditing committees are
generally taken from the outside!

Jacob Huffman — I would suggest
that, if Mr. Stone is not a member,
they quite often, pay before they go
into any office or any business, and,
therefore, become a member anyway.

Pres. York — He will be a member
before he is through, probably.

Mr. Stone — How much am I to pay ?

Pres. York — That will be settled
soon. That is a question for; us to fake
up, and' perhaps now is as good a time
as any to decide what we will do for
the future as to dues, and also joining
the National Association. I think the
Secretary ought to have ihAs instruc-
tions asi to the amount to receive for
dues hefore he receives any more dues.

Sec. Dadant — We cannot go 'by any-
thing except the instructions we had
at the last meeting. If we want to
change our dues after this year, it will
be all right, but the minutes of the. last
meeting say plainly that the " dues of
the Association he increased to $1.50
a year, except those who are already
members 01 the National, and those

LOUIS C. DADANT,

Secretary Chicago-Northwestern Bee-

Keepers' Association.

will pay $1.00; so there is no doubt as
to what they are to pay. If they are
members of the National, they pay
$1.00, otherwise $1.50.

Pres. York — The only question is as
to whether we shall join the National
in a 'body.

Dr. Miller — I move that we join the
National in a body.

Mr. Huffman — Seconded.

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

75

Pres. York — The new cons'titution
raises the dues in the National to $1.5'0,
or $1.00 from associations that join in a
■body, instead of 50' cents. That will
make a little difference now.

C. F. Kannenberg — Didn't we carry
a resolution last year that we were
g-oing- to raise our dues from $1.00' to
$1.50, and that was laid over to this
year to adopt it?

Pres. York— Tliat w-as' done last
j-ear. You are speaking of the year
before. That was decided last year, so
our dues are now $1.50; tout on ac-
count of the change of dues of the Na-
tional, we shall have to pay them $1.00
now, instead of 50 cents per member.
The new constitution of the National
says that any association joining in a
toody will have to pay $1.00 for each
member, instead of 50 cents.

Mr. Huffman — Asi I understand the
treasurer, t.e claims that this Associa-
tion has to pay 50 cents per member
to become a member of the Illinois
State; then, with the dues being
raised in the National to $1.00, that
would mean $1.50 for this Association
to pay out direct. Then what have
they got in the treasury? , . ,
Pres. York — Nothing.
Mr. Huffman — I think that is a ques-
tion to consider. I didn't understand it
when I seconded the motion, or I would
not have seconded' it.

Pres. York — That is what I thought.
It is quite a serious question, for if we
pay $1.00 to the National, and 50' cents
to the Illinois State Association, it
leaves nothing for the expenses of this
Association, 'because our dues are just
$1.50.

Of course, if we join the Illinois
State Association • in a body, no mat-
ter where the member lives, he will
get all the advantages; receive the
published report, etc.

C, P. Dadant — There is a question
which I ,wish to put, that ought to be
solved by men who are well ac-
quainted with our State laws. Would
it he possible for this, Association, be-
ing a member of the State Association,
to send its money to the State Asso^
ciation and have its expenses paid out
of the State Association funds? If
this could be done, then the amount of
dues ($1.50) would be sufficient; be-
cause if we pay it Into the State Asso-
ciation (if we are a branch of the
Illinois State Association), It seems
that it would be rational to .have our

expenses paid out of tiheir treasui'y.
You will note that it has already been
adjudged- proper for the State Secre-
tary to pay the Secretary of this Asso-
ciation to help to have a Foul Brood
law — ^that is to sayjji^or placing before
the Legislature the sentiments of the
members of this Association at the
expense of the State Association. The
amount paid by Mr. Stone for postage
for this Association was simply be-
cause this Association, as a branch of
the State Association, helped to get
the Illinois Foul Brood law. Now, it
is for uSi or perhaps some person
versed in the laws, to decide, whether
it would be advisable for this Asso-
ciation to act as a branch, and pay
over our money to the State, and let
the State pay our,_ expenses.

Mr. Kannenberg — Inasmuch as the
State Association has paid some of the
expenses, we will then have to be
considered as one of the babies that
belong to the State Association, and
then, of course, we will have nothing
to do with the expenses at all; the
State pays .our expenses, and that is
the same as if we belonged to the
State.

Pres. York — It seems to me that
the Chicago-Northwestern Bee-Keep-
ers' Association does not want to feel
that it is a part of the Illinois State
Association, although, in a sense, it is;
because the Chicago-Northwestern
Bee-Keepers' Association includes
Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, and the
other surrounding States. It is all
right for us to join the Illinois State
Association in, a body, as we have
done, because we get the advantage of
the Report, and they pay for this re-
port of the Chicago -Northwestern Bee-
Keepers' Association, and publish it
with theirs. That is the only reason
we joined the Illinois State Associa-
tion* If they did not pay for publish-
ing this report, we would not have any
published report at all. Of course,
they like to have usi join, so as to
increase their menibership. We like
to belong because of the advantage we
get. But I don't think we ought to
give out very emphatically that- we are
simply a small part of the Illinois
State Association, when., vte take in
bee-keepers from Michigan, Iowa, In-
diana, etc.

Mr, Stone^In regard to the mem- -
bership outside of the State, there
isn't very much of it. The membership

76

ELEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

of the Chicago-Northwestern Is prin-
cipally in Illinois, and many of them
are near Chicago; and when it comes
to the expenses being paid, as Mr.
Dadant suggests, the amount referred
to was for postage. It was not the
Secretary's salary. Our State law does
not allow anything for salaried officers.
The State Association dues pay our
Secretary's salary, and we are not al-
lowed to pay any salaries from the
fund voted by the Legislature.

Sec. Dadant — There is no salary ex-
- pense here for the Secretary.

Pres. York — ^Secretary Dadant does
not get any salary.

Mr. Stone — His exi>enses that are
caused by postage and the like of
that can come out of the State fund
as a branch of the State Association.
The State Horticultural Society has an
appropriation made to it for publishing
its report, and they get a big appro-
priation. I knew when it was $6,000.00,
and I think it is more than that now.
They publish a report — it is a large
book of three or four hundred pages —
and along with that report they pub-
lish the reports of the horticultural
societies from the three districts of the
State, the Northern, Central, and
Southern; those reports are all pub-
lished together, and the expense
comes out of the State treasury, and
the5^ also pay their Secretary a salary
of $400.00, and that is allowed in the
bill. But we offered our bill in that
way so as to be sure to secure it,
and to let the representatives know
that there was nothing going for
salaries, and then we could stand up
before them and talk as we could not
talk if we were having a salary in-
cluded. I don't see but what that can
be arranged this way all right — all the
expenses for postage and everything
except the Secretary's salary. If he
receives any salary, which he ought to
do, that could not be paid unless we
would have money in our Association
fund, aside from the State fund.

Dr. Miller — There seem to be several
things to be kept in view. The one
thing already mentioned is, I take It,
a matter more or less of the feelings
of outsiders, and I think they should
feel perfectly at liberty to express
themselves upon this. I think that the
outsiders — for instance, those barbar-
ians from the State of Wisconsin — will
not feel very thin-skinned about that;

if there is something that can be done
for the benefit of bee-keepers in gen-
eral, I don't believe that they would be
very touchy about a name. Now, if
this Association ife affiliated with the
State Association, even if you say it
comes under its wing— put it in that
way, if necessary — that helps the in-
fluence of the State Association in
getting laws and getting appropria-
tions. You know that bee-keepers in
general are not selfish. If t&re is
something that is for the general good,
they are for it; if it is against the gen-
eral good, they are fornenst it. The
same thing applies to joining as an
Association with the National. Now, I
should feel very sorry indeed, if we
could not as a body unite with the Na-
tional-, because if you do not do that,
you will cut off quite a number from
the National. If you must join this
Association and the National separate-
ly, you may count on it you will not
get the same number. The larger and
the stronger we can have the State^
and the National, and all the different I
State associations, the more power you
have to work upon legislatures and the
public as bee-keepers, and that is what
we want; we want them to feel that
we amount to something, and that
when we ask for something our re-
quest should be considered. I con-
sider it of the very first importance
to increase the number and power of
both these associations — the National
and the State Association; and if we
can make money out of it, we certain-
ly want to unite with the State; and,
as Mr. Stone puts it, it rather looks as
if we might make a little money out
of it, if the State Association will stand
back of us and say, "We will pay your
expenses", and I understand from Mr.
Stone that practically it amounts to
that. If they will stand back of us,
and say that, by all means we ought
to join the State tis a body.

Mr. Stone — I will make one more
point on that. Dr. Miller has touched
on it. When we secured our law it
was for the purpose of paying the run-
ning of the State Association and pub-
lishing its report. We first secured a
bill of $"50'0i and then, when It was In'-
creased to $1,000, the extermination of
foul brood was attached to it. We get
the $l,0O0i still, and in the omnibus bill
there is $1,5K>0 put to the foul brood
part of it. We do not use over $600
in publishing our report, and we are

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

77

going to have accumulating every year
as much as $400 unless our foul brood
inspectors can use it. We know that
we can do it becausie our bill is put
that way for the purpose of suppress-
ing foul brood in the State of Illinois,
and no one can keep us from
paying it for that if we want to,
although the way the law was
niade and the State Inspector ap-
pointed by the Governor, he cannot
force us to pay any of that money to
him under that law because he is ' a
governor-appointed officer, and our ap-
propriation money is made to a private
corporation.

Dr. Miller — ^Perhaps it is not entirely
fair to do anything in the line of fore-
stalling the expression of opinion of
others, and I see there are at least
two or three men here from Wisconsin
that I know are loyal to their own
State, and I would /be glad to have an
expression of opinion from them if I
can obtain .it.

Pres. York — We have Mr. Jones, Mr
Dittmer and Mr. Huffman.

Gus Dittmer — I can ," say for myself
tihiat Dr. Miller has^ expressed the senti-
ment that we can all endorse. We are
not here — ^^at least, I can say for my-
self, representing Wisconsin (for the
State Bee -Keepers' Association of Wis-
consin) — I am here as' an individual
bee-keeper to getwhat-benefit I can out
of this convention in a social way, and
in other ways. I am entirely willing to
leave this matter to the Illinois bee-
keepers; whether it costs me 50 cents',
more or less, that doesn't count. Any-
thing that thej' do will be agreeable
so far as I am^ concerned, and . I am
sure it will be the same with Mr. Huff-
man.

Mr. Huffman — I have to agree with
Dr. Miller that he has expressed my
views, for this reason: When we join
this Association, we outside of the
State are not going to stay out of the
State- and' keep you out. If we join
here and there, we get the benefit of
the two Associations. We have a lit-
tle money in store, and if anything
happens we have something to fall
back upon; and I am ready and
willing. As I now understand it, in
regard to what they have to pay to
the National, you would get nothing;
and I would say -that this Association
should increase 25 cents or more if
you want it. Tou must have something

to do your business with in this Asso-
ciation.

Geo. W. Jones — I would say ditto to
■^at Mr. Huffman and Mr. Dittmer
have expressed.

Mr. Kannenberg — Will the Secretary

■ tell us what expenses we Ihave in this

' Association and whether we can get

along with 2-5 cents aa'ded to the $1.50?

Sec. Dadant — Last year we had $20
hall rent to pay. This year we will
not have any. Our expenses outside
of that have been, about $20 for post-
age and stationerj', and it has been a
little heavier this year because we saw .
fit to help the St.ate Association in
getting their State law, and we did
more correspondence than we usually
do.

Mr. Kannenberg— As I understand,
the postage on that was' paid by the
State Association.

Sec. Dadant — We paid for the sta-
tionery, envelopes, etc.

Mr. Kannenberg^Aside from that,
$20 would not reach it.

Mr. Stone — There is no man going to
pay any more dues.

Mr. Huffman — There is one thing
that Mr. Dadant read in his report
witb regard to the meimbers outside of
the State joining for $1.00.

Sec. Dadant — The minutes say thatr
the dues of tlTe Association be increased"
to $1.50'. They were formerly $1.00,
but our dues are now $1.50, except
those already members of, the Na-
tional, and their dues shall be $1.00
here.

Dr. Miller — There is one point on
which I am not entirely clear.- We
have now $1.50; we are to pay $1.00 to
the National, and I suppose we pay ^
cents to the State — If we can get our
expenses out of the State treasury, we
are all square still. Don't you think
we can do that, Mr. Stone?

Mr. Stone — I don't see any difficulty
about that. It can be brought in as
stationery and expenses of running the
Secretary's office. ,

Sec. Dadant — How about hall , rent?

Mr. Stone — That could be paid, too
— anything but a salary — anything to
run a meeting. We have paid dele-
gates' expenses in that way, because
they were on the program. The ap-
propriation is for that — to pay the
expenses of the meetings and publish-
ing a Report.

C. P. Dadant — This matter is worth
discussing. The present condition of

--r

78

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

the National, under the new Constitu-
tion, is going- to make these matters
important; if the National grows as it
is expected; if it is going to have del-
egates and power from the memlaer-
ship of the State Association, of the
affiliated associations — it is important
for us to belong somewhere where we
know we will be represented. This
Chicago-Northwestern Association is
an association for the discussion of the
interests of bee-keepers, but not for
real action in vital matters. We could
take action in vital matters by simply
sending men from here to the State
Association to see that the viewsi of
this Association were represented. So,
I believe, if we waste ( ?) half a day
on this, it will be well spent time, and
we ought to consider it in all its
phases before we decide on it. It
struck me, as this matter was brought
up today, the possibility of the State
Association paying the expenses of
■ this Association; but the more it is
discussed, the more feasible it seems to
me, and I hope those of you who have
any questions at all will put them.
We ought not to act without due
thought.

Sec. Dadant — Do I understand that
the State Association has plenty of
funds to meet these expenses?

S!lr. Stone — Yes, and accumulating
in the treasury.

.fl. P, Dadant — There are two points
here to consider. The State Associa-
tion, has funds from the State which
can be used for the benefit of bee-
keepers, but not for paying salaries. I
ani President of the State Association.
We, as officials of a chartered associa-
tion supported by the State, get no
salary' whatever. The salary that we
pay Mr. Stone as Secretary comes out
of the dues paid by the bee-keepers,
and not from the amount paid 'by the
State, so we cannot go beyond the
amount of money paid by our members
in order to pay Mr. Stone. Then we
can say, when we go to the Legisla-
ture, there are no salaries paid by the
State for the Association. We will
have to do the same as to this Asso-
ciation. It is not necessary at present
to pay a salary, but should it become
necessary, it could not come out of the
State funds. It is very proper, be-
cause the State wishes to help the
bee-keepers along, and not a coterie of
men who will look at their own inter-
ests and not help the general public of

bee-keepers. I 'believe that those mat-
ters are very important, and that we
are running in the right direction if
we keep within the terms of the law.

Mr. Stone — ^Before the question is
put, there is one point that has not
been touched upon at all. As 'Secre-
tary, I was instructed to send out
notices JH«t as soon as we found out
whether the National had adopted the
new Constitution, and the notices were
to read, thait any member who joined
the State Association before the first
day of January (when the new Con-
stitution would take effect), the fee
would still be $1.00 for one year, which
would entitle to membership in the
State and National both for one year,
provided they joined before January
1st. The Secretary was ordered to do
that.

Now, then, if this Association wants
to join the State Association in a body,
they can still jom it for $1.00, and 50
cents of it would go to the National;
this would hold good to the first of
January. If our President, who is also
President of the National, rulesi that
that is right, it is right; and if he rules
it is not right, it is not right; and we
will have to put on the brakes and call
a halt, and take back the notice that
we have already put in the American
Bee Journal for December, as I under--
stand Mr. York, and that all who join
before the first of January, their fee
. will be $1.00 for the State and National
both.

C. P. Dadant — There is a difference
that probably Mr. Stone doesn't realize.
When the Illinois State meeting took
place (in November) there was nothing
to iprove the constitution would be ac-
cepted; therefore it was all right to
provide for sending out the notices as
he hasi suggested; but today we know-
that the constitution is accepted, and
to my notion this Association wou^d be
acting falsely so f^r as the National
i.s concerned, in baking advantage of
some twenty-five days, to get it at low
prices, when we know the prices
are to be raised. I toelieve that con-
ditions are different, with the meet-
ing held before the new constitution
was-«^otiially"~ adopted, and this one,
when we know for a certainty that it
■has 'been approved and adopted.

Mr. Stone — I took jtjiatr -stand at the
State Association; that it looked as if
we were - trying to crawl in and take
advantage of the National , and Mr.

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

79

York held it would not be that way at
all, and that we would be acting in
good faith.

Dr. Miller — Yesterday I sent to the
Youth's Companion $3.50 for a two
years' subscription for my mother-in-
law. If I had waited until the first of
the year, I would have had to pay an-
other 50 cents. That is a tihing that
is counted fair, to get your subscrip-
tion in before a certain time, with all
the papers. It seems to me it is rather
a, parallel case here. I don't see that
there is anything unfair about it; 1
would ^ay it is a paTallel case.

Mr. Stone — That isi the way they de-
cided at Springfield.

Pres. York — I might say right here,
that the new constitution of the Na-
tional does not go into effect until Jan-
uary 1. 1912. We are now under thfe
old constitution, w-hich says' they will
accept members at 50 cents each w^hen
joining in a body. The first of Jan-
uary the old constitution passes away,
and the new constitution takes' effect,
so if any one can get in before the
first of January at the old rate, I think
he is acting legitimately in so doing.

After some further discussion the
motion to join the National in a body
was put and carried.

Dr. Miller — I move that we also join
the State Association in a body.

Pres. York — I think the State As-
sociation has already taken action that
they will accept any local Association
at 50' cents a member when they join
In a body. So that all we need to do
is to pass a motion that we accept
their proposition.

C. P. Dadant — I suggest that we be-
come a member of the State Associa-
tion in such a way that they will pay
our expenses; this would have to be
approved by the State Association; it
seems to me an Executive Committee
w-ould hardly have the power to pay
the expenses of this Association unless
this Association requests it, aftd--a vote
be taken upon it. I would like to |iear
from Mr. Stone. I

Mr. Stone — If they accept theo^r of
the State Association, and send in
members at 50 cents each, that en-
titles them to a membership, and any
branch of hee -keepers anywhere are
just as liable to have their expenses
paid as the Illinois State.

C. P. Dadant^In your opinion it re-
quires that this Association get their
expenses paid, except salaries?

Mr. Stone — Yes, sir. The Horticul-
tural Societies throughout the State,
where they are members of their Dis-
trict Association, the reports are-
passed along with the State report, and
their program is paid for. All the ex-
penses are paid, the same as they are
for the State Association, except their
Secretary does not get a salary. There
is a salary that the State Horticultural
Secretary gets, by law.

Dr. Miller — In any case*, I don't see
where we are going to get into any
trouble, because, coming in a little
ahead of time, we are going to have
half a dollar left in the treasury, any-
how.

Mr. Stone — It will fall into the treas-
ury of the Chicago-Northwestern.

Pres. York — You don't save anything
in joining the State Association — ^just
the National.

Dr. Miller — It will leave us how much
extra?

Pres. York — 50' cents. ' '

Dr. Miller — Won't that cover ex-
penses?

Pres. York^Yes.

Mr. Stone — If they pay $1.50 coming
in here and your Secretary pays $1.0'0
to the State Association, that will pay
your membership in the National and
the State, and you will retain that 50
cents in your Chicago -Northwestern
Treasury until Jan. 1, 1912; after that
you have to send $1.00' to the National
for each member joining after that
date.

Pres. York — The Secretary is not
going to send $1.0'0 to the State; we
voted to send 50 cents to the National
and now we are voting to send 50 cents
to the State.

Pres. York — The question , then, is,
shall we join the Illinois State Associa-
tion in a bodj- at the 5'0' cent rate which
is offered by the State Association?

The motion was put an4 carried.

Pres. York — The Secretary will then
send 50 cents per member to the Na-
tional and 50 cents per member to the
Illinois State, according to the decision
of the two motions up to January 1st,
after that date it will be necessary for
him to send 50 cents to the Ilinois
State for new members that come in
after January 1st, and $1.00 to the Na-
tional.

Then we understand that the dues at
this, meeting are $1.50, just the same
as last year, unless you are already a
paid memiber in the National; then
th«y will be $1.00.

80

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OB^ THE

The Passing of State Laws.

Pres. York — Mr. Stone will now tell
us of the troubles incident to the pass-
ing of State liaws in the Illinois Leg'isi-
lature.

Mr. Stone — When we first applied to
the Legislature for our State appro-
priation, tibere was no provision made
for any Foul Brood Law, or anything
of that kind. We simply asked for
$500.00 to publish the Report and pay
the Association's expenses, and that
was in 1891, when the As'sociation was
organized. We published two Re-
ports, one in 1892, and one in 1893.
The appropriation was first given in
1891, and we succeeded in getting that
bill through, because J. M. Hambaugh
was a member of the House of Rep-
resentatives when our bee-keepers'
association was organized, and hA was
also one of the charter members of the
association. He, being a bee-keeper,
could present the claims of the bee-
keepers in such a way that he suc-
ceeded in getting a bill passed through
the Legislature for the publishing of
the bee-keepers' report.

Every appropriation bill provides for
so much a year for two years, and
then the appropriation bills all have to
be asked for again. The next session
of the Legislature, it failed to pass,
yet the representatives and sen-
ators are all perfectly willing to give
laws where they see that they are
wanted by the people. But Mr. Ham-
baugh not being in the next session
of the Legislature, it failed to pass, as
I said before, because we didn't have
representation enough. We kept offer-
ing it, session after session-, we came
every two years, and in 1905 we added
to it the clause to exterminate foul
brood, etc., throughout the State, and
a $1,000 appropriation. In this bill we
asked that there be a penalty for sell-
ing apiarian implements, or appliances
taken from a diseased apiary, or to sell,
barter or give away any suob apiary,
appliance, queens, bees or honey from
such apiary — and then began the fight.
We received a letter from a bee-keeper
nearby Chicago, stating that the word
"honey" ought to be left out of the
bill, and we consulted with the other
members of the Executive Committee,
■ and left the word "honey'[ out, at his
suggestion — that was in 1905.

Tih.e bill as worded by us passed
through the Senate in spite of the oppo-
sition of one bee-keeper who had writ-

ten a letter against it to the chairman
of the Agricultural Committee, Senator
Dunlap. But it failed in the House
becausie we bad not informed the mem-
bers^jand the bee-keepers on the subject
as we should have done.

The next year we asked for the same
bill, and put one into the House and
one into tihe Senate. We never had
any more trouble getting our bills
through the Senate after that, and we
had not a better friend in the House
than Speaker Shurtleff was. He had
been a pupil of Dr. Miller in his boy-
hood days, and Dr. Miller had filled his
ears full, and he was always faivorable
to our bill in the Hous'e, but it failed
to go through when we got before the
House committee; even the member
who offered our bill, when the thing
was being discussed, said, "The bee-
keepers don't seem to be unanimous in
this." I said, "Why"? He said, "We
have a letter here from protesting par-
ties." I said, "Is it signed by more
than one man?" — (and I could always
guess the man). He said, "No."

I find that, no matter what is asked
for, the members of the Legislature
are always for it if they think it is the
right tlhlng, and it is something that
is needed and wanted by a large num-
ber. They are a set of very fair-
minded men. All that they need is
just to be informed as to what is
wanted.

At our last meeting, the year before
the last session of the Legislature, and
the year before that, we resolved to
send out petitions for the bee-keepers
to sign, for that Foul Brood Bill, and
I do not think we would have gotten it
through if it had not been for the
reports that came in. Those petitions
were signed by over oO'O bee-keepers,
and when we presented them to the
chairman of the Appropriations Com-
mittee — that began to make them look
serious. He (Mr. Shanahan) would
turn over one after another, but didn't
say anything. And finally he said,
"Yes. but how about that letter of pro-
test?" It was the same letter all the
time. In, the letter were given tihe
names of A. I. Root, C. P. Dadant, J. Q.
Smith, as being interested in the manu-
facture of apiarian implements. The
fact was, Mr. Smith did not manufac-
ture apiarian implements! at all. He
was president of the Association, that
is all. This last year that same letter
was in again, and copies of it had

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

81

fallen into my hands. Our president
had two; Mr. Dadant had one. But
the committee could not resist the 500
signers to the petitions, from almost
every district in the State. We pro-
ceeded to pick that letter to pieces,
and we never heard anything more
about it after that. Every member of
the House and Senate we would ap-
proach, would know all about it, and
would say, "I am g'oing- to vote for
that." After the passage of the Foul
Brood Bill, it came to the Governor,
and he sent it to the Attorney Gen-
eral, land he picked it to pieces. He
said there were three unconstitutional
points in it.

As soon as I found that tihe bill was
before him for consideration, I went to
his office. He told me that the bill
w,as unconstitutional — that you could
not destroy a roan's property and not
compensate him. I said, "Well, then,
you write a bill for us." He said, "I
can't do it." I said, "How about the
State Horticulturists— they have suc-
ceeded in securing a bill that when a
man has San Jose scale in his orchard,
they condemn ihas orchard and cut the
trees down and burn them, and h^
can't claim damages at all." That put
him to thinking along that line. I s'tood
it as long as I could, and I telegraphed
for Mr. Dadant, and he brought along
with him Mr. Baxter, and I telephoned
to our Treasurer. I had all of our
Executive Committee there, and if I
awakened in the night, it was heavy
on my mind. I felt very much relieved
after telegraphing Mr. Dadant, and got
these men there. I felt that I was
placing the burden on them, as well as
upon myself.

We went before the Governor that
day, and he had the Attorney General
and his private secretary. The Attor-
ney General read the laws to the Gov-
ernor, and the defects' in the bill were
pointed out,' and his private sec-
retary had taken down all those things,
and after the Governor had heard !hiim,
he said to the Attorney General: "Now,
these men must have that hill. They
have worked for it hard and long.
You must write them a bill that you
can get through."

There were only two weeks left then
for it to get through the House and
the Senate. Our Appropriation Bill
was then in the Senate for $2,500. and
wag being- held up in the Senate (on
the 3d reading), to await the decision

—6

of the Governor on the other, because
the Chairmen of hoth the Appropria-
tion Committees in the two Houses
were working together. They knew it
had been in the hands of the Attorney
General, and was being held there.
Then, of course, that had to be
amended, and new Bills offered for
both the Appropriation and the State
fund. The Governor said to the At-
torney General: "You take these men
in that room' and draft just the Bill
they want." The Attorney General
found out by that time he could do it.
We find, in comparing our Bill now
with that of the Horticultural Bill,
that, in the wording of the Bill for the
extermination of foul brood, it is
copied word for word on that of the
horticulturists, but the word "bee-
keeping" is used instead of "horticul-
ture."

I will conclude "hy saying, as I did
before, that we never will have any
more trouble in gettting a Bill for the
bee-keepers, unless there is an entire
change in the House of Representa-
tives and Senate, and that won't be
for a good many years — -not in the
lifetime of some of the men who are
members. It is all in the knowing that
enough people are interested, and want
a Bill, and they will get it.

Pres. York — You have all heard Mr.
Stone's report on our troubles in get-
ting laws passed by the State Legis-
lature. Are there any questions to be
asked?

C. P. Dadant — Mr. Sitone has given
the "trouble" part of it; I want to give
the "pleasurable" part of it. We
worked for a good many years, Mr.
Stone, especially. ^When we went be-
fore the Governor of Illinois, we
brought to him evidence that 20 odd
States had passed laws — ^Wisconsin,
Michigan, Missouri, Indiana, etc. We
showed him that in Europe, in Austria,
in Switzerland, and even in New
Zealand, laws were passed on the
same subject. Then when we wrote
to our friends of the different associa-
tions, we received a backing. This
Association appointed a committee of
twelve members. We got their unani-
mous support.<^I said, we must not
leave a stone unturned. I went to the
Eastern Illinois Association, and they
passed resolutions in favor of the law.

I want to tell you ithat there is
pleasure in this kind of work, when

82

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

you feel you have the entire world be-
hind you. One exception confirms the
rule.

Getting an Anti-Spraying Law.

Dr. Miller — What is the prospect of
an anti-spraying law?"

Mr. Stone — I can answer thait ques-
tion very quickly. You can't get it
through at all. I believe you^ were
present, Mr. Dadant, when that Bill
came before the Agricultural Commit-
tee. They heard what we had to say,
and the Chairman of the committee,
Senator Dunlap, was the same who
had helped before. The Bill asked to
prevent the spraying of fruit-trees
while in bloom. Senator Dunlap said
to the committee: "There is no use
of that Bill, because no well-informed
horticulturist will spray his fruit-trees
while they are in bloom." And I find
that is the case. Horticultural socie-
ties not only fail to advocate it, but
don't approve at all of anyone spray-
ing their trees while they are in
bloom. I would not want to offer a
Bill like that.

Dr. Miller — Mr Stone needs in-
formation; so does Senator Dunlap.
Senator Dunlap wrote to me that very
thing. I know better. Senator Dunlap
is not a well-informed man, if he
takes that view. I do know that my
bees go to a large cherry orchard,
where they spray when in bloom; the
man that owns that orchard is a good
man, in good standing, and one of the
officers of the Northern Illinois Horti-
cultural Society.

Mr. Stone— He certainly is not well-
informed.

Dr. Miller — But you and Mr. Dunlap
are not well-informed when you think
there are no such men.

Pardon me for taking your time,
but this is a law that is needed. These
men are well-informed about other
things, but they say, to "go through
a large orchard, we must commence a
little before the bloom has dropped, or
we will not get in on time." When
they get in that way, they poison my
bees. They are poisoned every year
that way, and I think the man who
does the poisoning is a man above the
average in intelligence, and certainly
up to the average in honesty of pur-
pose. I believe the man is sincere in
thinking he can't get along without it.

Mr. Dadant — I remember the cir-
cumstance Mr. Stone speaks of. I

wish to say that a great deal of the
trouble in not being able to secure an
anti- spraying law is that we had prac-
tically nothing to show. We knew of
some cases, but we didn't have as good
a backing as we did when we went fot
a Foul Brood Law, and the action of
other States and countries behind us.
In the case of foul brood, we had sam-
ples of foul broo'd and showed them
what it was. We had hundreds of
bee-keepers taking an interest, writing
to their representatives for the foul
brood law. When we get to that point
in this anti-spraying business we will
have little or no trouble iir securing the
passage of a law. You may have the
horticulturists to contend with. In
the case of getting the foul brood law
passed, our troubles was in having the
State Legislature act on sorhething
they didn't know about, while in this
case you have thobsands of horticul-
turists, and they argue as the Doctor
has just stated, that they would like
to begin a little before the ending of
the bloom or they will not get through
their orchard. They start a little early
so as tO' get through in time.

If we want to get action in this mat-
ter, we must get a great many cases
for evidence where actual damage has
been done tO' the bee-keepers. They
say "You tell Us a few instances, but
j'ou have no evidence." We have
orchards in our neighborhood, and I
have never suffered that I know of.
When we find that we have suffered,
and we can bring evidence to the legis-
lature — say get a hundred instances
where damage has been done — there
will then be no trouble to show the
horticulturists that they must change
their methods. Horticulturists should
not hurt bee-culture, and I don't think
we will have any trouble in getting a
law passed if it can be shown that it
is needed.

Mr. Stone — There 'iwill be some ex-
ceptions, because there is a difference
in the time of the bloom of the differ-
ent kinds of apples, and I don't believe
we can ever pass a law that will' pre-
vent men from spraying trees while in
bloom who have large orchards of
apples. We have the biggest orchard
of anybody in our immediate neighbor-
hood, and we have never had any diffi-
culty about spraying. You can't con-
vince a horticulturist that a law should
be passed to prevent the spraying of
trees when the trees' are in bloom —

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

83

because there is not enough evenness
in the blooming of the trees to allow
such a. law to be passed.

Dr. Miller — I would not like to have
it go out to the world that prominent
bee-keepets have stated here that
there is no law that will compel a man
to keep from doing a thing that is to
be an injury to himself. Senator Dun-
lap takes the ground that no intelli-
gent man will spray while the trees are
in bloom, and now w^e are told that
they must be sprayed, part of them,
while they are in bloom. I don't be-
lieve in such a doctrine as that, and
Mr. Stone is not going to cram it down
my throat. They can be kept from it.
If thej' need spraying part at one time
and part at another, that is their busi-
ness. I know there ought to be a
possibility of passing a law that will
keep a man from doing something that
will injure him and bee-keepers at the
same time. There is a law needed, be-
cause the horticulturists spray when
it is doing harm to themselves and to
the bees.

Mr. Huffman — I would like to ask
one question along that line. We have
a professor in Wisconsin who says you
must spray when the trees are in full
bloom. Our State Inspector of foul
brood even went so far this year, as to
get pollen gathered by the bees while
those trees Avere sprayed while in
bloom, and showed the poison in that
pollen that the bees had carried on
their legs, and could not then convince
him.

Dr. Miller and a lot of others say not
ta spray while the trees are in bloom
as it has a tendency to kill the fruit
and the bloom. If it will kill an insect
wh^'- won't it kill the bloom of that
flqwer? Undoubtedly it will. We
thought we had it under way until this
new man came in, but he has authority
and what are you going to do? These
professional men know more than men
with experience.

Pres. York — I don't know that this
convention can tell what to do with
that official. I would say, educate him.

Mr. Stone — We would have' to get
rid of Mr. Dunlap las chairman of tihat
Legislative Committee. He has an
orchard of 1,600 acres, and his influence
is world-wide.

Dr. Miller — I know that, but he does
not know yet.

Pres. York — Some one said Speaker
Shurtleff w^as a pupil of Dr. Miller's.

He might go down and teach Mr. Dun--
lap!

Dr. Miller — Mr. Shurtleff. said he
would do all he could on that spraying
law. Senator Dunlap is the man that
killed it, on the ground that there was
nothing of t)he kind needed, because
the horticulturists are so intelligent
they would not do a thing that is
against their interests! But I know
there is need of a law.

Pres. York — We will adjourn until
1:3'0 p. m. I wis'h you would take the
slips of paper with you and write on
them, during the noon hour, such ques-
tions as you may wish to ask. Dr.
Miller will not be with us tomorrow.
His talk on foul brood will come this
afternoon. If you have any questions
you want Ibim to answer, write them
now.

Dr. Miller — ^All right; I brought the
answers with me.

FIRST DAY— AFTERNOON SESSION,

At 1:30 p. m., Pres'. York called the'
convention to order.

Mr. Huffman — I move that we have
a Committee on Resolutions.
. The motion was seconded, put and
carried. The following were then ap-
pointed iby the President: H. M. Arnd,
L. C. Dadant, and Miss Weston.

Dr. Miller's Talk on Foul Brood.

Pres. York — Dr. Miller will have to
leave before 4 o'clock, so I think we
would 'better have his talk now. The
topic is, "More About My Foul Brood
Experience," or anything else that (he
may wish to talk on; but that is the
assigned topic, I believe.

Dr. Miller — ^I really don't know that
I have anything more to say about
foul brood than I have already said. If
j-ou have any questions. I will be glad
to answer them.

Mr. Huffman — This convention might
like to .hear you rehearse your ex-
periences.

Pres. York — Tell us about your foul
brood experience the past season.

Dr. Miller — In the past season there
were one or two tihlngs' that were a
little different from what they had
been before. One thing different was
that if I found a few cells of European
foul brood in a colony, I didn't feel sure
it would 'be cleaned up by the . bees
themselves. I am not sure that it wa^
in any case, but in previous years, it
there were only a very few cells, the

84

ELEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

bees cleaned it up themselves, generally.
This year they didn't do so. Whether
they would have done so if I waited
long-er, is a question. One difference,
perhaps, was in the season; tlhere was
so little honey com'ng in, and that
makes a difference about the bees'
treatment of the case themselves. I did
not have what I would call a bad
case. I treated, I think, in nearly
every case, by simply caging the queen
for ten days; if she was a good queen,
letting her free then, and if not a good
queen, I would replace her with another
queen. I think that I have learned
this about European foul brood, which
rather confirmed my experience of pre-
vious years, that European foul brood
is a harder thing to get entirely rid of
than American foul brood. The two
are quite different. If you get rid of
American foul brood, it is not, I think,
nearly so likely to come back as the
European; still, I am not in a position
to judge very well about that, because
of the disease being all about me, I can't
tell which oases come from anything
that has been previously in the hive,
and which have come from the outside.
I am handicapped in that respect. But,
take.it on the whole, I should say that
in spite of the fact that when it first
came into my neighborhood we were
told that European foul brood was
ten times as bad as the American — I
tJ'nink I would about two times rather
have European than American.

I don't believe I have anything very
particular to bring to you that will be
news to you, Vut that is the whole
thing in a nut shell.

Sec. Dadant — You used different
methods in treating them? Which ones
proved the most successful?

Dr. Miller — There is an important
question as to the difference of treat-
ment. With the American foul brood
of course there is only one thing to
do, and that is the McEvoy treatment —
the brushing on foundation.

In the first place, the first year I
treated, almost altogether by that
treatment — brusihing on foundation —
and there were cases that returned,
in the next year, perhaps almost as
much as they have since w?i€n treated
by the Alexander treatment, or the re-
queening or caging. It comes back
again after the foundation treatment.
Another thing about the foundation
treatment, it smashes things all to
pieces so bad, that you might as well

kill a wlhole lot of your colonies. I
think there were siix colonies treated
by the McEvoy treatment that deserted
their hives altogether, so that was a
dead loss. Then the'-e are many that
are so weak and so poorly that I would
rather go on with the other treatment
even if I knew it was coming back
more or less. I know I am condemned
for encouraging anything tihat careless
bee-keepers might make bad work
with, but when I know that I can save
the combs, I ought to be willing to
stand some discouragement and some
trouble instead of destroying them eri-
tirely. I don't know how many hun-
dred combs — do you know. Miss Wil-
son, about how many hundreds of
combs we boiled up?

Miss Wilson — I don't know how
many, but I know there were a great
many.

Dr. Miller — If I had it to do over
again, I don't think I would destroy a
comb. Now, pleas'e remember I am
talking about European foul brood, not
American. That is entirely another
story. '

There are some otiher reasons, per-
haps, why I would use that. As a rule,
if a case, is bad at all, your queen is
liurt by it. I don't say that a queen
has the foul brood; I don't think she
has, and I don't believe she would feed
it to another colony, but when she has
been in a foul-broody hive, and fed
by bees that have it, I believe toer vigor
is in some way impaired; we find the
queen is loggy, as you call it — in-
active.

A Member — I wbuld like to know
whether it is better or not, to re-queen.

Dr. Miller — That depends. If the
queen is good and vigorous, I Tvould
not kill her; if she is not, I would. If
the case is bad, it isi ibetter to kill her,
because she probably will do poor work
after-wards'.

C P. Dadant — If the colony is fairly
good, and the queen seems to be
healthy, your advice is to cage her for
a certain length of time?

Dr. Miller — Yes, ten days, or even a
shorter time. I don't know wlhat time
is best. I have caged some not more
than a week, and they came out all
right.

C. P. Dadant — What is your theory,
in regard to the way this works?

Dr. Miller — Lacking positive knowl-
edge, I have formed a theory that may
or may not be correct, but so far seems

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

Ky

to work fairly well. We all know that
when bees are starving they^ will eat
their larvae. If anything happens to
the larvae, suOhi as 'being cut through
, /with an uncapping knife, the bees will
^^^"^ suck out the juices and throw out the
skins. My theory _is that when a larva
dies fromi foul brood the bees will suck
"its juices the same as if it were killed
in any other way, but that they will
only do this while the juicesi lare still
fresh, and in their estimation fit for
food. "Very soon the dead larva be-
comes rotten, and the bees will not eat
it. They will not give the babies rotten
food. My point is that there is only
a short tirne, perhaps only a day or
two 'after the larvae dies from foul
brood that it is sweet enough to be"
eaten, and during that day or two of
time the bees suck up the diseased
juices' and feed them to the healthy
larvae in other cells. After that time
the larva is no longer fit to be eaten,
and so the bees will not carry disease
from it to healthy larvae. Now sup-
pose you stop all brood-rearing in a
hive, either by killing the queen or
caging her. Say the queen stops lay-
ing June 1, and the same or another
queen begins laying again a week
later, June S. The last larva will be
sealed over June 9, or eight days af-
ter the egg was laid, June 1. If the
queen begins laying June S, there will
be no fresh larvae to feed till three
days later, June 11. But at that time
there is nothing present from which
they can be infected, for all larvae from
the former laying were sealed two days
previously, June 9. So the new lot of
brood should remain free from! infec-
tion. To be sure, a larva may die
from the disease after it is sealed over,
but for some reason I think such seal-
ing will not be torn open until the
time is past when the beesi would suck
the juices of the dead larva or pupa.

Dr. Miller — They will carry them
out; you can see them carry them out.
The front of the hive is sometimes
- spotted with those black specks, and
if rain comes they swell up. You
will see them lying there very plainly.
I suppose they are all over the ground,'
and all around the apiary. They carry
them out and drop them. So many
times the question is asked, "How do
you diagnose a case of European foul
brood? What do you look for?"

The thing that we look for in our
locality, if you will allow that term, is

the yellow brood; that is the distin-
guishing thing, and you will see it at
a glance. In going over an apiary of
100 colonies, sometimes there is only
a single cell there; you will ask, how
can j'ou look so close as to see it in
a single cell? Supposing you had a
thousand sheep here; you would not
notice one from the rest; but if there
is a black sheep among them, you
would notice it without any trouble.
Just so it is with the yellow larvae —
they stick out and show so plainly
that if there is a single yellow larva
there you will see it. So it is a very
easy thing for you to look through
the hive and detect it.

A Member — Can you see it through
the wax?

Dr. Miller — You don't have many
sealed cells, but, by the way, I think
there are more sealed cells than is
generally supposed. I found there
were more sealed cells with European
foul brood than I had any idea of
when I dug into it. You will recognize
them very easily by that yellow
brood, if you are looking for European
foul brood. Mr. Dadant asked me
how we would distinguish European
foul brood from pickled brood. I
asked him, "Is the pickled brood yel-
low?" And he said. "Yes." Then I
don't know how you can distinguish
them, and it is for him to look out for
this, and tell us when he finds out.

Mr. Huffman— I would like to ask
Dr. Miller if he thinks this germ is
transmitted through the honey, from
European foul brood?

Dr. Miller — I think the honey has
very much less to do with the Euro-
pean than it has with the American.
I think, in 99 cases out of 100, you
may feed honey out of a European
foul-broody colony, and it Won't do a
bit of harm.

Mr. Huffman — It is not contagious?

Dr. Miller — Not in that way.

Mr. Huffman— You think it is not so
with the American?

Dr. Miller — It is very different from
the American in that respect. Please
understand this: The disease may be
fed by the bacilli, which are simply
little plants; or may be fed by the
spores, which are the see^s. When
you talk about the hive being disin-
fected, there may be spores all over
the hive. They may be covered over
the front of the entrance, but the bees
are not going to pick those things up

'HI

86

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

and feed them to the babies; so I
don't think there is any special danger
from them. I know, especially in
England, they will insist that the hive
ought to be disinfected. Suppose I go
to disinfecting my hives — I can't dis-
infect the ground. If the bees pick
up the spore in the hive, or on the
w^U of the hive, and feed it to the
larvae, why would they not pick it up
a; rod or two rods away from the
hiv'es? I would have to disinfect my
whole field for rods and rods around.

= Mr. Stone — That on the ground, is it
not worthless?

Dr. Miller — Yes, it is worthless. I
am talking of the dead, dried up stuff,
not: of the fresh.

Mr. Stone — It is not fresh while be-
ing carried out?

Dr. Miller — No, there is not much
carried out until it is dry; that is
the difference, remember, between the
American and the European. The
American dries down like glue, on the
cell, and you can't get it away, but the
European dries down in a scale, and
they can break that loose and carry
it out.

Mr. Stone — Then it is beyond the
stage when they would have fed it to
their^rood ?

DrC Miller — Sure.

llr. ^tone — And therefore they would
not gather it from the ground?

Dr. Miller — No; and yet there might
be one case in a thousand where acci-
dentally they would get a bit of that
spore and get it amongst the food. You
clean out your field of weeds and you
think you have it all cleaned, and yet
there may be some seeds scattered
around, and the weeds would sprout up
again, and so is it here.

Pres. York — Here is another question
on this subject. Dr. Miller: "Is a bee-
keeper benefited directly or indirectly
by foul-brood laws?"

Dr. Miller — If there had been a foul
brood law when I first knew something
about foul brood, in my vicinity, we
would have had all the colonies looked
after, and had them cleaned up, and I
would not have had so much trouble
with it. Let me tell you one of the
reasons why I had as much trouble as
I had, and that brings in the spraying
business. When I first had foul brood
, — I think it was a year or two before
I knew I had it the first time. The
first I knew of it, I thought the brood
was killed by the spraying, and I kept

letting it go on that ground. I knew
the spraying was being done, and I
knew the brood was being killed, and
all that, and I. supposed that was the
trouble. Here is another benefit of the
foul brood law: Suppose you have the
disease all around you, you may clean
up all you please in your own apiary,
and if it is all about you, you can get
it again; but if you have the right
kind of a foul brood law, you can keep
your apiary cleaned up and make your
neighbor keep his clean. That is
where the help would be in having the
right kind of a law.

Dr. Peiro — ^Will you allow me to sug-
gest something, not about foul brood?
There is some trouble that I have had
and I would like to know what it is.
As Mr. York knows, I have kept" bees
for fifteen or twenty years, and I have
never had any trouble with them be-
fore. I have always had a good honey
harvest, but last spring something
happened, and I don't know what the
cause was. I had them all well packed
with dry leaves in the fall, and they
came out fine and strong. I took away
the protection of leaves, along about
the middle of April. I had some honey,
and I wanted to feed them, and the
first thing I knew the bees began to
dwindle, and there were not as many
as when I opened them up the first
time. I thought it would right itself,
and the first thing I knew there were
hardly any bees there, but a great
luscious crop of worms, and the bees
were gone! The question in my mind
is. What caused this? It was not foul
brood, I am certain. There was no
odor about tit at all. The bees seemed
to be brighi and active, but there is a
question whether I may not have en-
couraged robbing, and they got in
there, maybe, and robbed the hives,
and in that way my bees went down
and the moths came in; but still I
have treated my bees in the same way
before, and I have never had any
trouble.

Dr. Miller — How many colonies were
affected that way?

Dr. Peiro — Two.

Dr. Miller — It might have been rob-
bing. It is just possible that both of
them were queenless.

Dr. Peiro — No, sir; they were not
queenless. I saw the queens.

Mr. Stone — Did you see whether they
had any stores left?

Dr. Peiro — Plenty.

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

87

C. P. Dadant — ^When did you see the
stores in the hive?

Dr. Peiro — Quite late In the spring.

Mr. Dadant — When did you find
them full Of moths?

Dr. Peiro^ — The latter part of April.

Mr. Dadant — I won't explain that,
then.

Mr. Kannenberg- — The bees got dis-
gusted; probably they had moths in
the fall already.

Dr. Miller — There is just one rule
you may get from this: Make up your
mind that there will always be some
things that you won't know about bees,
and some things that you will not be
able to explain.

Pres. York — Then you will have to
ask Dr. Miller!

Single Tier or Double Tier Shipping-
Case.

Pres. York — Which is better, a single
tier or double-tier shipping-case? How
many are in favor of the single-tier
shipping- cases? (2) How many are in
favor of the double-tier? (2) Why do
you prefer the single-tier?

Dr. Miller — I would like very much
to know which the dealers prefer. I
asked that to know whether they, as
dealers, find that there is a preference
one way or the other.

Pres. York — Does it make any differ-
ence, Mr. Arnd?

Mr. Arnd — I think I would prefer the
single-tier. If the double-tier hap-
pened to leak above, it would be apt
to daub up the sections below.

Dr. Miller — But suppose you have
between the two tiers the corrugated
card-board — that won't allow any such
condition to exist.

Mr. Burnett — We have had more
double-tier cases- this year than usual,
owing to the fact that there was very
little local honey produced here. We
have had the Western honey, and this
year there is quite a percentage in fa-
vor of the double-tier case. It is a
package that the freight-handlers seem
to hapdle better; that is the most
essential thing. You ta.ke a single-tier
case, the stevedores stoop down just
about so far, and they let it drop, and
the next goes on a little easier; but
with the double-tier case they get pretty
nearly down to the ground before they
let go, and we have less trouble with
the double-tier than with the single-tier.
Since the introduction of the corru-
gated card-(board we find the double-
tier case is almost equal to the single-

tier as to leakage. The corrugated pa-
per should be on the top as well as on
the bottom. Lots of times the case
gets turned upside down, and you can't
tell which is the bottom and which is
the top. If the card-board is on top, it
makes very little difference which side
of the case is up, the bottom or the
top, and sometimes w-e think it is an
advantage to have them reversed. A
narrower glass maj- be used on the
double-tier case; there is glass enough
to show up well when set on an ordi-
nary counter for sale; it shows up
better, and it is liked better for that
reason. It seems to take up less space
on the counter than a single-tier, and
that is something to be considered. I
don't know but there are other rea-
sons.
Pres. York — ^Is there any difference
"^in the price of honey in a double or a
single tier?

Mr. Burnett — Not if the quality of
the honey is the same, only people will
take the double-tier in preference.

Mr. Huffman — Is it not a fact that
the freight rate is less on the double-
tier than on the single? I understand
it to be quite a little less on the
double-tier.

Dr. Miller — The single-tier case is a
more expensive affair than the double-
tier. And that counts always. It costs
less for a 24-section double-tier case
than 24-section single-tier.

Mr. Stone — I would rather have the
opinion of one Mr. Burnett than of a
dozen of men that just ship their own
honey, therefore I am going to change
my vote from single-tier to double-tier.
Dr. Miller — Mr. Burnett has given
one reason I never knew before, and I
can very easily believe it. With a
double-tier case, j'ou don't have to
reach so far down as w'ith a single,
and in letting it down you come closer
to the floor; but take a single -tier, and
the freight handlers will often let it
down with a drop. When you put doWn
a double-tier case you get down so far
and let go, and with a single-tier you
have to get down that much farther,
and instead of getting down, you let
go of it, and it goes itself.

C. P. Dadant — I was in Denver, and
had a talk with Mr. Rauchfuss, man-
ager of the Colorado Honey-Producers'
Association. Out there they produce
honey much more in car-lots than we
do, and he shrugged his shoulders at
the idea of anybody doubting that the
double-tier case was the better. One

88

ELEVENTH! ANNUAL REPORT OP THE

of the points he made is the fact that
some people have no idea that the
combs in the case are brittle, and if a
man steps on the case it will cause the
combs to crack. I could see that Mr.
Rauchfuss was positive on the matter
of the double-tier case being superior.
We in the East have not tried the
double-tier cases to any great extent.
Most of the cases sold in the East are
single. Mr. Burnett says that on ac-
count of a great deal of honey coming
from the West, and but little in this
neighborhood, they handled more of
the double-tier this year. I believe the
tendency is going to be for the double-
tier.

Dr. Miller — Mr. Dadant is speaking
of the present; if you go back some
years, I think you will find the double-
tier cases were used in plenty, more
plentiful than the ■ single-tier. For
years I .used the double-tier. I think
I shipped a good many double-tier to
Mr. Burnett, when he was not as white
as he is now.

Pres. York — He is a "white man,"
anyhow!

Dr. Miller — I have handled a great
many single-tier and double-tier cases.
You will find this difference: Take a
24-section <^ase and lift it. and you
have a feeling that it is not solid;
^he double-tier case is solid; it is a
stronger case than the single-tier.

Width of Glass in Shipping-Cases.

Pres. York — How many prefer 3-inch
glass in shipping-cases? Raise your
hands. (4.) How many prefer 2-inch
glass in shipping-cases? (None at all.)
Is there any reason you wish to give
for prefelHiun^ the 3-inch?

Dr. Miller — These questions are of
quite a little importance, if, as seems
to be the case now, there is a tendency
towards settling upon a standard ship-
ping-case. There has been something
said about that lately, that we ought
to settle down upon a standard ship-
ping-case, and all use the same kind.
If that is true, then it is important to
know what is the best for a standard
shipping-case, the single-tier or the
double-tier; how many sections in a
case, and then that question comes in,
which shall we have, the wide glass or
the narrow glass? I supposed for a
great many years that every one be-
lieved that the wider glass is better
for looks, and that the narrower glass
makes a stronger case. If we are work-

ing for strength, the less glass we
have the better. If we are working
for looks, then the more glass the
better, so long as we expose only the
best surface. Take the edge of a sec-
tion, the top and the bottom, those
unfinished, unfilled cells, we want
them covered up and when we have
.done that, the more glass we have the
better. I suppose we all agree upon
that; but lately I see those that say
the narrower glass looks better. I
don't understand it myself. To me the
wide glass looks better. Mr. Burnett,
which do you think looks the better?

Mr. Burnett — The wide glass looks
the better. A great many people don't
buy more than one case of honey at a
time, and set it on the counter for sale.
If it is the double-tier, it takes up
less space, and gets the honey up where
it can be seen, and it is out of the way,
and the narrower glass then answers
better than it would on a single case,
where it is difficult to see it. I think
it was yesterday that Mr. Baldridge
and I measured some of the glasses in
the warehouse, and we found very few
that had more than a 2-inch exposure
of glass. The grooves seemed to be
deeper in some cases than others. A
2-inch exposure is, in my judgment,
quite suflficient; that would have to be
214 or 3-inch glass, according to the
depth of the groove. It is not neces-
sary, as a rule, to mention how
extracted honey is put up; in buying
it in quantities they expect it to be
in cans. AVe did get a couple of bar-
rels in from Wisconsin, but it almost
brought us back to the time "before
the flood period," to think about it.
You seldom see it now. By the way,
too, that double-tier case was more
generally used in Wisconsin twenty
years ago than any other case; in the
East I think they use the single-tier
cases more.

Dr. Miller — Ther« is a point there
Mr. Burnett touched upon only inci-
dentally, in comparing the double-tier
with the single-tier. Suppose you have
the same width of glass in both the
double-tier and the single-tier; you
have a narrow strip in the middle of
the single-tier, so when it is piled up,
there is a larger proportion of exposed
surface shown in the double-tier case
than in the single-tier case.

Mr. Burnett^My neighbor behind me
says with the double-tier there is dan-
ger of drip from the upper tier. Well,

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

89

the paper and card-board have obviat-
ed that now. Of course, if it were very
badly broken it would seep down
through, but so it does in the single -
tier cases. With the Western honeys,
in a drier climate, if the comb gets
broken out of the frame, it is not as
liable to leak as it is in Illinois, Wis-
consin or in the Mississippi Valley ter-
ritory, where the honey seems to be
thinner and has a tendency to leak out
more, that is, if the comb gets broken.
That is a point, of course, we have to
consider, whether it is enough of an
argument against it. is a question, but
in my judgment it is not. I know that
in this territory the honey is not so
thick as it is from Colorado and Utah,
in the comb.

Mr. Stone — There is one advantage
in the narrow glass, even in double-
tier cases. It shows less of the space
between the. honey and the upright
parts of the section. The more you
narrow that down, the less of that you
show in proportion to the surface.

I want to speak of the shipping-case
that was displayed at our State Fair
this year at Springfield. It was a
double-tier shipping case, and inside
of the glass was a paper with circles
cut out that would just show^ the cen-
iter of the single sections; it seems to
Tti.e:that would be a nice way to show
our honey. The circle was, I should
judge, about 2 inches in diameter, that
just showed the center of the sections;
they showed no wood at all.

Mr. Burnett — We have had some of
them; it is objectionable.

Dr. Miller — Does not show enough?

Mr. Burnett — It is kind of a peep-
hole. People don't like it; they think
W'here you show it on the square it is
better; but speaking of 2-inch gMss,
that means but a 1%-inch exposure.
That would not do at all. '

Oldest Bee- Keeper.

Dr. Miller — Who is the oldest bee-
keeper present, that is, w^ho has kept
bees the longest?

Mr. Stone — I think Dr. Miller is.

Pres. York — How many years. Dr.
Miller?

Dr. Miller — I began in 1861.

Mr. Steubing — I was eight years old
when I commenced the first time. I
am seventy-three years now.

Pres. York — Sixty -five years!

Dr. Miller — Where was that?

Mr. Steubing — In Europe. When I

came over here I bought bees four
weeks afterw^ards, from Mr. Wiheeler.

Mr. Arnd — How long has '^r. Bald-
ridge kept bees? ;

Mr. Baldridge — I don't know when I
did commence. I have used the Langs-
troth hive since 1858, and I kept bees
prior to that. What year I commenced,
I don't know.

Pres. York — Is there any one here
who wishes to claim he has been longer
in the business?

Dr. Miller — When I commenced keep-
ing bees, Mr. Baldiridge was one of the
men I looked up to as one of the lead-
ers on bee-keeping then; I didn't know
anythmg about it.

Pres. York — That would make you
pretty near 100 years old, Mr. Bald-
ridge!

Mr. Baldridge — I was seventy-three
last Saturday. '

Heat Produced by Drones.

"Is the heat produced by drones
worth taking into consideration in
allowing them to be reared ?"

C. P. Dadant — I asked that question,
and would likeVo have it answered.
Here is the point: In Europe there are
many bee-keepers w'ho have different
ideas than we have in this country,
and there has been discussion as to
the advisabilitj' of preventing the ex-
cessive rearing of drones.

Is it advisable to do away with, the
largest amount of drone-comb and
replace it with worker-comb, : or
should we take it as a fact that bees
rear drones and that drones are use-
ful — that they keep the brood warm,
at swarming time, especially? I have
taken the side that the drones are
usually too numerous, and that it costs '
more to rear them than it is w^orth,
and when they do produce heat it is
at a time when there is very little
needed.

Dr. Miller — The question would be,
How much more heat will a pound of
drones produce than a pound of work-
ers?

C. P. Dadant — No, not exactlj-. I ob-
ject. They say, and they are right in
saying, that where we prevent the bees
from rearing a pound of drones they
may not rear a pound of w^orkers. The
queen, as you know, at times seeks for
drone-cells. If there are no drone-
cells, will she lay worker-eggs? There-
fore the question as put by the Doctor
is not quite what it should be.

90

i ■■■

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OP THE

Dr. Miller — It is so nearly so that it
is hardly worth while to consider the
difference. What is the space in the
hive that may be occupied either with
drone-comb or with worker-com'b?
If it is occupied with drone-comb,
drones will be raised there; if occupied
by worker-comb, there will be workers
there. The amount of heat prod'uced
certainly would be very little more
with the drones than with workers, and
you have those workers to help to
make more, and the drones are just
hindering your getting- so many more
heat-producers. I have seen the argu-
ments, and from men apparently of
good sense, that hold to the view that
drones are heat-producers and are
worth while, but I can't really make up
my mind that the amount of h«at
from drones reared is enough more to
pay for the difference; and then, as
. Mr. Dadant suggested, the time when
we heed heat, there are no drones
there. If the bees rear drones to gain
heat, why don't they rear them in the
spring, when they want them, and not
in the summer time, when it is so hot
that the bees have to stay out to get
cool? Then is the time when they rear
the drones. It is a good deal like the
darkey said about the moon. "The
moon is ever so much better than the
sun; the moon shines at night, when
it is dark, and the sun shines in the
day time, when it is light." You get
your drones when you don't want the
heat.

. Miss Wilson — If you want to prevent
swarming, destroy the drone-brood,
and that will help a great deal to pre-
vent swarming.

Mr. Huffman — ^We as bee-keepers, as
I understand it, consider the drone a
consumer and not a producer. Won't
they consume more than enough honey
to offset the heat they produce? If we
can get workers, we have just what
we want, even if we don't get so many.

Mr. Stone — I have always looked at
it just as Dr. Miller said — in the spring
of the year, when they need heat in
the hives the most, there are no drones,
and you will always find when the bees
are hanging around outside on ac-
count of the heat in the hives, that is
the time of the year when the drones
are very abundant and not needed, and
that is the time I put out my trap and
destroy' them.

Dr. Miller — I think it would be worth
while to answer Mr. Dadant. What is

the view amongst American bee-
keepers here? Do- you think there is
enough advantage gained from the heat,
produced bj^ drones to make it worth
while to rear drones for that purpose?

Mr. Dadant — To allow the natural
quantity to be reared?

Dr. Miller — Does the heat that they
produce, pay? If you let the bees
alone they will rear more drones than
they will if you try to suppress them.
Will those extra drones, if the bees are
left to theimselves, pay their keep by
the extra heat they produce, that
would not be produced if you didti't
hsive them?

Mr. Dadant — Wilt it pay for us to
remove as much as posisible the drone -
comb and' replace it with worker-
comb, and avoid it asi much as possible
in such hives as w© do not care to
breed! fromi, and encourage it in col-
onies we do care to' breed from; or
should we consider that the drones
are needed; and that it Is a mistake
to change the purpose of the colony,
and go against nature?

The most practical way, I think,
is to replace the dtone-comb with
worker-comb. I think that drone-
traps are injurious; they are annoying
to the bees. The most practical way
is to remove as much as possible of
the drone-comb and; replace it with
worker. Is it advisable to allow
nature to follow its course in rearing
drones, or should we suppress them?

Pres'. York — How many think it is
better to let nature take itsi own
course? None. How many think you
had better interfere? (20O

Mr. Steubing — Put some new comb
in there, and you will' not have too
many drones. I think it is a good
thing to destroy the old drone-comb
and put new foundation in.

Ready Sale of Honey.

"What kinds of honey find the read-
iest sale in and about Chicago?"

Mr. Fraince — Clover, bass wood; etc.

Dr. Miller — Alfalfa.

Mr. Burnett — White clover, I think,
has quite a percentage over every
other.

Dr. Miller — What next?

Mr. Burnett — BasswoodL

Pres. York — Ahead of alfalfa?

Mr. Burnett — Yes.

C. P. Dadanit — Pure basswood, un-
mixed?

Mr. Burnett — There is a call for
basswood honey. I don't know about

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

91

that. You are talking now about what
is the preponderance of inquiry.

Pres. York — A question close by that
is, "What variety of honey comes the
nearest to being the pure sweet, with-
out any flavor? What hon-ey hasi the
mildest flavor?"

Dr. Miller — I asked that question,
and for this- reason: There are some,
and there ought to be more, whO' use
honey in swieetening their food' or
their drinlcs. I believe it is a healthy
thing to do. For my own, taste, honey
of a strong flavor won't do for. that;- it
wants tO' come the nearest to having
no flavor. What is the mildest flavor?

Mr. Stone — Alfalfa.

Mr. Burnett — The- one answering
that, alfalfa, does he produce alfalfa
honey ?

Mr. Stone — By proxy.

Mr. Burnett — So long as you know it
is alfalfa. Of course I could answer
the question, but as a fact it is only
hearsay or representation with me. I
can tell where the honeys come from
that have the least honey character-
istic about them, as they tell me. I
know where those honeys come from,
but what they are produced from I
don't know, only sls, it is represented to
me to be from sweet clover; sometimes
alfalfa, but even sweet clover and al-
falfa differ very much in appearance
and in taste. It depends upon what
part of the United States it was pro-
duced in — the locality, and even in lo-
calities not very far apart; the taste
varies, so it is very difficult to answer
that question, yes or no.

Mr. Stone — Do you know that will
be the case unless you -mix it?

Mr. Burnett — It ig only represented
to me, I don't know from personal ex-
perience. They tell me that honeys
produced in the Salt River "Valley and
in other valleys not far from there are
very different, and yet produced from
alfalfa.

Mr. Huffman — I would like to ask
Mr. Burnett if it is not the soil where
it is raised that has to do with it?

Mr. Burnett — I think, perhaps, it is,
but it is only a "think". I don't know.

Mr. Stone — I got my first authority
on alfalfa honey from a man who lived
in the state of Utah, and he had the
honey and said it was the only honey
that was produced there In any quan-
tity. ■ I was showing him some of the
honey that I 'had when he was at the
Fair. I askedi him if he could tell

what kind it was. He sampled my al-
falfa honey and said, "That is good
alfalfa", and it was pure enough white
so that I got the tolue ribbon on the
candied alfalfa honey, and the judge
claimed to know alfalfa honey when
he tasted it. I think Mr. York knows
the taste of alfalfa honey.

Dr. iMller^ — This is important r w-e
have to spend a little time on it. If
you want honey without any flavor at
all, the nearest you can to having a
sweet without any flavor, why not take
sugar?

Pres. York — ^It would not be honey.

Mr. Stone — Sugar is often adulter-
ated.

Dr. Miller — Why not take sugar In
place of honey? Why do I want the
honey at all? Because I know that
nine out of ten persons hurt them-
selves by using more sugar than they
ought to. Eighty pounds to every
man, woman and dhild in the United
States is consumed annually, and you
hurt yourselves by consuming too
much sugar. If you have honey you
don't hurt yourselves. It is wholesome
to use the honey. I want it for a sweet
because of this wholesomeness and I
use it in my coffee in pla.ce of sugar.
Let me come down to putting it more
concretely: For' several years, and I
am almost ashamed to say it because

I am a prodticer of clover honey. I
have 'bought alfalfa honey to drink.
I have bought that that had very little
flavor in tihe drink, and it tasted very
little different from using sugar. Last
year Mr. York told me that there was
a special *brand of honey that was the
best alfalfa honey he had ever tasted
and I got some of it and I could not
use it — it was so disagreeable in the
drink. He took, it for flavor. He liked
the alfalfa flavor. From his stand-
point he was right, but from my stand-
point I didn't want it. This year I
got some and some of my folks, Miss
Wilson here, says "That is a very In-
fei'ior article, nothing like as good as
you had last year." I say it is a great
deal ibetter, not so much of the alfalfa
flavor but what I can drink that.

You can have a different flavor in
the same kind of honey and a different
color. And it is of some consequence
to know what is the mild honey that
can be produced' for drink

Mr. Burnett — Your answer to that
would 'be "locality". Dr. Miller.

Dr. Miller — The climate makes a

92

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OP THE

difference — the colder the country the
lighter color it is; elevation makes a
difference; soil makes a difference.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

The election of omcers was then held
and resulted as follows: President,
George W. York, of Chicago; Vice
President, Jacob Huffman, of Monroe,
Wis.; Secretary Treasurer, Louis C.
Dadant, of Hamilton, 111.

ELECTION OF A DELEGATE TO
THE NATIONAL MEETING.

Mr. Stone — We have to elect dele-
gates to Vme National Association
under the new constitution. This is
the last meeting the Chicago North-
western will have before delegates are
sent to the National.

Presi York — This question as to
whether or not there will 'he a meet-
ing of the National next year cannot
be known at this meeting, there might
be some objection to electing a dele-
gate with the understanding that he
could serve after t'he first of January.
This association has the right to elect
a delegate any time they wish, and to
instruct him to serve at certain times.
I would rule that way. If you wish
to elect a delegate I see no harm in it.

Mr. Huffman — I think your remarks,
Mr. President, are all proper in regard
to the time. Of course, if we convene
usually about this time of the year
next December, we would have until
the following February for the annual
meeting. But, of course, as Mr. Stone
says, you can elect now if you see fit.
But it is a little far in advance I would
think.

Pres. York — I am not authorized to
announce there will ^be no meeting of
tibe National in 1912, but I thought
the time would be too short to get
enough delegates to hold a convention
in February, 1912, so there was some
talk about having the next National
convention a year from next February.

C. P. Dadant-^What is to hinder us
from electing a delegate in case there
should be a meeting, which delegate
will not serve if there is no meeting,
and we can very well elect another
if necessary, and then, in case there
should be a meeting this Association
will be represented.

Pres. York — It is "up to" the con-
vention, if you wis'hi, you can elect a

delegate and instruct him in case the
meeting is held to represent this As-
sociation.

Mr. Stone — The directors will all (be
new and they can direct the meeting
just as well for the year coming as
they could if a lot of delegates in-
structed them. The delegates are only
supposed to go and elect officers to
the National, and at the same time
direct them. The directors can, I am
sure, do all right without them. The
point I wish to bring forward is: What
is the use of a delegate at the meeting
when there are no directors to be
elected? The directors that are
elected to go into office the first of
January will hold for the year. There
are no new directors to be elected, and
that being the duties of the delegate,
the delegate would have no office to
perform in that line so a delegate
would not be needed.

Pres. York — Of course there are
other interests to pass upon besides
the election of officers, there might
some important questions come up.
Tihey could not elect officers again next
year, of course, but there might be
some very important questions that
would come up at the meeting that
you oug-ht to have delegates there to
represent you, besides the election of
officers. It might be well to select
some one as delegate. I want to do
what you want to do. I simply said
what I did for information. If you
wish a delegate now is the time Avhile
the question is up, to elect one.

Mr. France — In order to shorten
matters, I suggest that the Secretary
of this Association toe considered as a
delegate to represent this convention
in case it is needed, Mr. Louis C.
Dadant.

•Pres. York — Mr. France suggests
that the Secretary of this Association
act as a delegate in case one is needed.

Mr. Kannenberg — I move that we
elect Mr. Louis C. Dadant as our rep-
resentative to the National, to repre-
sent this Association in 1912.

The motion was seconded, put and
carried.

Honey Receptacles.

"Would brass or copper do for a
honey receptacle?"

C. P. Dadant — If it were tinned
copper it would be all right; if brass
or copper, I don't believe it would do.

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

93

Mr. Huffman — Would copper do
alone?

Mr. Dadant — I believe it would do,
for a short time, but not for very long
time.

"What effect, if any, does galvanized
metal have upon honey?"

Pres. York — How many thinki it does
have any effect on the. honey? (One.)

How many don't khow? (All hands
raised.)

Mr. Stone— ^Tiy should it? Is not
thie galvanizing on iron, tin?

Mr. Dadant — It is zinc.

Mr. Huffman — I would like to hear
from Mr. France, he is the only one
who raised his hand.

Mr. France — I find with a new gal-
vanized iron tank, after the honey has
been in it for quite a time, it is dis-
colored considerably. There is a
chemical action there. In having the
honey in a galvanized-iron tank for a
short time, I can't see that there is
any particle of change, but at the same
time there must be some change the
longer the -tank is used the more dis-
colored the inside of that tank will be.

Mr. Dadant — In those matters, I
think we should go very s'lowly, be-
cause we* don't know. The chemists
can tell us a great many things we are
not informed about. To give you an
illustration of the danger of some
things we don't know about: When I
built my homie, I put in tanks in the
attic. Everybody who had' any ex-
experience said, "Use lead"; I used
lead. A young fellow from France,
who ihad no experience in things prac-
tical, but who had' read books, said:
"Lead' is dangerous." We went into
the attic together and picked up some
white matter from the side of the tank.
He said: "That wili poison your water."
Nobodiy knew anything about that. He
said there was enough mineral in the
water of the well to act upon that lead
and make it poisonous-. I say in these
matters we ought to be very careful
in decidiing for or against a thing. In
this particular m'atter under discussion,
I believe we ought to stick to tin, or
tinned copper.

Mr. Stone — We are all led to believe
that tin is' all right. If the honey dis-
colors the galvanized iron, it will dis-
color th-e tin, too, until you wash it
off; and! still' we say honey won't cor-
rode tin. It turnsi it black, but just as
soon as! you put water in it it will wash
off. But something has taken place,

some chemical action. I want to know
if there is anything we can put honey
in that will not turn.

Mr. Dadant — I believe this black of
which Mr. Stone complains i& formed
only at the cut edgie. I have had honey
in tin for three years, without taking
it out, andi when it came out, the tin
was just as' bright. Two weeks' of
sugar syrup in a tin can will do it
more damage than honey in it for two
yearsi.

Mr. Stone — Sugar syrup has aM kinds
of acidi in it. That is the reason Dr.
Miller complains about sugar; there is
so much acidi in it, it is poisonous.

Dr. Miller — It is because sugar must
be changed from cane-sugar into grape-
sugar. I didn't give expression to this,
and I don't like to now, but I have a
very definite remembrance of hearing
some one whom I considered good
authority at the tim«, say that it wa?
unsafe to put honey in galvanized iron
except for a very short time. I would
considter it dangerous, andi yet I can't
quote the authority.

Pres."* York — Are not the honey-
extractors made of galvanized metal?

Dr. Miller — Yes, very common, and
it is considered' all right to use them,
but riot for an extended period of
time; for tanks, that is all right.

Mr. Prance-*-These galvanized stor- "^
age tanks — those who have used them
will remember that they are well
soldered at all' seams. The discoloring
comes of the honey in contact with
the iron. Unfortunately som-e of the
honey-extractors' have been sent out
with, black iron faucet; it will turn
the honey as black as ink.

^European Foul Brood.

"When and where was European
Foul Brood ddscovered ?"

Dr. Miller — The first we heard much
said about it in this country was in
New York State, in the western part of
the State.

Pres. York — What year was that?

Dr. iM'lter — I can't say.

Pres. York — I think it was about
1900. Between 1855 and 1900, I should
say. I remember getting a letter from
Capt. Hetherington, and he wrote that
unless the bee-keepers were very care-
ful, black brood would wipe out the
whote bee-keeping industry. Capt.
Hetherington died a few years ago.
He was one of the largest bee-keepers
in the State of New York.

94

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Pres. York — Mr. H. M. Arnd is to
talk on "W;hat I Find to be the Best
Drawing Card in Sel'Iing Honey to the
Chicago Retail Tradie."

Mr. Arnd— That is a pretty hard
question. I have not written any pa-
per. I don't know what is meant by
"drawing card," whether it is to the
private family or to the grocery trade.
I suppose fromi that they mean the
grocery trade.

The best drawing card in the gro-
cery trade is attractive signs, occa-
sional exihibition of bees, and giving
samples of honey. I think that one of
the greatest drawing cards you have
in the city here is on Satur-
days', when the streets are crowded,
•especially in some of the stores that
are in the outskirts, on some prominent
. corner, to have an exhibition hive and'
.' M the same tim^e give every one that
comes along a little taste of the honey.
• Of- course, in ordter to sell much honey
to the retail trade, you have to edu-
;eatte the- people first as to the value of
honeT- A dodger telling of the honey is
good, and when you give them a sam-
ple of honey, this is very often an ad-
vertisement.

Mr. York, for a number of years, had
his honey demonstrated at the Fair de-
partment store. I think he spent
many dollars having a woman that
did nothing else. She would give every
one that passed a little cracker with
some honey on it, and of course, if the
honey is very good, they will come
again and want to buy. I don't know
of any better drawing card' than to get
the public to have confidence in your
goods. Make them believe, and make
them know, that your goods are the
best thej- can get.

Nothing will sell honey for you more
than one person telling another person
about your honey. You can talk to a
person as miuch as you w^ant, "blow
your own horn," as the saying is, but
when a friend comes' to a friend and
says, "If you want good honey, you get
it from Mr. York, or from Mr. Burnett,
or from Mr. Arnd, whoever it is. To
get such a recommendation from some
one who is not interested in your work,
that is what counts. I don't know that
there is anything else I can say on this
subject. It is a broad subject, but is
open for discussion.

Pres. York — What methods have you
found to be the most successful?

Mr. Arnd — The most successful way

I have found is> to get an old customer
and keep after him. I tell you, to work
for a retail trade in a city like Chi-
cago, you must get good, fancy prices;
and in order to dO' it, you must keep
everlastingly at it.

Mr. York — Mr. Bull has had some
experience outside of Chicago in the
retail trade; we would like to hear
from him.

Mr. Bull — Selling to groceries?

Pres. York — You might tell us of
your house-to-house experience.

Mr. Bull' — I sell from house to house.
The way I sell mostly is to take a
sample can of honey and give away
samples, and, while doing this, talk to
the peoiple to whom I give them. A
sample can is a drawing card for me.
I take a ten-pound can and call for a
spoon, and dip it into the sample. I
show them the largest size can, and
get an order for that if I can. If I
cannot, I sell thern a smaller one. Say
nothing about the smaller, until you
see if you can sell the larger. I sell
one pound of corrnb honey to twenty
of extracted.

Pres. York' — What prices do you re-
tail at?

Mr. Bull — Ten pounds, $1.60; five
pounds, 90' cents; twO' pounds, 40 cents.
The five-pound pail sells the most
readily. I sell a number of ten-pound
pails; two-pounds don't sell very fast
because I don't push them. I use all
tin— friction-top, tin cans; the five
and ten-pound pails have the wire han-
dle.

Mr. Huffman — Do you label your
cans ?

Mr. Bull — Yes. I will show you the
label right here (exhibits it). I put
these on five and ten-pound cans; on
the two, it is a little too high, so I
trim it off.

Pres. York — Mr. Bull has a very
fancy label. It does not go all the way
around the can.

Mr. Arnd — That will go very nicely
in the country where people allow j'^ou
to come into the house, but it would
not do in the city of Chicago. At the
places where they can afford to buy
honey, you will see the butler or the ,
servant girl; and' the butler, some-
times you will think, owns the house,
from the way he acts; you can't touch
him- with a ten-foot pole!

Mr. Bull-'-You don't have to go to
that class of people to sell honey. It
is the working man, the man who
\

\

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

95

works for wages, he is the man that
buys the tooney, every time.

Mr. Dadant — The great question is,
the difference between comb and ex-
tracted. Extracted honey is- the honey
for the masses. We have made a
specialty of extracted honey for many
years. We found that, where we sell
in quantities, the average working
man cannot afford to pay the prices re-
quired for comb honey; $1.60 is a very
good price for ten pounds of extracted
honey, but a small price for comb
honey. That is why you can reach the
masses with extracted honey when you
cannot with comb honey. I must ac-
knowledge that I have learned some-
thing todiay, and I thought I knew quite
a good deal about selling honey. I
have never tried to give away sam-
ples-. That thought never occurred to
me. I believe fromi the suggestions
given, and the facts in the case, that it
would be a good thing. A great many
people let their imagination run away
with their reason, and take honey for
sugar just by looking at it, saying,
"honey cannot be that pretty — that is
sugar." If you give it to them to taste,
that ought to have some effect,
although some people would rather be-
lieve their imagination than their
palate.

Sec. Dadant — How much honey, Mr.
Bull, have you sold from house to
house, on your best day, in taking or-
ders?

Mr. Bull — The biggest day I had, in
orders, w-as 287 pounds. In the last
two months I have sold about 4,500
pound's; from 85 to 90' percent was
delivered; sometimes almost 100 per-
cent. I sometimes delivered as' much
as I had orders for, and I would some-
times run short.

Mr. Arnd — Have your w-agon with
you?

Mr. Bull — I take the ordersi and de-
liver in an automobile.

Mr. Huffman — Do you take back
second-hand pails, or dO' you always
use new ones?

Mr. Bull — I do sometimes; if they
offer to give me them, I take them, but
never pay them'. Very few pails do
I get back.

Mr. York' — I think that is a splendid
record. Perhaps very few here have
du-plicated it.

Mr. Dadant — The best part of the
record is the price gotten for the
honey. Wfhen you get IS cents-, that

is 4 cents' more than the ruling price.
A bee-keeper who has a large quantity
of honey to sell can certainly get good
results from that. I believe that ought
to be piublished and the bee-keepers ad-
vised.

Mr. Bu'll — When you all do' that, we
won't be able to buy honey at 10 cents
a pound'.

Pres. Y'ork — I am sure Mr. Bull de-
S'erves to be congratulated on his
-success', and I 'hope it will be kept up.
I believe it can be done in a locality
such as he sells in — a locality made
up of men wtio are earning wages.
They are the people who use the honey,
and not the people in a city, who send
the butler to the door, and you have to
run by a servan^ in order to get into
the house.

Mr. Bull— I don't miss a sale often
when I can talk to the lady of the
house.

Mr. Arnd — In Chicago, in a locality
where the working people are, it is
entirely different. Mr. Bull is in a
place wihere thej- say, "Here is the
honey-man. Here the honey-man
comes!" and they know him. You
start that business in Chicago; take
the millions of working people — they
don't know anything about you. You
cannot get an audience;- they think
it is some fake. I

Pres. York— Do the peo'ple know you
down there, Mr. Bull?

Mr. Bull' — I can go in a strange
locality, w.here I have not been nor
seen the people before, and can sell
practically as much as I can where I
am know'n.

Mr. Arnd — The people in Chicago are
suspicious.

Mr. Bull — That is where j'our sam-
ple comes in good; open the can and
let them' taste it.

Pres. York — Do you collect on de-
livery, Mr. Bull?

Mr. ' Bull— Yes.

Pres. York — Do you think you could
do as well in, Chicago as where you
have been working? I wish you would
try it.

Mr. Stone— I think that will work
everywhere; it works in Springfield.

Pres. York — That is only a suburb
of Chicago, you know!

Mr. Stone — Sometimes I take in some
fruit, some apples, and just put in
some five-pound cans of honey, fric-
tion-top cans. I sell all my honey that
way, and I don't sell any honey but

96

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

what I have orders for, and I have a
good' many of these ladies whcm I
would meet maybe at a particular gro-
cery store, and they would say to me,
"Why don't you get around to our
house the same as' you do at some
other hous'e?" And I would say that
it is "because when I come there I
don't s'ee anybody but your servant-
girls, and I cannot sell to them. You
ladies don't like to be seen at the back
dioor, and my chances are very scarce
for seeing jou, and that is the reason
the farmers don't come to your house
to sell their fruits or honey."

I never did give samples, because
they will question your honey when it
comes, if they have had the sample of
your honey; but you take it with those
little friction-top cans, and tell: them
to sample the honey, and when they
have tried it they almost always want
a pailful. I sell all the honey I can
produce, and buy'a good deal to supply
my customers, and I don't advertise.
I leave cards. I have an order card,
with my address on ; all they have to
say is. how much honey they want,
and' put a postage stamp on the card
and mail it. I sell all my honey that
way.

Pres. York' — Does Mr. Bull use an
order card? •

Mr. Bull — I gave out some fifty or
sixty cards once, and got one back!

Mr. Stone — Maybe you had a postage
stamp on them. I tried that once and
never got any back!

Mr. Bull — My idea is that, to get new
customiers, you must go direct to them.

Mr. Stone — These cards are princi-
pally given to the old customers.

Mr. Bull — They will come back.
Once in a while you get an order from
a neighbor who is recommended to
you.

Mr. York — Mr. Baldridge, I think it
is a good tim'e for you to come in on
this.

Mr. Baldridge — I expected I would be
called on. I very seldom talk on this
subject except with my customers';
but I should dislike exceedingly to sell
honey for 16 cents a pound.

Mr. Didant— Too cheap, or too high?

Mr. Baldridige — I pay an agent 12
cents a pound for selling it.

Mr. Dadant — :How many tons can
he sell?

Mr. Baldridge^ — I don't know. I
have an agent selling honey now, and
give him 12 cents a pound.

Mr. Dadant — Where is he? Is he
here?

Mr. Balidrid'ge — Oh, no, he is at
work !

A Member — You give him the honey,
don't you?

Mr. Baldridge — He pays me 12 cents'
a pound) for it.

Mr. Dadant — That makes you even^ —
if you pay him 12 cents, and' he pays
you 12 cents! (Laughter.)

Mr. Baldridge — I sell all my honey
in five-pound' lots to consumers, away
from home. If they come to the house
they can get less, but no consumer can
get less than five pounds away from
home, and I sell no more than ten
pounds to any one under any circum-
stances. No consumer can get twenty-
five or fifty pounds of honey from me. ,
I keep my customers hungry. I call on
my customers only once in a year.
And when the year comes round, and I
come round, they are hungry for my
goods. I intend to sell them honey
that they will buy again, at 24 cents a
pound. That has been my price for
six years, and I have not changed it;
ten pounds', $2.40; five pounds, $1.20,
net. The pail does not go with the
honey.

Mr. Dadant — Do they empty the pail
while you are waiting?

Mr, Baldridge — No, sir; I take or-
ders in advance. Nobody gets honey
from me without ordering a week or
ten days in advance. People don't
want the pails as a rule, and I make a
difference of 10 cents for the empty
pail; $1.-30 with the pail, and $1.20
without pail. I do that with a five-
poundi pail, and they think they are
getting a bonanza when they are get-
ting 10 cents for the pail. (Laughter.)

Mr. Bull — I would like to ask Mr.
Baldridge how much honey he sells in
the. course of a year?

Mr. Baldridge — I could not answer
that question, but I work only three
hourS' a day. (Laughter.)

Mr. Bull — How long do you wait
while they are emiptying the pail?

Mr. Baldridge — If I deliver in the
forenoon, I get it in the afternoon.

A Member — You make two trips for
one delivery?

Mr. Baldrid'ge — Yes, sir, and I get
acquainted by so doing. (Laughter.)
Let me add this: When I take orders
for honey, I have three samples — one
of liquid honey. T call the honey that
I sell "liquid) honey," not extracted. I-

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

97

have one sample of candied honey,
granulated. I have one sample of
comb honey, and I give all my patrons
their choice; five pounds of honey of
any of those three kinds, at thei same
price, and my average is about ninety
pounds of extracted! in 100.

Mr. Dadant — Liquid honey?

Mr. Bal'dridge — Liquid honey. Hardly
anybody wants comb honey when they
can get a good article of extracted
honey at the same price. The bee-
keepers have made a grand mistake in
making a difference in the price. You
might as well brand your honey
"adulterated" when you sell extracted
honey for less than comb honey.

Mr. Dadant — It is the cost of the
article that rules the price, and that is
why extracted sells for less, but I want
to say, that in Europe there is very
little comb honey sold. In Europe the
people were in the habit of pressing
their honey audi selling strained honey,
and' today the sale of extracted honey
in Europe is very moich greater than
the comb. And I believe the average
customer in Europe would, as' Mr.
Ealdridge states, prefer extracted to
comb honey, because they are accus-
tomed to it. I think we can educate
them, but I protest against this thing
of saying that our honey is adulterated
because we sell it cheaper. We can
produce it for less. I find, in this coun-
try, that there are many people who
much prefer comb honey tO' extracted
honey.

Mr. Stone — My experience is that
people who have used extracted, and
who have used' comb honey, will
eventually get to using nothing but
extracted. I have customers who say
to me, "I want the blue ribbon case of
comb honey." One of my customers
is State Secretary Rose, one is Auditor
McCullough. They said tO' me, "We
want the best comb honey you have;
we can't use the extracted," but after
two or three years they have begun to
use the extracted. Mr. Rose says, "I
believe we are going to turn away from
the coinb and turn our attention to the
extracted honey; we believe it is the
better."

Mr. B\il]l — The most of these people

\ that want comb honey , if you come

' around with the extracted, they say,

"We don't want that." But that is

mostly a bluff. You offer them comb

honey, and they don't want any; that

is the size of it, with me.

—7

Mr. Dadant — I move that when we
adjourn we adjourn until 9:30 tomor-
row morning.

The motion was seconded, put and
carried.

Pres. York — The Secretary has a pa-
per, written by Mr. J. J, Wilder, which
I will ask him) to read, on "What I
Think of the Caucasian Bee."

What I Think of the Caucasian Bee.

Mr. Dadiant addressed me as an en-
thusiast in regard to the Caucasian
bee. Now^^ I am not as enthusiastic
over the Caucasian bees as I am in
dead earnest when it comes to advo-
cating them to my fellow bee-keepers
as the best bee for commercial use
known to- the bee-keeping world'.

If I were at Cordtele, Ga., I would at-
tempt to write but a few lines on this
subject, but turn over to your Secre-
tary a number of reports I have on file
that have com,e in from leading north-
ern bee-keepers relative to this bee,
and let him read them in your hearing.
They are worthy of great considera-
tion. But since my arrival at Braden-
town, Fla., where I expect to spend the
winter, a fresh report has reached me
relative to this bee, from a noted
northern bee-keeper, and I submit it
for your hearing and consideration:

Lansing, Mich., Nov. 14, 1911.

Dear Mr. Wilder: — I am writing you
at this time, for I read your articles
in the American Bee Journal, and I see
by it that you had never received a re-
port as to the wintering qualities, etc.,
of the Caucasian bees, from tlie far
North.

I have had the Caucasians for a number
of years, and I am very well pleased
with them, even if there are some faults
to find with them. But when I sum up
their bad qualities, and then try to bal-
ance them with the good, I find them
away ahead of the other races of bees,
and T have tried about all there are to
try, even paying Mr. D. A. Jones $15.00,
away back in the early eighties, for a
pure Holy Land queen, and had to kill
her the second year in order to save my-
self and family from death by stinging,
for they were not to be quelled with
chloroform.

Well, to get at the subject I am writing
ycu about, that is, the wintering, etc., of
the Caucasians, I will say they are the
most hardy bee in existence today. They
will stand almost any kind of usage, and
I can winter them in my cellar — almost a
mere handful of bees, when the other
races will worry and desert their hives.

Here in the North there are some who
winter their bees out-of-doors, but at
times think it almost impossible to do it.

I can get a third more money in my
locality with them than I can with the
Italians. I have both, and run about
even as to the number of colonies. I

98

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

breed my Caucasian queens at my home
yard, and have them mated in an isolated
place.

I have only the gray variety; I have
had the yellow, but think them inferior
to the gray. I have my breeders im-
ported from the Caucasus mountains,
and have tried some queens from the far
East, bordering on the Caspian Sea, but
they are too badly mixed up with the
yellow variety.

As you say, they are good propolizers,
but if the entrances are made dark, and
not too large, that will lessen their pro-
pensity for daubing up things with their
dark brown glue, which resembles them
so much in color.

Yes, Mr. Wilder, the queen-business is
almost a fake when we cannot get a
good, fair margin for our queens, and
then ship to some one who would find
fault if he were going to be hung, and
who wants a dollar for 50 cents.

I would not furnish anything but a
good queen, and would e.xpect her value;
and. because I cannot obtain it, have re-
tired from commercial queen-rearing for
the present, at least.

Tf the business bee-keeper would learn
to rear his own queens, from the best
Stock" obtainable, he would then know
the great value of good queens, and there
would be something doing in queen-
rearing and honey-production, and that
in the hear future, too.

A. D. D. WOOD.

From the great number of reports
relative to the Caucasian bees for com-
mercial use, the "missing link" seems
to be, '"Will they stand wintering in a
cold climate?"

From the great number of Caucasian
queens that have been sent to the
North for the last two seasons, this
link will be supplied, and if the claim
be well connected at this point (and I
believe it will, for the Caucasians are
by far the hardiest bees when it comes
to the extreme test), this variety of
bees will be adopted by the business
bee-keeper. Then bee-keeping will
take a rise, such as it never has taken,
and there will be a general revolution
of bee-keeping' everywhere. This is
what I think of the Caucasian bees
abroad or from reports.

Now what do I think of the Cau-
casian bee from my own experience
with it?

Relative to its good and bad quali-
ties, as comipared with that of other
races, I will say that its good quali-
ties far outnumber those of any other
race known to the writer. Caucasian
queens reproduce themselves more
often; the race repels other races with
greater force. A colony will re-queen
itself miore often. Less weaklings or
dwindling among them. Colonies will
k^ep themselves nearer in uniform

strength. Their queens live longer and
have a more active life; better honey-
gatherers, and give the honey a bet-
ter body. Compact brood-nest, much
easier to handle at all times; less in-
clined to rob; will fill in closer aroundi
the brood- nest with honey at the
close of the season. Less inclined to
swarm. Much easier to control swarni-
ing among them, that is, they yield
readily and easier to the treatment.
Better pollen- gatherers. More hardy.
Spread out better, and go farther in
nectar- gathering. They fill out their
comb better with honey. Less queens
are lost in mating. Not as easily dis-
couraged, and never furious under
ordinary handling.

Their good qualities count mightily
to us business bee-keepers, and are
certainly worthy of our consideration
if w'e are looking for a better bee.

Now about their bad qualities. They
build more burr-comb, but not any more
brace -comb than the Italians do. But
you have to keep them with plenty of
nectar to gather or they will "roll" in
the glue.

The building of burr-comb and the
gathering of propolis at times when
there is no honey or nectar in the field,
are the only two objections that I have
ever been able to dig up against them,
and I don't think justly any other ob-
jection could be brought up against
them'. I have been breeding these ob-
jections out of these bees some, and I
am troubled but very little with gluing
now. They deposit it about the en-
trance or across the bottom of the
frames next to the entrance, which can
easily be removed with a hive-tool.

I now have eight apiaries of these
Ijees, and I have been using them ex-
tensively for five or six years, and am
just delighted with them. I never
made any money at bee-keeping until
I adopted them, and since then I have
made money at honey-prodoiction and
I am able to spread out apiaries over
the country, and manage about three
times as many bees as^ I otherwise
could'.

Truly, the Caucasians have revolu-
tionized bee-keeping with me, as well
as with others, and I can't say enough
in their favor.

Give them an honest trial and you
will never have reason to regret it.

I introduced about twelve queens the
first season I obtained them, which

ILMNOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

W

was late in the fall, and before the
spring^ flow was over I was convinced.

J. J. WILDER.

Pres. York — How many have had ex-
perience with Caucasian bees? (2.)

Mr. Stanley — I would endorse all that
has been said, though they don't bring
as much for queen-breeders as the
golden Italian.

Sec. Dadant — We got Caucasian
queens from Colorado. We never haye
been able to get any definite results
from them. I heard from Mr. Wilder;
he says he used the first cross between
Caucasian and Italian. He prefers the
Caucasian queen mated to pure Italian
drone. Every queen we got from Colo-
rado w* reared several queens from.
They built a lot of burr-comb
around their brood, but they seemed to
have the workers and get the honey.
We have been unalDle to test them
thoroughly, to see whether twelve Cau-
casian queens would produce more
than a dozen Italian queens, but it
/ooks good.

A National Honey Trade-Mark.

"In advertising honey, should the
National Bee-Keepers' Association ad-
vertise a trade-mark for its members?"

Pres. York — We are going to have a
delegate to the National next year; do
you want him to try to have a trade-
mark adopted for its members?

Mr. Dadant — Let us hear from Mr.
France.

Mr. France — That is a little hard to
answer. If all the honey of all the As-
sociation members was of one quality,
then I would say, go ahead and have
a trade-mark, but I tried to help
our Association members sell honey
through the Information Bureau, and
I find there is a great difference in
honey, and if we had a trade-mark,
what would we call it? Every man's
honey, I believe, should sell on the
merit of the producer who stands be-
hind it, and every time he sells honey
it should be of such quality that he is
ready to stand behind it. I question
the advisability of a National campaign
on that point.

Mr. Dadant— Are not some of the
members, some of the bee-keepers, ad-
vertising themselves as members of the
National, and using the trade-mark?

Mr. France — -Three or four years ago
I came down to Chicago with the idea
of this very point in mind, and got
what was called "seal labels" — to fit

over the top of a Mason fruit jar,
guaranteeing that the contents were
good so long as the seal was not
broken. The intent was good, but, not
very long after, complaints began to
come in; the same seller did not de-
liver the same kind of goods twice to
the same customer, and in the same
vicinity — even in Mr. Bull's territory,
complaints came in that honey sold un-
der a seal label was of a different fiavor
and a different article. The question
came back to me. What is your label
good for?

Mr. Dadant — We must take into con-
sideration that tastes differ; what
tastes good to one man does not taste
good to, another. Perhaps some of you
have read a remark made by Dr. Miller,
in which he intimates that he at one
time thought honey-dew should be con-
sidered as good honey, but that he was
young then! He puts it in that way,
so he evidently has changed his mind
on the question of honey-dew, and I
think a great many of us have ideas
upon honey that others do not enter-
tain. For this reason, as Mr. France
has said, honey should be sold on its
merits. But the fact of a bee-keeper
being a member cf the National, I
think ought to go very far with people.

Mr. Stone said when he sold honey,
te took apples, and other fruits for
sale, with his honey. There is a differ-
ence between selling honey in the'
country and selling it in Chicago.

Mr. Bull — I have had many ask me.
Are you from Chicago?

Mr. Stone — I tried several hundred of
those labels that Mr. France speaks of,
and I could not make any use of them.
I have them lying in a table drawer in
my home now. I find it is just as he
says, every one has to stand behind
his honey. Mr. Becker sells more
honey in the Springfield market than
any other man around there, because
he puts his honey in little jars, and
sells a great deal of it in 10 -cent jars.
He takes all he can carry whenever he
goes to town.. He sells thousands of
pounds of honey that way, besides
what he has of his own. Sell a good
article, an»l stand behind it, and you
will always increase j'our sales.

Mr. Dadant — Regarding the recom-
mendation of the National in the use
of the label, and that not being used
by Mr. Stone and Mr. Becker, I don't
think that ought to stand in the way of
other bee-keepers. Mr. Stone and Mr.

100

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Becker are both members of the State
Association, ^.nd are known to be, and
both are, exhibitors at the State Fair
at Springfield, and they generally get
the blue ribbon or the red ribbon — they
can't both of them get the blue. That
goes quite a long way towards getting
customers, but when a man has no
such recommendation as they have,
then I think the fact of belonging to
a National Association is a very prac-
tical and good thing, because the Na-
tional will investigate the matter if
there is any complaint made, and it
is a good thing for a bee-keeper in the
selling of his honey.

Mr. Bull — I don't think there is very
much in that. I have never seen any-
thing in it.

Mr. HuffmaJi — I would like to ask if
Mr. Stone and' Mr. Becker are the only
two that exhibit their honey at the
Springfield F^ir?

Mr. iDadant — There are three or four.

Mr. Huffman — I was going to say
that, if a third man came in, may be
he would carry away the blue ribbons!

Mf. Stone^ — There are usually four.

Gee- Keepers Buying Honey to Retail.

"How about the honey-producer who
is a member of the National Associa-
tion, and buys honey fro.m others to re-
tail?"

Pres. York — How about his using the
trademark on honey he didn't produce
himself, if the National adopted a
trademark?

Mr. Huffman — I had a South Dakota
man tell me this fall that he didn't
begin to produce all the honey he sells,
but he stands back of the honey he
gets. He getsi what he buys through
a Western association, and they put a
label on it and stand back of it, and if
it doesn't come up to what they guar-
antee, they agree to stand good for it.

Pres. York — Is it advisable for a bee-
keeper to buy honey from other bee-
keepers to supply his trade in case he
runs out? How about that?

Mr. Bull — Most certainly; always.

Mr. Stone — Right aloing that line, I
think that the National did one of the
best things for members of the Bee-
Keepers' Association, in advertising
■who wanted to buy honey and who had
honey to sell. I have known of Mr.
Becker going to that very list; when
he got on the track of a man he now
goes to every year to get his honey —
a man somewhere in Michigan. He

goes there to get white clover comb
honey. I thought that was as good a
step as the National ever took, and
even if the new Constitution is
adopted they can't do anything better
than that; but I do hope that they will
do wonderful things.

Heavy Mortality in Bees.

"Has any one noticed a heavy mor-
tality in bees so far this fall?"

Sec. Dadant — ^What I mean by a
heavy mortality is: There were more
dead bees at the hive-entrances this
fall than usual. All the way from a
t)int to two quarts of bees. Something
I had not seen before. I have noticed,
in opening the hives, the bees were
dead right on the honey. I have never
seen it before, myself. My father says
he has.

Mr. Stanley — I find quite a few small
colonies have died, excepting in the
beartease district, where they fared
better.

Sec. Dadant — Was that from starva-
tion?

Mr. Stanley — Both; some with very
little honey.

C. P. Dadant — I had a talk with Dr.
Miller about that matter this noon.
This is a rather strange occurrence,
because they have died in largei* num-
bers than they usually do in the fall.
We had very severe changes of
weather in Nove-mber. We had, on
one Saturday afternoon, a temperature
of 76 above zero, and the next morning
it got down to 20, and by the next
evening it was down to 10. Dr. Mil-
ler's experience was from 77 to 15, and
then to 8 the next day, but the Doctor
took his bees in right after that, and
he didn't notice the mortality. The
difference in his case was 5 degrees
less, although he is very far north of
us. The cold wave seems to have oome
round and struck harder in our neigh-
borhood. I ascribe the loss to that.
When the cold night came, a number of
them didn't get back to the cluster. I
have never seen such a terrible mor-
tality, but I must acknowledge that I
have never seen such a sudden change
in temperature as a drop of 66 degrees
in 12 or 14 hours.

I read in a Chicago paper on Sunday,
or Monday, that one man was over-
come by heat in the afternoon of
Saturday, and that two drunken men
were found frozen to death during the
night of Sunday. I believe those are

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

101

facts. This is almost equal tO' the
story of a Texas man, who told' us he
wasi plowing- with a yoke of oxen on
a very hot afternoon, and one of the
oxen was overcome with the heat, and
while he was unhitching' the oxen, the
other was frozen to death! (Laugh-
ter.)

Pres. York — I don't think Mr. Dadant
and Mr. Stone will hear anything-
worse than that tonight when they go
out to see Chicago.

When is Honey a Luxury?

"At what price does honey become
a luxury?

Mr. Arnd — At/ the present price of
butter, I would say 50 cents.

Pres. Ytork — At present you can buy
two pounds of honey for what you give
for one pound of toutter.

Mr. Arnd — And one pound of honey
would go farther than a pound of
butter.

Mr. Stone — A great many of the
honey buyers' — honey consumers we
might say — at our fair had been in
the habit of buying honey every fall,
but we did not sell nearly as much at
the Fair this fall as usual. Last year
there was no fruit, and people must
have something, so they took to honey,
this year we had so much fruit that
honey .was a luxury, and I think the
question would have to be decided by
the supply and demand of fruit. I be-
lieve that honey is a luxury this fall,
with fruit as plentiful as it was, but
as the winter comes on and the season
changes, they have to begin to use the
apples out of cold storage, then I think
that honey wouM cease to be a luxury
any more than apples.

Pres. Tork — A little while ago Mr.
Dadant said that the price of honey de-
pends upon its cost; I don't think Mr.
BaldTidge would agree with that be-
cause if it didn't cost 5 cents a pound
for extracted, Mr. Baldridge would ask
24 cents just the same.

Mr. Baldridge — I have not made a
difference in price for years. I woxild
not advance the price to 40 or 50 cents.
I sold a. great deal of honey at 32' cents
during the 'Civil War — 5 lbs., $1.60. I
am now down to $1.20 and have been
for years. I call that down, and as I
ask the same price for extracted honey
SiS I do for comib honey, it gives my
patrons confidence in the quality of the
honey. Nearly 9 out of 10 consumers,
if not 19 out of 20, and perhaps ^9 of

every hundred, think that extracted
honey ought to be worth as much, if
not a Little more, than comb honey if
it is pure. That is my experience, and
I have had) a little in the handling of
honey since 1861, when I came to Illi-
nois. I have been handling honey
every year since, and when I fix the
price it is that price all the year round,
and I treat everybody alike, white or
black, rich or poor, and my main trade
is with the middle class you might say,
the working classes, they are the ones
that eat the honey. They are not sav-
ing their money to carry with them to
the next life.

Mr. Dadant — The price of honey dur-
ing the Civil War is no criterion. I
had very good occasion to know that,
I happened to come to America from
Europe during the Civil War, and what
little money we brought with us we
got 65 'per cent premium for in de-
preciated green-backs. Gold was
worth $1.65 — so when honey was sell-
ing at a higher price during the Civil
War, it was selling cheaper than it is
today. They were paying for it in de-
preciated money.

Mr. Stone — ^I want to say one thing
in support of Mir. Baldridge's state-
ment. If we would charge only ten
cents a pound for our honey, people
would get tO' thinking after a while
that that was too high a price. I had
something happen rig-ht along this line
in Springfield. I was selling honey in
glass jars at 15, 20 and 25 cents a jar,
to a grocer in Springfield. I was sup-
plying the principal grocer there who
has the biggest trade of any, and his
customers seemed to get so they didn't
demand the honey. And Mr. Connelly's
buyer made an effort to get some comb
honey to sell to take the place of that,
and he kept the comb honey until it
granulated, it didn't sell well and his
buyer who had been (buying honey from
me asked me about it, as to how he
could liquefy it and put it into jars so
that they could make something out
of it. I advised him how to do it and
they went to the trouble of melting
that honey, but found that it cost them
about a cent per pound more than they
would have paid me for the honey, so
they had all that trouble for nothing.

I get 15 cents a pound for my honey
in five -pound cans. I was in a barber
shop one day waiting for^ my turn,
when a nian came in with a five-pound
pail of honey. Some one asked him

'M2

ELEVENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE

how much he had paid for that honey;
he said $1.00'. It was some of Dadant's
honey, which had been shipped into
Springfield. One of my customers
asked me, "Did you change your price?"
I told him no, but motioned for him to
say nothing about the price. Those
men in the barber shop thought the
price of $1.00 was all right, and if I
had not .been in the habit of selling for
less, my customers would have proto-,
ably been willing to pay me the same.
Mr. Baldridge sells his honey for more
money and his customers are satisfied
with it. I could probably sell as much
honey of I were to ask $1.00 a can for
it.

Mr. Bull — You will never get a good
price for honey until you ask it. Last
year I sold honey it 14 cents — this year
17 cents, and to the same parties. They
give me an order for honey before I
tell them that the price has raised;
they say, "Bring it anyway."

Wording For Honey-Label.

"What is the best wording to put on
a label on a can of honey to melt the
same when candied?"

Pres. York — Directions for reliquefy-
ing, I suppose is meant by the ques-
tion.

Mr. Stone — On the top of every one

of our friction -top jars we put a label,

telling how to liquefy honey, by setting

it in water and heating it until it is

liquefied; not allowed to get too hot.

Pres. York — Is it necessary to set it

in water? I think that is out of date— »-

too much trouble and bother. )

. Mr. Stone — It is more apt to scorch

and discolor it if you don't put it in

water. I always put it in water.

/Mr. Dadant — Is not putting it in

-water the handiest way for the average

housekeeper?
' .',, Pres. York — My wife never does that
'v^t sill. She sets it on the back of the
.&tove or oven for a while, and it is
• : soon melted.

• Mr. Bull — ^Would the average wife be
able to do that without spoiling the
honey?

Pres. York — We can set a can of
honey on our furnace in the basement
for a few days, and it will soon ibe
re-liquefied. Set it on a steam radiator
and you will have heat enough.

Mr. Arnd — Most people in Chicago
set it on radiators.

Mr. Bull — You should have a label
to suit everybody.

Mr. Huffman — I don't think it makes
any difference how you heat it, so long
as j-ou don't overheat it. We melt it
on the radiator, or put it in a warming
oven of the stove, and in a day it will
get just as liquid as when it is ex-
tracted.

Mr. Dadant — At what temperature
is it?

Mr. Huffman- — l&O or 170. Just so
that you don't boil it.

Mr. Stone — Will candied honey
liquefy in the heat of the sun?

Mr. Dadant — Yes.

Mr. Stone — Does the sun ever get
hot enough to liquefy candied honey?

Mr. Bull — I think so. A tin can gets
so hot you can't put your hand on it.

Mr. Stone — It won't do it in glass; I
have had honey in glass jars, standing
in a south window of my own house all
summer, and it didn't liquefy.

Mr. Arnd — I have jars of honey in a
window, and in the summer time it
liquefies during the day, but when the
night comes on, it gets back a little.

Mr. Stone — I didin't think honey
would liquefy in the sun, nor on a
comimon radiator. Our heat is hot
water heat, and I don't know how long
it would take it to liquefy on top of a
radiator. I doubt if it would in any
reasonable time. It is safer to put the
honey in water, but it imust not be got-
ten over a certain heat.

Pres. York — Should the label give the
temperature?

Sec. Dadant — I think it is Mr.
Aikin's label that says to put it in
water, but don't let the water boil.

Mr. Bull — I have a label on which 5 s
written :

"All pure honey will granulate in cold
weather. The contents of this pail, when
candied, can be brought back to its fluid
state by placing the pail in hot water
(not boiling water) on the stove until the
honey becomes liquid. Care should be
taken not to overheat or burn honey."

Mr. Stone — That is very much like
mine.

Pres. York — Is it true that all pure
honey will granulate in cold weather?

Mr. Bull — In the Northern states.

A Member — I have had a jar of
honey that would not granulate in any
kind of weather; I had it for several
years.

Change in Color of Honey.

"Will re-melting honey cause a
change in color if the temperature is
not too high, hut if it is left standing

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

103

quite a Long time at a certain tempera-
ture ?"

Mr. Bull — No, sir.

Sec. Dadant — I have never tested
that matter myself, but, from an au-
thority that is not to be disputed, I
can say that they liquefy their honey
and can tell the difference in honey
that is left in the t3.nk over night, and
the honey that is dra;wn out, as soon as
it liquefies'. There is a shade difference
if left in the tank over night; it gets
darker than if drawn off in jars. That
is true; there is no doubt about it.
'Mr. Arnd — ^I have had that experi-
ence myself — leaving it in the tank
over night, the honey became much
darker.

Mir. Bull — ^What was the highest
temperature?

Mr, Arnd — The honey was never
overheated; we dTew off part of the
tank the night before; it was not over-
heated.

Mr. Bull — 130, 160 degrees, or what'

Mr. Arnd — Just to guess at it, about
150.

Sec. Dadant — Both would show dark
if it was overheated.

Mr. Arnd — There is one thing certain,
if you take honey and heat it up to a
certain temperature, and take off the
heat, it will not get any hotter.

Pres. York — No, but the fact of a
large tank of honey standing over
night —

Mr. Arnd- — That proves that constant
heat darkens the honey.

Mr. 'Stone — People use flreless cook-
ers. They heat their meat to a certain
temperature; they don't begin to cook
it down, but put it in the flreless
cooker, and it gets S'UfHciently cooked.

Mr. I>adant — It doesn't get any hot-
ter.

Mr. Stone — ^It just retains that heat,
and it oooks through.

C. P. Dadant — There is one question
here that has not been settled — What
is the degree that is safe? Beyond
what degree of heat dare we noi go,
that is, granting that we draw the
honey off right away? It seems to me
that men who handle a great deal of
honey ought to be able to tell us, and
I hope that next time we meet we can
have a true answer to this question.
Beyond what degree will it be unsafe?
At what degree are we safe?

Mr. Arnd — There is one man here in
this audience who has not said a word

today, and I think he knows as much
about this as any one — Mr. Woodman.

Mr. Woodman — ^We find different
kinds of honey; some will stand more
heat than others, Michigan raspberry,
heated to 160, will spoil, while clover
and basswood', and some others, will
stand that amount of heat. I should
say that 140 to 150 degrees would be
about the highest temperature you can
safely heat honey.

Mr. Arnd — How many bee-keepers
here use a thermometer in heating
honey? (Two.)

Mr. Amd — I use my own judgment;
I don't use a thermometer, and never
did, and I never overheat mj' honey.
Some honey will liquefy at 120 degrees.

Pres. York — It takes longer at a
lower temperature, • of course.

Mr. Arnd — I run mine from 22 to 24
hours.

Proof of Pure Honey.

"How can a seller of honey prove to
a doubtful customer that it is pure
honey he is selling?"

Pres. York — One honey-dealer here
in the city says that you may publish
him as a swindler if you find it is not
pure honey that he sells.

Mr. Arnd^ — When I first went into the
honey business I had a booklet, and I
offered a reward of $200.00 to any one
who would find I was selling impure
honey, and that question used to come
up as tO' how they were going to prove
it. I said that they could take it to a
chemist who knows how to analyze
honey, and if he says my honey is im-
pure I will give you $200.00, and I will
pay for the analysis; but if you take
it to a chemist and he says it is all
right, you will have to pay for the
anlysis. I had some tested by one man,
and he sent me a letter from the
Board of Health's chemist, stating that
the honey had been analyzed' and found
to be perfectly pure.

Mr. Dadant — I think in this matter
there is nothing like being sure of
your product. If you guarantee it in
every way, if you know that it is pure,
you are pretty sure |of selling your
goods.

There was a discussion in the French
bee-papers in regard to oomb founda-
tion, and one man stkted that when-
ever comb foundation is transparent it
is not pure beeswax, but adulterated.
I wrote an article in which I offered
to send to him, or to any other person

104

ELEVENTH ANNUAL. , REPORT OF THE

who read the paper, samples of comb
foundation that was transparent. They
could find out for themselves if it was
adulterated', and he never sent for the
samples. But I had seven other re-
quests for samples, and sent them.

Testing Beeswax for Purity.

How can we test beeswax to know
that it is pure?

Mr. Dadant — I am not a chemist, but
we have three ways of testing bees-
wax, one is specific gravity. Beeswax
will float in water because it is lighter
than water. Fill a vial with water,
put into it beeswax that j^ou know to
be pure, then pour into the bottle
enough alcohol to cause the wax to
sink. You have made your water
lighter than the wax. You are then
ready to test samples of adulterated
material of a lighter gravity. It is a
good test for paraffin. You must how-
ever be sure that no air bubbles help
to hold your sample at the top. The
shape of the foundation cells will retain
air and help it to float. A good way
is to chew both the pure wax and the
tested sample. You then have both in
the same gravity condition.

A second test is saponification. Bees-
wax will change to soap when boiled
with lye. Mineral waxes are un-
changed.

Another test is the melting point.
Beeswax melts between 143 and 147.
Other waxes melt at different tempera-
tures, and the most dangerous are
those that melt, like ordinary paraffin,
at low temperatures, say from 118' to
132.

The smell when burning is also a
good test. Drop beeswax on the stove.
You will readily detect the sweet scent
of it. It was on account of that sweet
scent that they used pure bees'wax in
the churches in the old days.

Of course the chemists have many
other ways and when there is great
doubt, it is well to send to a chemist.
The Depart'ment of Agriculture has
offered to make tests, although a
samjple that I sent them some two
years ago has never been reported on.

I have caught several swindlers my-
self, when I had sufficient proof to ac-
cuse them. We had one instance, a
Mr. Candy, formerly of Chicago, who
was traveling through the country of-
fering beeswax. He came to Keokuk
and offered his wax to people who

handle beeswax and always send it
over to us. He sold them 200 pounds
and offered more and they were ready
to take more. They found he had
telegraphed to Chicago about it so they
were doubtful. They telephoned to
me that they had the beeswax and
brought it over to me and as soon as
I saw it I said "That is not beeswax."
There was a look about it that made
me think it was not. We are on) the
lookout for such things. They had! the
fellow arrested and he owned up to it.
He paid all damages and $10.00 to me
for going to Keokuk. He was willing
to do whatever we asked in order to
get out of it.

Mr. Stone — Is there anything in the
test of chewing it until it crumbles?

Mr. Dadant — ^I never have been able
to make a very good success of it with
paraffin.

Mr. Dittmer — I don't think I can add
anything to what Mr. Dadant has said.
I think he has made a very compre-
hensive statement of the matter, and,
in fact, much better than I could. I
think Mr. Dadant will agree with me
that we who handle so much wax
usually can tell by the looks of it.

Mr. Dadant — Yes, but at the same
time you must make sure.

Mr. Dittmer — I think that any wax
that is adulterated to any degree will
arouse our suspicions at once. We
can tell beeswax by feeling of it in the
dark or smelling it, but Mr. Stone was
asking about chewing — I thinK by the
chewing of beeswax you can readily
tell if there is anything foreign in it.
I think if it has paraffin it will be
brittle in the mouth while beeswax will
be more like chewing gum. I think
that Mr. Dadant has explained the
matter fully.

Mr. Dadant — The worst adulteration
we have to contend with — the most
common — is from the little fellow who
thinks he can put a little grease in his
beeswax. That is very easily detected
because there is a stickyi touch to the
beeswax, and I was' told long ago by
the dealers who handle beeswax that
they tested it by scratching the wax
with the nail, if it made ripples it was
pure, if it went smoothly it was
adulterated. Usually if you break it
and smell it you can smell the grease
in it.

We have found other ways' where
people cheated on beeswax. One time
we found nine pounds of iron in the

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

105

-^,

bottom of the kettle. My father re-
membered having seen a string in a
cake — the iron was tied with a string,
the man had evidently held it up in
that cake of beeswax until it would
congeal, so that the iron would not go
to the bottom.

I want to tell you that you must
never boll your beeswax with hard
water. You will get a sediment which
you think is dirt, but it is beeswax.
Melt your beeswax with plenty of
water, never overheat it. Soft water
is preferable for this reason: Hard
water often contains iron and that iron
will darken the wax. Those are little
points that are of use to bee-keepers
if they will keep them in mind.

Mr. Arnd — Is not beeswax, after be-
ing melted once, a good deal better
than after being melted several times?

Mr. Dadant — No.

A Member — Would you not rather
have yellow beeswax than pure white?

Mr. Dadant — I would rather have
beeswax as near to the bees as I could
get it. The more of the honey smell
that you leave in your beeswax the bet-
ter it is. The wax cappings should
be washed first. We. can save that
honey and make vinegar out* of it.
Don't heat the wax too hot; don't
melt it over and over again. It is bet-
ter to have a little sediment on th^e bot-
tom than to melt it over. And please
don't use acids; you thus take the
sweet bee-smell out of your beeswax;
use good clean cistern water, and
plenty of it, to melt your wax; keep
it. as near to the original condition as
you can. Wax melted in a solar ex-
tractor is all right if there is no honey
in it

Mr. Huffman — I would like to ask
Mr. Dadant if wax made from sugar
syrup is considered good beeswax?

Mr. Dadant — What, do you mean?
Comb made by the bees from sugar
syrup? There is not enough of that to
make it worth mentioning. I would
call it pure beeswax.

Mr. Huffman — I had about a half
pound made from sugar syrup, and it
was a question in my mind whether it
was pure beeswax.

Mr. Arnd — Will beeswax absorb
water? A man here in Chicago, a very
extensive bee-keeper, but not now in
business, sent me a big oake of wax
one day, and I noticed the dripping of
water from it. I had paid him for two
or three pounds of water.

Mr. Dadant — I want to warn bee-
keepers about that. You must be care-
ful and not overheat your beeswax;
the grain of it then becomes broken,
and like a sponge. It is very difficult
to change the color after it ha^ been
colored. The worst beeswax is bees-
w^ax that.Js burned. You destroy it as
wax. The residue of that burned bees-
wax will no longer be beeswax.

Mr. Huffman — Does it damage it in
some way by) boiling the wax too
much?

Mr. Dadant — Certainly; but you
can't burn it if you have plenty of
water. Melting it in iron kettles, and
with hard water, are the worst points
in melting beeswax.

Black Substance at Bottom of Wax
Cakes.

"In extracting wax in a .solar ex-
tractor, what is the black Substance
that settles at the bottom?"

Sec. Dadant — Propolis.

Mr. Dadant — I am afraid I am speaks
ing too long, but that is a subject on
which we have had lots of practice.
There are two or three things that
cause a dark sediment. When the wax
is good, the anjount of sediment is very
light. Of course the dark part will go
to the bottom. There may be a little
foreign matter; you all know that the
cappings of cells contain different ma-
terials. The fact is that the bees use
not very pure beeswax in their cap-
pings.

Mr. Stone — I asked the question. I
could not account for that dark color;
it* was in the beeswax, and it came
from the purest kind of white clover
horey cappings. I saved them all to
have an extra fine sample of beeswax
for the "Fair. I took the beeswax in and
showed the black substance in the bot-
tom of it to my wife, and she could
not believe that was in the white cap-
pings that were on the white clover
hrney. It astonished me, and I would
like to know what it was.

Mr. Dadant — We are running away
frorq the adulteration of beeswax, and
that is another subject. This melting
in a solar extractor you will find ad-
visable when you have a small amount
of T'^ax. If you have cappings, nice
white cappings, melt them with water,
and you will have as nice a product as
you can possibly have. As far as the
extractor is concerned, the best one is

106

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

the i'erthiser. In the German wax-
press you have a great body of bees-
wax, the melted combs that you put
into that press, and you have to keep
it hot in order that it will run; you
press it, and some of the wax will be
in the center of it. It is exactly the
same if you make a \>ig pressing of
grapes or apples. You get the most
juice from the apples by using the
press "With layers of cloth — get more
and more quickly the juice out of ap-
ples than by pressing in one big lump;
and the same way it is with grapes;
you have to give it time to run — twenty -
four to forty-eight hours afterwards
you will still be getting juices; don't
press in a hurry. If you put your bees-
wax in layers, as Hershiser has it,
separated by cloth, and press it, you
have a very thin amount of residue.
You will get more beeswax that way
than in any other. The only fault I
have to find with the Hershiser press
is that the layers are horizontal In-
stead of vertical. The beeswax tries
to nse to the top of the water. Some
peopie put salt in the water to make it
heavier. I think the Hershiser is the
test machine.

Kov;ever, you can take an ordinary
wcsh-boiler and melt your wax in it. I
can make you a wax- extractor for
$2.00, but you don't get wax like you
would by using the Hershiser press.
It w:ll take 97 per cent of the wax out
of the comb.

Sec. Dadant — I don't think the Her-
shiser press is needed for cappings. It
is for old combs — something you have
to squeeze to get the last bit out; but
not for cappings.

The convention then adjourned until
9:30 a. m., Thursday, December 7, 1911.

SECOND MORNING SESSION.

Pres. York called the meeting to
order.

The first thing called for on the pro-
gram was the report of the Auditing
Committee as follows:

"We, the undersigned, members of
the Auditing Committee, have ex-
amined the accounts of the Treasurer
and find them well kept and correct.
JAMES A. STONE,
JIAC'OB HUFFMAN,
GTJS DITTMER,

Auditing Committee."

On motion the report was approved.
Pres. York — We have a paper from

Mr. D. J. Blocher, Pearl City, Illinois,
which the Secretary will read. It is
entitled;

Should Honey Producers Try To Rear
Queens?

In all other avocations in life, so in
beedom, as one part is built up another
must be neglected or must suffer in a
degree at least. To rear queens and at
the same time not decrease the supply
of surplus honeyi or retard its progress
is hard I confess. Queens are simply
a part of the cash proceeds of an
apiary usually attained by the amount
of honey produced. Such being the
case it Is evident that queen rearmg
will lesseui the surplus honey of any
breeder. There are reasons that in my
judgment are logical. One reason is
that all commercial queen rearing is a
forced condition, or, we should say, an
abnormal condition which largely re-
tards good work.

Another reason is the disturbed con-
dition that bees are in continually. A
man may satisfy himself to some ex-
tent on queen-rearing and producing
honey at the same time by setting aside
a certain number of colonies for honey
alone, and the same number from
which to rear queens and produce
honey at the same time. All should
be of equal sitrength as nearly as possi-
bly. And queen-rearing should begin
just as early in the spring as possible,
and be kept up till late in the fall. At
the end of the season balance accounts.
This should be repeated for a number
of years to average up the good and
poor years. Then strike a balance and
see whether a honey-producer should
rear his own queens or rear queens for
the public with the expectation of hav-
ing as much honey, or its value, figur-
ing all discouraging features and losses
connected with queen-rearing.

Some may wonder -why I, a breeder,
should talk thus and still continue the
business. A fair question, I have
often been tempted to quit and devote
all my time and energies to the pro-
duction of honey alone. But when one
is engaged in a business awhile it is
hard to quit.

The way I started into the queen-
rearing business was because we have
only one good honey year in four here,
and I expected) queen-rearing to bring
up the average a little better. And all
I have to say now, after much effort,
loss of honey, etc., is that queen-rear-

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

107

ing and surplus honey production do
not go together.

Being pressed for time I am unable
to give facts a® they appear in my
actual practice, and must leave these
few linesi for what the convention can
get out of them. The request came
unexpectedly to me and so I am not
prepared to enter into more minute
details in the queen-rearing business,
and in what respect, each time, it re-
tards the honey supply. To do justice
to the subject would require days of
hard and careful work to prepare
manuscript. I hope that the discus-
sion of this subject will bring out lots
of good points for. the fraternity.

D. J. BLOCKER.

Mr. Dadant — Personally, I ceased
rearing queens years ago because it
wag a most unpleasant business; but
I think, as a honey-producer, I should
not rear queens. A record honey-
producer of Colorado, Mr. Gill, told me
it did not pay him to rear queens. He
buys from 300 to 500 queens every
year, and found it very much prefera-
ble to rearing queens. He said that a
man who produces honey on a large
scale has no time to devote to queen-
rearing; that he can do a great deal
K better business by not mixing the two.

Mr. Huffman — I have done both, but
mot very extensively. I find I can buy
queens cheaper than I con rear them.

Pres. York — May we not hear from
Mr. Stanley?

Mr. Stanley — I will leave it to the
others to decide whether they should
rear their own queens.

Mr. Huffman — He is too modest to
advertise!

Pres. York — Mr. Stone, do you do
both?

Mr. Stone — I never did; only just
queeng to use when I was dividing
colonies. When I first began (I kept
bees a good many years ago) I in-
creased wholly by artificial swarming,
and I reared queens enough for that.
I don't believe there is any drawback
in rearing queens that way. I place
a frame of brood from- one of my best
colonies into one of my poorest, and
just behead the queen in the poor col-
ony, and then let them rear the cells,
and insert them in the hives after
dividing the colonies — in both the old
and new ones. There Is, of course, a
little more delay where you destroy

the old queen and rear a new one, than
if you would buy a new queen.

Pres. York — ^I think, perhaps, the
question means as to commercial
queen-rearing, and not on producing
queens for your own use.

Mr. Huffman — I think that is the
trend of the paper.

Mr. Stone — The point Mr. Dadant
spoke of, the extensive producer would
come in there along the same line that
my experience indicates^

Texas and Other Southern Queens.

"Is it advisable to purchase queens
from as far South as Texas? Who
has had experience in buying queens as
far South as that, and what has been
the experience — is it advisable?"

Pres. York — I understand that queen-
breeders as far South as Texas have
been busy every season. I thought
that some one who had bought queens
fromi Texas would state whether or
not they found it advisable. Mr.
Prance, have you anything to say on
that question?

Mr. France — I know of one man in
our state who, very early in the spring,
as soon as the bees are out of the
cellar, opens the hives, to investigate,
to see if any of them are queenless,
and he immediately sends to Texas for
queens. The climate there is such that
they have queens in stock ready for
him.

Pres. York — Do you think there is
any difference between the Southern
queens and the Northern queens, for
honey- gathering?

Mr. France — Not in regard to honey-
gathering, iSouthern queens have not
been so good the following season;
they don't stand our winters. I have
been working further north in pur-
chasing queens, to overcome that to a
certain extent.

Mr. Huffman — I have never gotten
any queens from Texas, but I have had
them from Tennessee; I got some
farther north, and they did fine. I
don't see any difference between the
Southern and the Northern, queens.
They will all dwindle down in the
winter, and I don't see that those from
the South do so any more than the
Northern queens. I had some last year
from Ohio, and those bees dw^indled
just as badly as those that I got from
Tennessee; but in the summer time
you could not ask for anything better.

108

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mr. Dadant — It would take a longer
time than the bees have spent in Texas
to make a difference as to their winter-
ing qualities. The bees in Italy (I know,
because we imported so many), al-
though living in a warm country, win-
ter as well as our black, common bees.
We have had bees from the neighbor-
hood of Venice mostly, and it hardly
ever freezes in Venice, and the bees of
that country winter just as well as our
common bees; so it seems to me that
it was more likely accidental than
otherwise if those bees of Mr. France's
from the South did not do so well in
wintering. But there is no doubt that
climatic conditions have something to
do with the quality of the bees. Not
very long ago my attention was called
to the fact that the Italians fought the
moth better than the common bees;
none of us had thought of, that it was
due to the fact that the moth does not
and then the man brought out what
get winter-killed, and they have to
fight it the whole year round in Italy.
The Italian bees fight the moth 'better
because they live in a country where
there is no winter, and the moth hatch
from one season to another in great
numbers all over the country. There is
a point which very probably is caused
by climatic conditions. "Whether there
is anything in the difference in the win-
tering, I doubt, owing to the experience
we have had.

Mr. Huffman — I am pretty much with
Mr. Dadant, and I made up my mind
there was little difference whether the
queens came from the North or from
the South, and I still send to Tennessee
for queens.

Mr. Wheeler — "Why do you buy
queens?

Mr. Huffman — I can buy them and
get them more quickly than to rear
them.

Ten-Frame Hive with Nine Frames.

"Is it advisable to use nine Hoffman
frames and a division-board in a ten-
frame hive, after the hive has been in
use five years?"

Mr. Huffman — After one year.

Mr. Dadant — Nine frames are too
small.

Mr. Huffman — Last spring I had a
little trouble in ordering 100 hives. I
thought I would get the same size as
I got before. When they came they
were larger, one-fourth inch. I didn't

notice the difference until I had them
half nailed. 1 wrote to the parties that
I didn't like them. They said they had
increased the space on account of the
width of the ten frames. That is the
only objection I have to changing the
number of frames. I do think the thing
to do is to use nine frames for extract-
ed honey.

When I use them one year the bees
will stick them up with glue and I
can't get the frames out at all. In that
way I don't have much more space
than with eight frames with division-
board in, and I think they should have
made the ten-frame hive on the same
ratio.

Sec. Dadant — Why not use the Lang-
stroth frames, and you will not have
those sticky Hoffman frames?

Mr. Huffman — I have gotten so that
I like the Hoffman frames, even if I
didn't make them.

Mr. France — There is another point
in favor of nine combs, in that, if you
have ten frames in a ten-frame hive-
body, you have the old comb to contend
with each time, and if you put nine in,
you have new drawn out comb at the
end, which makes it very much easier
in uncapping.

Mr. Bull — I use only eight frames for
extracting supers in a ten -frame body;
never think of using any more.

Mr. Conrad — That is my experience,
too; I use only eight in a ten-frame
hive for extracting.

Mr. Huffman — I would like to ask Mr.
Bull one question in regard to his
frames, eight in ten-frame hive, what
does he do with them when he wanta
to use them in the brood -chamber?

Mr. Bull — I put them back in the
brood-chamber.

Mr. Hoffmaui — Do you cut them down
or let the bees?

Mr. Bull— I do.

Mr. Stone — ^I don't see any use in
having to put them back in the brood-
chamber.

Mr. Huffman — Sometimes you have
not enough and want extra frames.

Hybrid vs. Leather-Colored Italian.

"What is the difference in color and
general characteristics between the
hybrid bee and leather-colored Italian."

Mr. Huffman — Liable to sting worse.

Sec. Dadant — ^What cross, the black
bee hybrid, Italian and black? The
Italian and, Caucasian won't.

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

109

Mr. Huffman — Italian and black. I
meant brown bee or black bee; that
has been my experience.

Mr. Smith — Would a black bee
crossed with an Italian — would the
progeny sting worse than the 'black
bee?

Mr. Dadant — My attention was called
at the International Congress at Paris
to the fact which I had noticed but
had not thought of, when I visited our
neighbors who had black bees, whose
queens had mated with our drones,
their bees were gentle, but when our
Italian queens mated with their black
drones, our bees were cross. I had not
found the reason for this. At that
congress we were told by a man of
experience, that the mental qualities
came from the male; the working
qualities oame_ from the female, there-
fore the mixture of the Italian queen
with the black drone would give the
qualities of the black bee as far as
temper was considered, and the quality
of the Italian bee as far as working
ability was concerned. I have rather
seen it proven than contradicted since,
by facts.

Mr. Smith — My question is not an-
swered. Will the cross or the hybrid
sting worse than the pure black bee?
Suppose an Italian drone had mated
with a black queen, would that progeny
sting equally as bad as the black?

Mr. Dadant — The mating of a black
queen with an Italian gave the bees the
same disposition as the Italian — gentle
bees; while on the other side, if any-
thing, I believe the cross disposition is
increased in an Italian queen mated
with a black drone, and will give a still
crosser colony of bees than the pure
black. Mr. Baldridge, will you give us
something?

Mr. Baldridge — I don't think I could
throw any light on that subject.

Second-Story Extracting Frames.

When running for comb and extract-
ed honey in a ten -frame hive, what
extracting frames are recomm^ded for
the second story, the Hoffman or the
shallow extracting frames?

Mr. Huffman — Keep the two sepa-
rate; don't produce comb and extract-
ed in the same hive.

Sec. Dadant — At the Springfield Con-
vention they decided you might pro-
duce both in the same hive.

Mr. Huffman — Are we right ? ■

Pres. York — That is, "different lo-
calities," you see!

Mr. Huffman — Years ago I used to
do that way; later on I found from my
own experience that was not the way;
while getting the frames filled for ex-
tracted, and taking it away, you don't
get any work on the comb honey until
those combs are filled again.

Mr. Kannenberg — I have practiced
the same thing, and find it is no good;
put comb honey over extracting frames,
and the bees will never build it out the
way they ought to.

Mr. Dadant — How about putting it
under? Did it make any difference
whether you put it above or below?

Steam -Heated Uncapping Knives.

"How many have used the steam-
heated uncapping knife?"

Mr. France — Three years ago was the
first that I used it, and, with the first
one, the steam went in to the end of
the handle; it heated the handle too
much. Then the next one, the steam
went in at the heel of the blade, and
out at the point of the blade, there
being a little hollow brass piece on the
upper side;

Then we tried putting a partition
there (illustrating) through the center,
running the steam in on one side and
letting it go out at the heel. Unless
you keep up considerable steam you
will have a little condensation and
water. You want plenty of steam. I
would not go back to the old knives
under any condition. When my son
went to California, to take charge of a
couple thousand colonies of bees the
past season, he said, "Papa, if I am
going out there, I have to have that
steam knife." I got two, and he took
the extra one along.

So far as the practical working is
concerned, at 2 cents a day for kero-
sene oil, he has been able to do the
work with one knife that heretofore
took three men with the common un-
capping knife. The steam is generated
in an ordinary gallon, square honey-
can, with just a little hole put in, and a
short nozzle in which a piece of rub-
ber hose is slipped on. That is set on
an oil stove. We had that in the
•building at first, but found' that it
made a little additional heat, and
sometimes the current of air would
cause the lamp to smoke, and we would
have the smell of the lamp, so we put
the lamp outside the building, and we

110

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

have no heat, no smoke, andi no dis-
turbance of the lamp in the house at
all. I have tried three uncapping ma-
chines (yes, I have four) ; there are
good features in the uncapping ma-
chines, but as yet they need to be
further completed. A steam-heated
knife is always clean. You know how
# nice a knife is, 'brought out of hot water
— how nice it cuts. The steam-heated
one goes that way all day long, and
when you come back from your dinner
the knife is ready for business.

Sec. I>adant — Where did you have
these knives made?

Mr. France — I bought mine of the
Root Company, at $5.00 for the knife
and a piece of hose; that is a pretty
pheap "uncapping machine" compared
:^. the cost of the others. -^
;#f;Mr. Huffman — ^What do you use, the
r'Mngham knife?
■ -^Mr. France — The Bingham knife,
w-lth the piece on the upper side.
' ^Pres. York — Does $5.00 cover the
stove and everything?

Mr. France — No, I had the stove —
that cost $1.80; but I use that to put in
comb foundation, and for other pur-
poses at other times of the year. The
knife and hose cost $5.00.

Mr. Huffman — Mr. France, and Mr.
Hofmann, of Janesville, Minn., are the
only two that I have talked with as
ever having used them. Mr. Hofmann
claims for them the same as Mr France
does; this year he said he took 50,000
pounds of honey with his uncapping
knife.

Pres. York — ^We will call on Mr.
Dadant for something on "Further
Laws Needed by Illinois Bee-Keepers "

Mr. C. P. Dadant — I wrote a little
essay, but did not take into considera-
tion what Dr. Miller urges us to have —
that is, the anti-spraying law. The
reason I did not was that when we
tried to have that law, we were plainly
told if we did not bring more facts it
was out of the question for us to se-
cure such a law, and I must say that
the facts concerning the damage done
to bees causied by spraying are not
sufflcientlj^ numerous at the present for
us to feel that we can get anything,
although in a year or two accidents
may happen in such numbers that it
will become imperative to secure a law.
I don't think there would be much
difficulty in getting that law, if the
damage done was very great. But we

have other questions. I will read what
I have written:

Do We Need Other State Laws on
Bee-Keeping?

The success achieved in securing
the present law in Illinois 'on foul-
brood, and the appropriation for the
State Association, have furnished us
clear evidence that our State .will take
care of deserving industries, and that
the only .requirement is to make our
wants and needs well known by con-
certed action.

In the interview which the Legis-
lative Committee obtained from the
Governor of Illinois last winter, and in
which we brought him proofs of the
growing need of a foul -brood law, he
expressed himself as very willing to
help our industry, and after making dif-
ferent inquiries concerning the status
of bee-culture, he suggested that there
sfiould be an apiary department at the
State Agricultural College, with an
experimental station. He also said
that he was satisfied that such a de-
partment could be secured, if enough
pressure was brought to bear upon the
Legislature.

Would there be anything to gain
from such an experimental station ? I
think the reply to that question would
be in the affirmative, provided the
right kind of men were put in charge.
Not only is there a great field for in-
vestigation and work in the matter of
brood-diseases, since they have not yet
discovered the microbe of the so-
called European foul- brood: but we
need information concerning other bee-
diseases, paralysis or May disease, for
instance. Many experiments could be
made also on questions relating to bees
and their products, on the relation of
cost of wax to honey, on the compara-
tive production and cost of drones in
large apiaries, on new honey-plants
and their cultivation, and on a hundred
different questions relating to this
special industry. Such a department
could also be relied upon to teach bee-
culture and spread its active practice
among farmers. Statistics tell us that
there are over 35,000 bee-keepers
within the State, but how many among
them are practical honev-producers,
and sufficiently informed to carry on
this industry with success? Probably
not more than one in a hundred.

This 35,000 is taken outside of the
incorporated villages and cities, and I

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

111

think there are some of you at least
here who live within the precincts of
incorporated villa,ges or cities.
. This is direct from the Bureau at
Washington. This is not second-hand
information. I think it was a trifle
over 35,000, if I remember correctly.

It is true that some bee-keepers
think that the field of apiculture is
already overstocked, that honey would
sell better if less of it was produced.
The facts are, that it is the large pro-
duction which creates a demand. There
was but little demand for oranges in
America until long after orange-
growing became popular in California.
At present a thousand oranges are
sold where ten overstocked the market
forty years ago. The demand was
created iby the large supply seeking
sale. The more honey produced the
greater demand will be created for it.

I think it is a great deal, in the
thinking that the field of apiculture is
already overstocked, like the story a
German once told me. He had just
come over from Germany, and could
barely speak English. I said, "You
have moved from Germany; you didn't
do very well over there?" "No," he
said to me, "it is very hard to find work
there." I said to him, "the great
trouble you have there is in having so
large a standing army." "Oh, no," said
he." "It is a great deal better; if those
men were turned loose there would not
be work for anybody." He didn't take
in the idea that they- have to feed those
men and take care of them.. He was
looking at it from the wrong side.

It would be best if the State experi-
mental stations could be established as
branches of a National Bureau. This
would give greater facilities. But I
wish to suggest that it is doubtful
whether making bee-culture as a
branch of the entomological depart-
ment is best. There are so many
thousands of injurious insects which
need special investigation that the
honey-bee and its study ought to be
made separate work. Not only is there
enough for special microscopists and
bacteriologists, but there is in this line
a demand for practical apiary workers,
whose education will be on entirely
different lines from that of the ento-
mologists proper.

I can best illustrate my meaning by
s,uggesting thatt the growing of silk-
worms, although a branch of ento-
mology requires special practical

knowledge, and that it would be as
irrational to employ a bee-keeper of
ability to experiment upon it as it
would be to employ a grower of silk-
worms to experiment upon the habits
of the codling moth, the curculio, the
chinch bug, the potato beetle, etc., and
the remedies against their depreda-
tions. Our country has grown enough
that we need specializing, and I believe
bee-culture has showm itself useful
enough to demand special attention.

When we can get Federal action up-
on these matters, with the States as
members of a federation of this sort, it
will be best. But until then there Is
no reason why a large and prosperous
State, such as Illinois, cannot secure a
useful experimental station.

There are many among our friends
A\ho think that either State or Federal
action is inadequate because officials
are too formal and not practical enough.
But I believe that a very practical
demonstration is being made of the
possibility of active work by the
Government in the present opening of
an inter- oceanic canal at Panama. The
country as a whole is in a position to
do things that no individual or group of
individuals could ever achieve.

The Chicago-Northwestern Associa-
tion is influential enough to recommend
State action, not only in its own State
of Illinois, but in the two or three
neighboring states which are here
represented by delegates. I trust the
matter may be discussed. Even if it
takes twenty years to secure full
recognition it is worth while to make
efforts in that direction.

C. P. DADANT.

Pres. York — Has any one else any-
thing to say on this subject?

Mr. Dadant — I wish to emphasize the
statement made by the Governor of
Illinois. W^e came to him, armed with
proof of what we needed, and he was
convinced that we did need that for
which we were asking. He said: "Your
indusutry ought to be recognized; we
give the horticulturists a great deal of
attention; we think you need some
school, some teaching on this subject."
I think if we had come to him with
that kind of a request we would have
secured it, but our ambitions didn't
extend that far. Bee-culture is in its
infancy; in the course of time I think
we can secure such additional laws as

112

ELEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

we need, if we stick together and dis-
cuss these questions among ourselves.

Mr. Stone — The Committee on Reso-
lutions of the State Association asked
for an Experimental Station at Cham-
paign, controlled by the State En-
tomologist. I think it would be a good
thing for the Committee on Resolu-
tions to consider that in thi^ conven-
tion. We might pass a resolution and
put it in their hands, or suggest this to
them. Did they not pass a resolution
asking for an -independent department?
Did you say, "controlled by the State
Entomologist?" I am in favor of an
independent department.

Mr. Dadant — If there is nothing fur-
ther, we have here a resolution that was
passed by the State Bee-Keepers' As-
sociation, and which I think it would be
well to have read here, and have the
Association, if they see fit, endorse the
action of the President in signing it in
the name of this Association.

Sec. Dadant — Here is the resolution —
See Resolution printed in the State
Report, Page 69.

Mr. Dadant — My suggestion is to
have this Association, if it sees fit, ap-
prove the action of its President in this
matter. I move that this resolution
be endorsed, and that the action of
the President in signing it be endorsed
by this Association.

The motion was seconded, put and
carried.

Preventing Honey from Souring.

"How can we prevent good extracted
honey from souring?"

Mr. Huffman — I don't call it good
when it sours.

Mr. Prance — We look at that rather
with ridicule, and yet I call to mind a
case where one of our Wisconsin bee-
keepers wanted me to go to a dealer, to
whom he had sent his honey and re-
ceived no returns, but got a reply from
him that the honey was not good, be-
cause it wag sour. I investigated, and
found that the dealer had not sold it
during the honey season, and had
stored it away in a damp, cold cellar.
It had taken on moisture, and the top
of the honey, in barrels, had soured. It
was good honey when it was sent there.

Mr. Kannenberg — I know that honey
does sour, and good, ripe honey, left on
the hives until fall.

Mr. Dadant — The leaving of honey on
the hives' until fall is not proof that it

is well ripened. The consistency of it
will tell you whether it has ripened. I
have seen honey sealed by the bees
burst the cappings. People will tell
you that sealed honey is ripe. Not al-
ways. Bees make mistakes. Some
times they seal honey that is not ripe.
I remember one case similar to Mr.
France's, where the honey was called
sour, and it had been good. I believe
Mr. Kannenberg's case is due to its not
being sufficiently ripe.

Mr. Kannenberg — Why should it not
ripen in the house, then?

Mr. Dadant — I doubt that it had
enough heat.

Mr. Kannenberg — We had good heat
the past summer, and if it would not
ripen then, it would not ripen at all. .

Mr. Wheeler — I would like to know
if there was any bee-bread in the
combs extracted.

Mr. Kannenberg — None.

Mr. Wheeler — I had that trouble
years ago — honey souring. Since I
have cut out every bit of brood-comb
from the extractor I have not had that
trouble.

Mr. Stone — My experience has been,
I don't care how ripe the honey gets,
if you leave it on until the nights are
cold, in the fall of the year, the heat of
the honey and the coldness outside will
make the honey gather moisture, and
that moisture will sour the honey. I
have had it sour in hives after leaving
it on too long — just in sections I have
had it sour and get to fermenting in
the hives if left on till the middle of the
winter.

Sec. Dadant — What time of the year
was that honey gathered?

Mr. Kannenberg — Late in the sum-
^mer.

Sec. Dadant — Any grapes or peaches
near that locality?

Mr. Kannenberg — No; sweet clover
and some other flowers.

Mr. Huffman — I have had a similar
experience, but it was always fall
honey. Several years ago I had nearly
two barrels of fall honey. I kept it
over to feed the bees, and quite a little
of that honey soured on top of the bar-
rel; I laid it to the honey not being
ripe — not having ripened.

A Member — How far down did it
sour? \

Mr. Kannenberg — -It must have been
a foot at the top of the barrel; of
course, thin honey comes to the top.

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

113

Mr. Dadant — Mr. Stone made a point
there that I think is valuable. There
is no doubt that honey gathers mois-
ture readily. You have all had honey
in tin cans, and when it was cold, and
you had to warm it, your tin cans
"sweat." That was because the honey
inside was cold, and it took a long time
to warm up, and the moisture in the
atmosphere settled on the cans. If a
warm day comes, generally in the
warm' days in the fall or sipring the
atmosphere is loaded with moisture,
and the cold honey causes condensation
of moisture upon its surface, that is
damaging to the honey.

Mr. Stone — There is not anything in
nature but what is a lesson for us. You
go " along the street and look through
these large plate glass windows. There
is never one of them put in but what
there is a drainage on the inside to
take the water off that accumulates
from the heat or cold on the outside or
inside. Farmers have learned that re-
garding their seed corn, no matter how
dry it was when it was harvested, we
have to put it in a place where it will
not gather moisture. You see adver-
tisements for metal roofs. I have a
nephew who put a metal roof on his
automobile shed. He had to take it
off. The heat and cold would make
it sweat, and he had to put on a
wooden roof — and a bee-hive is no ex-
ception; just as soon as there is a dif-
ferent temperature on the outside from
that on the inside, there is moisture
going to gather.

Mr. Kannenberg — Those combs, when
they were taken off the hive, were not
extracted the same day. I had them at
least a month before they were ex-
tracted. It was warm wheVe they were
kept, and if that honey had not ripened
on the hive it would have ripened there.
It was over 120 degrees in that attic.

Mr. Stone — I canned tin cans of
honey and put the cover on while hot,
and when I took the cover off the water
would drip off from the inside of the
cover into the honey.

Mr. Dadant — That is not the same as
condensation of atmosphere. When
you heat honey you have lost by evapo-
ration. You are simply wasting some
of the water contained in the honey.
When you heat honey and put it in a
vessel while hot, and cover- the vessel,
it is the moisture of the honey itself
that condenses, and it is all right, it
belongs there. The condensation I

—8

speak of, on a warm day, after cold
weather, is the condensation of warm
air. You can see the same thing in the
pavements of the street. You have all
seen on a warm day, after a cold win-
ter's day, those granitoid pavements
wet. They condense the moisture in
the atmosphere on a warm day. It is
the same thing with a bucket of honey
that is cold. It is the condensation
from the outside that comes on the
jug or pail or pitcher or decanter. The
fact that the honey sours proves that
the moisture gets there somehow. You
all know that honey contains water;
you can prove that. I would think that
his honey contained a surplus of
water; if it did not, it should not sour;
and if it did not contain a surplus of
water it must have gathered it from
somewhere.

Mr. Smith — It seems clear enough to
me. I may be mistaken. The atmos-
phere at a temperature of 120 will take
up a great deal more moisture than at-
mosphere at 80, much more in propor-
tion. When he put his honey in the
can and left a space above that honey,
between the honey and the lid, and
heated it to 120, some of the water
in the honey evaporated and filled the
space between the honey and tjhe lid;
it would do that if the honey wap gran-
ulated. Now when that can of honey
got cold again, the moisture was on
top. It belonged to the honey, as Mr.
Dadant said, but you could not put it
back and mix it all through the honey;
when it dropped back it was right on
top; that made the honey on top
much thinner than at the bottom, and
when it reaches below a certain con-
sistency it will sour. I think if he
could have examined his honey care-
fully at all times he would have found
a scum on top .the honey, and that is
what soured, and it w^ould gradually go
down and spoil all the hone5'.

Mr. Kannenberg — My honey was not
heated ud to 120 degrees when it was
extracted.

Cause of Bees Dying /Outside of Hives.

"What is the cause of bees going out
of the hive and dying?"

Pres. York — I am sure we will all
agree that there might be more than
one cause. /

Mr. France — 'Can you tell the cause?
I have noticed it this fall more than
usual. I don't know but I am WTong

114

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

in the reason for it, but I think it is
due tj the extreme cold weather. I
have had a number of bees die near
the hive- entrances this fall. I have
had bees perish in the hive with an
abundance of honey right where they
were clustered. I think it was due to
the sudden change in temperature.

Mr. Huffman — I put that question in.
These bees Mr. France knows, because
I had him down there to look at them;
it was the commencement of gathering
, of white clover honey. I am satisfied
half of the bees in those colonies came
out and died right on the ground; it
seemed like paralysis, but it was not
paralysis. I never saw anything before
nor since like it.

Mr. France — You are getting on an-
other topic. This calls for the dying
of bees in the latter part of the sum-
mer.

Mr. Huffman — I didn't designate the
time. I should say it was in the clover
honey season.

Mr. France — Paralysis, largely, in
your case.

Mr. Stone — What was the cause of
paralysis?

Mr. France — Many times, the lack of
good vitality of the queen. A new
queen will overcome that.

Sec. Dadant — Do you mean to say
that is the only cause, a queen not be-
ing vigorous enough? W'on't they cure
themselves of that paralysis without
changing the queen?

Mr. France — Many times they do,
but they are cured more quickly with
a young queen.

Paralysis in Bees.

"What causes paralysis in bees?"
Mr. Huffman — Mr. France says,
change the queen. I have let them go,
and not changed the queen, and the
next year they have come out all right.'
Mr. Dadant — This question of the
cause of paralysis in bees ought to
have been answered before this but I
think it is still a question. Paralysis
in bees is also called "May disease,"
constipation; the disease of the Isle of
Wight, for if any of you read the
English papers, you have read of their
having a disease in the Isle of Wight
which corresponds to the description
of paralysis. Vertigo, described by a
professor in Italy, is the same thing as^
paralysis. Examine the intestines of
every one of those bees, and you find

them loaded with matter that is very
offensive, that they cannot discharge.
Usually it begins, in this country, at
the end of winter, the last of April, or
beginning of May, and lasts sometimes
longer. In Italy, six or seven years
ago, they had it to a great extent;
apiaries -were almost destroyed in
many instances. They called it "May"
disease. The Germans call it "May"
disease. The French call it mai de
mai. We call it paralysis, but it is
not. The disease begins with the
loading of the Intestines of the bees,
and when they get so far gone they
can hardly crawl, we notice it, and call
it paralysis. It appears in Italy, and
in the Isle of Wight; it is also found
in Florida, in Southern 'California.
Major Merriam, of Southern California,
has between 500 and 1,000 colonies. I
wrote to himi when I found his bees
had it. We were unable to bring out
anything in the way of light on the
question. Our friend in Florida, Mr.
Poppleton, gives his remedy, to
sprinkle sulphur over the bees. His
remedy is murder. It kills the bees,
and that puts an end to the disease.
What we want is something to stop it
as soon as it begins. In Italy is rec-
.ommended the mixing of honey with
strong herbs; some mix p'eppermint
with honey, and others a little wine,
but 'that would not do for our prohi-
bitionists! It is very strange that th'.s
disease should exist all over the
wor'ld, as it does, and only at certain
times. In Hamet's Book of Bee-Cul-
ture, he speaks of it as having been
very severe in 1864. Since "that time
we have taken their bee-papers right
along, and I have seen it mentioned
taut very little. Dr. Zander says it is a
small insect which exists in the stom-
ach of the bee, which causes the dis-
ease, and calls it "nosema apis."

We hope that each one of you will
try to discover the cause of paralj^is,
or May disease, and let us know. It
happens nearly everywhere in May.
Here in the North, Doctor Miller has
found it in May, and it is found then
in Florida, and in CaMfornia. That it
should happen at the same time of the
year, in different countries, is aston-
ishing. A great many charge (in
Italy) that it is due to certain plants,
but the plants they have in Italy are
not the same as in Florida or in Cali-
fornia.

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

115

Making Honey- Vinegar.

"What is the best way to make
honey -vinegar?"

Pres. York — I think Mr. Arnd has
had experience in that line.

Mr. Arndi — By the "short procesg" it
means that you will have to get gen-
erators, and they cost a lot of money;
Mr. York and I know that; and when
you start making vinegar in a gen-
erator you not only must have your
surplus waste honey, but you must
have about 60 pounds of good honey a
day if you have no waste honey to put
In to keep the generator going. The
generator must be kept alive, just like
a fire. If the wood all burns up you
will have to start it again, and to
start up a generator costs a good deal
of money, so that if a ' person wants
to go in for the quick process, he must
be able to have at least 60 pounds of
honey a day to keep it a going.

By the "long process" it is just about
the same as making cider vinegar.
You take about a pound of honey to
a gallon of water, and put it in a bar-
rel; start it to fermenting, and allovA^
it to stand a year or two; if you allow
it to stand two years you will have
good honey-vinegar. I am making two
barrels now of honey-vinegar by the
slow process. By the quick process
we made, I should think, about 40 or
50 barrels, and we got so much vinegar
that we didn't know what to do with
it, because we could not afford to sell
it for the price people were paying for
vinegar at that time. It was selling,
at wholesale, on the market, for about
12 cents a gallon, and we had to com-
pete with some vinegar that sold at 3
and 4 cents a gallon.

We practically got the people edu-
cated up to honey-vinegar when we
had it all sold. I am taking some
orders now, as soon as I have it made,
and they are willing to pay 75 cents to
$1.00 a gallon. If you can educate the
people to the use of honey- vinegar, it
will pay you to put some honey in it
to make it.

Mr. Stone — What kind of a place
does it have to be kept in during the
process of making?

Mr. Arnd — A warm place. You can
put it out-of-doors in the summer.
You must have a temperature of about
70 degrees or more to keep the thing
fermenting. You make honey-vinegar
just the S'ame as you do cider vinegar;

only you add the right proportion of
honey to rain water. (Rain water is
better than other water.)

Mr. Stone — It does not take two
years to make cider vinegar.

Mr. Arnd — It will take two years to
make good honey- vinegar. The honey-
vinegar we make, people say, is worth
two or three times as much as any
other vinegar, because it has' to be re-
duced more than half before it is used.

Mr. Stone — Could you not hurry it
and make it in one year by putting in
a little yeast? We made it so good
one year that it took the blue ribbon
at the Flair.

Mr. France — What density did you
say you had with the slow process?

Mr. Arnd — Just off-hand, I should
say a pound of honey to a gallon of
water will make a first-class vinegar.

Mr. France — You don't give it any
actual test with a saccharomter ?

Mr. Arnd — When I made honey-vin-
egar by the quick process, everything
was weighed out, and done by rule. I
cannot remember the figures.

Mr. Dadant — ^How about clarifying
it?

Mr. Arnd — In the quick process, it
goes trickling down through the beech
shavings, and when it comes out at the
bottom it is perfectly clear. I have
not decided how I am going to clarify
by the slow process. They sas", "Run
it through nice, clean . sand" is one of
the best ways of clarifying it.

Mr. Stone — My vinegar was kept
down in the cellar, where there was
hot water heat in the winter time, and
I never set it out-of-doors at all.

Mr. Arnd — Mine is in the basement
now, where there is heat all the time,
but in the summer time it is quite cool
there.

Mr. Huffman — Do you add any sweet
to your vinegar already made?

Mr. Arnd — I have one barrel I am not
doing anything with. My rinsings and
waste honey go into the other barrel.
If I were going in it right along, I
would weigh out the honey scientifi-
cally, and make it out of good, straight
honey.

Mr. Dadant — I believe it is really
best to make the honey-vinegar by this
quick process. You don't have any
foreign matter; you don't have the
little vinegar eels forming. If you
have vinegar that has been made a
few months, if you will take a thin

116

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

vial such as the druggists use for sell-
ing you a drug when they wish you
to think you are getting a great deal
and you have only a few drops — if you
take a little, flat vial and pour vinegar
in and hold it to the light you can see
these little eels. The vinegar eel is the
"anguillula aceti", coming from the
French word "anguille", which means
an eel. It has a large head and a long
tail. They wiggle in there just like an
eel in a pool of water. I suppose each
one of us has eaten millions of them
in his lifetime. I had a bee-keeper

on this mead; it was worse than drink-
ing beer.

Mr, Huffman — How do you work it
to keep the "mother" out of It?

Mr. Arnd — You have to keep the
"mother" in it until you sell it.

Mr. Stone — In case of the disappear-
ance of all that alcohol from it, can
you bring it back to a condition when
the alcohol will be there?

Mr. Arnd — You can add honey and
start it fermenting again, of course
that will make alcohol. Alcohol is
;ea4jsed by fermentation.

write to me that he had a barrel ofv/ Mr. Stone — Or would you do better

vinegar entirely spoiled, filled with
worms. I told him that was evidence
that it was good vinegar. If it were
vinegar made of sulphuric acid it
wQuldi mot be vinegar; there would not
be any eels in it. To destroy them,
heat your vinegar 160 or 180 degrees,
those little eels die and fall to the
bottom; draw it off and your vinegar
is clear. We always make vinegar by
the slow process. When we have
mixed honey and water and we don't
know the strength of it we use an egg,
we want the egg to float so as to show
about the size of a dime at the top of
the water. If it is very strong in
homey the egg will rise more, and the
more honey there is the more the egg
will show. It will take two or three
pounds of honey to the gallon to make
the egg show % of its size. If the egg
shows less than the size of a dime at
the top we add more honey, if it shows
more we add more water.

A Member — I suppose this has to be
a fresh egg! (Laughter.)

Mr. Arnd: — There is one thing in mak-
ing vinegar by the quick process — if
you don't have enough alcohol to feed
the bacteria, the bacteria will turn
around and consume the alcohol, and
them your generator will become dead.
I would not guarantee to' start a gen-
erator for less than $50.00.

Mr, Dadant — Mr. Arnd calls my at-
tention to something. You must make
wine or mead out of your honey before
you can make it into vinegar and' the
nearer it will be to an alcoholic sub-
stance the better it will make into
vinegar. If you have vinegar that is
sweet and sour at the same time you
have poor vinegar.

Mr. Arnd' — Mr. Dadant spoke about
making it into mead first. I had a
man working for me who liked to
drink, and one day he got intoxicated

to throw that away and start anew?
• Mr. Arnd — ^No, I think not.

Mr. Dadant — I wish we had some of
those European scientists who have
gone through this work thoroughly.
It is difficult for me to remember their
statements. They say that in the
flowers there a number of germs of
fermentation, and some of those germs
which go with the honey are germs
that cause rottenness. There is a
chance when you make vinegar, if you
don't have alcoholic fermentation, of
your liquor actually rotting. I have
had vinegar that was not very well
cared for and when our friend, the
former Secretary of this Association,
Mr. Moore, asked me for samples I
sent them to him, he said they were
inferior. I concluded as we had not
taken care of the vinegar it had some
of those germs in it. If you heat your
honey to a point where the germs will
be destroyed, then get the alcoholic
fermentation pretty well through, and
then put in your acetic fermentation
you won't have those things.

My wife once complained that our
honey-vinegar ate up the pickles.
Some one suggested that if she put
half water in it it would be all right,
and then wouldi be as strong as cider
vinegar. She thought we made the
vinegar too strong.

Mr. Arnd — Don't you think this pu-
trefaction you mention is caused by
not having alcohol enough? The bac-
teria turn around and eat it up.

Mr. Dadant — That is new to me, but
there is no doubt that the alcohol de-
stroys other germs. Alcohol is a
preservative. If you make your liquid
strong enough, and have the alcoholic
fermentation thoroughly done before
the acetic begins, that will destroy the
germs. There is a point where the al-
cohol destroys its own germs of fer-

y

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

117

mentation. Perhaps this is irrelevant
to the discussion, (but I learned from
Major Merriam In California, that
when they make wine of grapes, they
wait until it is up to a certain point of
fermentation, and then pour in brandy
to make Port wine, and when they
reach 14 and a fraction per cent, the
fermentation is stopped entirely and
the wine clears up. The alcohol de-
stroys the very germs that caused it
to come into being. You can make
wine that will remain sweet, and, of
course, you could make vinegar that
would also remain sweet.

Mr. France — There was one point
about honey- vinegar: I had to throw
away one batch of two barrels on ac-
count of a per cent of honey too much.
It started nicely, and then the acidity
reacted, and it became dead, and
stayed right in that condition, and I
kept it two years, and then had to
throw it away. The egg in that lot
would float quite high, showing that
there was an overload of honey.

Mr. Dadant — What do you think of
the measure I gave?

Mr. France — Just floating a hen's
egg has been my thermometer for
some while. In this case I mention I
calculated to add water to it, but it
slipped my mind, and it wa,s set aside,
and it started fermentation. It got far
enough along, if 5'^ou plea,se, so that the
beys were having a good time in the
bee-yard on the mead, but it stayed
in that condition for two years, and I
finally threw it away.

Mr. Stone — There is a question as to
whether it is possible for a condition
to come about when the bacteria feed
on themselves and destroy themselves;
that is the case with some bacteria.
If they did that, it would do just what
Mr. France says.

Mr. Dadant — I believe that is what
Mr. Arndt meant.

Shallow Extracting Frames.

"Is the shallow extracting frame
preferable to any other?"

Pres. York — How many have used
the shallow extracting frames? (Quite
a number.) Are they preferable, and
why:

Mr. Stone — I took stand against
them in the Springfield meeting sev-
eral years ago, when the other fellows
said that when the colony was not a
very strong one, they would put on

shallow frames instead of deep frames.
M.v plan was to put a section case on
the weaker colonies for comb hone>,
and, on the sitrong colonies, brood
frames for extracting. I stand for
deep frames for extracting and sec-
tions for comb honey.

Mr. Kannenberg — I use the shallow
frames. When I lift a super, I can
carry it easily; but if I have the deep
frames, and they are pretty full, it
takes a pretty good sized man to carry
them. T use the regular Hoffman shal-
low frames, 5% inches deep.

Motion to adjourn put, seconded and
carried.

SECOND DAY— AFTERNOON SES-
SION.

Pres. York — The first thing on the
program this afternoon session is:
"The Honey Bee and the Average
Horticulturist," by Mr. E. J. Baxter,
Nauvoo, 111.:

The Honey Bee ajid the Average
Horticulturist.

The subject assigned to me, viz.:
"The Honey Bee and the Average Hor-
ticulturist," is a very interesting one,
as well asi very important to both the
practical apiarist and the fruit grower.

The mutual relations and dependence
of the two should be more generally
and more thoroughly understood, and
it devolves on the bee-keepers, indi-
vidually and through their organiza-
tions, to spread this information
broadcast among agriculturists and
horticulturists so as to educate them to
a realization of the very important part
played by the honey bee in the econ-
omy of nature, and their absolute
necessity in the pollenization of flowers
generally.

It is held) by well informed natural-
ists that there are about sixty species
of insects in the United States (more
or less widely distributed) that help
to pollenize our flowers. It has also
been well demonstrated that the honey
bee plays a more important part in thi«»
work than the fifty-nine species of
other insects combined. Practical
fruit growers of long experience who
have made experiments and observa-
tions along this line, know that it is
an' utter impossibility to grow some of
our fruits in paying quantities, without
the aid of the honey bee to pollenize

118

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

the flowers. To prove this I will cite
you to the case of cherry growers of
California who were growing big crops
of cherries, and who had the honey
bees banished from their locality be-
cause they claimed that they were the
cause of blight in their pear orchards,
when their cherry trees, although full
of bloom every year, ceased to bear
any crop until the bees were brought
back again. The exact facts in this
case, I presume, can be had from the
Secretary of Agriculture, at Washing-
ton, D. C, as his department made the
investigation and reported the results
as above stated.

We can also refer to the wild goose
plum for instance, the Keifer pear, all
of our pistillate straw^berries, and
probably many of our other fruits of
whose fertility we know, as yet, but
very little positively. I have usually
had the good fortune to have a good
crop of these fruits to set; thanks to
th^ agency of my bees and to the
proper variety of fruit to produce the
pollen required. While I have been
successful in getting good crops of
these fruits to set, many of the fruit
growers about me have not been so
successful for various reasons. Some
have failed because they did not have
the right variety to produce the re-
quired pollen. Bees, by themselves,
are not all that is needled. You must
have the right variety of fruit to pro-
duce the pollen required to fertilize
the' self -sterile variety. If you have
this the bees will see to the distribution
of the pollen and thus accomplish the
cross fertilization of the flowers. Others
have failed because their orchards or
fruit plantations were too far away
from the location of bees, thus too few-
bees visited the flowers in their plan-
tations to pollenize them properly. I
have often observed that the fruit
plantations nearest my apiaries set
the heaviest crop of fruit, and the
amount decreased as the distance from
my apiaries increased.

I might cite other proofs of the
necessity of the honey bee in the
poUenization of the flowers of our
orchards and fields if we wish to har-
vest good crops. One more instance
will suffice myi purpose.

It is a well known fact that red
clover very seldom produces any seed
at all at the first cutting because the
flowers are self sterile and there are
not insects in sufl^cient numbers at

that time of the year to pollenize them
properly, hence no seed. The second
cutting, later in the year, usually pro-
duces more or less of seed, the bumble
bees being numerous enough at that
time of the season' to pollenize the
flowers more or less perfectly. This
year the firs't cutting of red clover pro-
duced as' much seed in our locality as
the best crop that was ever harvested
at the second cutting simply because
the flowers were thoroughly poUen-
ized by the honey bees, the awful
drought then prevailing having short-
ened the tubes of the flowers, making
it possible for the honey bees to reach
the nectar, thereby inducing them to
visit the flowers constantly until thor-
oughly poUenization was accomplished.
So much for the honey bee side of
the question. Now, how is it with the
average horticulturist? Does he know
all these facts, and if he knows them,
does he realize the importance of the
honey bee to the success of his voca-
tion? Does he comprehend the mutual
dependence of the one upon the other
for sustenance and profit, and does he
take proper precautions to protect his
friends, the honey bees', and to encour-
age their keeping close to his fruit
planations? From my long experi-
ence in this matter, running back
several decades and extendiitg over a
wide territory, I am compelled to an-
swer, generally, he does not.

The average horticulturist, up to the
present time, knows very little of the
natural history of the honey bee and
still less of nature study in general.
He looks down on the honey bee as an
enemy, rather than as a friend. The
failure of his fruit plantation to set a
good crop of fruit is attributed to the
bees sucking all the vitality out of the
fiowers. The puncturing of Ms fruit
and their rotting is laid to the bee's
sting. These, and many other ideas,
equally as false and foolish, antagon-
istic to the honey bee, have prevailed
among horticulturists! for ages past,
but I am happy to be able to say that
these conditions are changing, and
changing fast. Owing to the great
wave of practical and vocational edu-
cation that is sw-eeping over our coun-
try, pushed on by our Agricultural
Colleges, our Experiment Stations, our
Farmers' Institutes, and our Vocational
Meetings of various kinds, this ignor-
ance and superstition is giving way to
truth and enlightenment, and I believe

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

119

that the day is not very far oft when
the practical horticulturist will recog-
nize the honey bee as one of his bes^t
friendis.

E. J. BAXTER.

Pres. York — What can be d'one to
increase the interest of the horticul-
turists in bees, so that they will co-
operate more with bee-keepers?

Mr. Dadant — At one meeting of the
State Horticultural Society we were
invited — that is, the State Bee -Keep-
ers' Association was invited — to be
present and discuss the influence of
the honey bee upon the flowers. We
found the horticulturists were all with
us with one exception. He thought
the bees injured the flowers, but he
was sat down upon by the other hor-
ticulturists in such a manner that we
saw they had the right idea. The men
Who attend the horticultural meetings
are like the bee-people who attend our
meetings. Those who need the educa-
tion are those who do not attend. How
this is to 'be reached is a matter that
ought to be pretty well ventilated.

Pres. York — There ought to be some
way, it seems to me, whereby bee-
keepers could get horticulturists to
appreciate the value of bees in horti-
culture. How can it be done ? Mr.
Prance, have you any suggestions to
make on that?

Mr. France — How it is to be done is
a hard proposition, but I think one
field we can work in to good advan-
tage is the horticultural literature. Get
•more of this class of facts in the
papers- which those people read — in
the horticultural and the agricultural
papers. But there are many who are
horticulturists who do not take the
horticultural papers.

I remember in our own State, three
years in succession one of the largest
orchard! men, commercially grow-
ing apples, came to our State
Bee-Keepers' meeting in the winter,
offering a house free of rent to
some one who would locate at least 80
colonies of bees in his orchard. Being
in the far North, many years the
bloom would be of a short period, and
he said, "I can't take a chance of the
bees being a long distance away. I
want them right there and if the house
rent is not sufficient, I will pay him
Avages right along, and he can work
for me." He wanted some one to take
care of the bees in order to pollenize

the fruit, and he ships apples by the
carload.

Pres. York — 'If such facts as that
could ibe put before the fruit-growers,
in the press, I believe it would be a
gcod thing.

Mr. France — There is one other
thought. In case the National mem-
bers want some of the experiments
that have been conducted at different
State Experimental Stations, and U.
S Experimental Stations, in a little
booklet that I got a few seasons ago,
called "Bee-Keepers' Legal Rights;"
in that book there are about 20 pages
on bees and horticulture, with those
clippings from different bulletins — we
have a limited number left. I have
been practicing all the economy I
could, and I have loaned them where
we could not spare a surplus. I loaned
half a dozen copies to be distributed
among horticulturists, to read those
firticles, and then return them, so that
I could use them elsewhere.

Pres. York — We will have the report
of the Committee on Resolutions, if
they are ready now; it rather follows
this paper of Mr. Baxter's:

Report of Committee on Resolutions.

Whereas, It has been found by many
bee-keepers that some Horticulturists in-
sist on spraying their trees while in
bloom; and

"Whereas, It is against the best interests
of Horticulturists to spray their trees at
such a time: and

AVhereas, Such spraying poisons many*
bees, causing a heavy loss among bee-
keepers; therefore, be it

Resolved, That the Chicago-North-
western Bee-Keepers' Association, in con-
vention assembled, this 7th day of De-
cember, 1911, recommend the drafting of
proper hill or bills for the bee-keepers of
the State of Illinois, or of surrounding
States, prohibiting the noison soraving of
fruit trees while in bloom; and be it
further

Resolved. That the Pre.sident of this
Association appoint a committee to gather
information and proof in regard to this
matter and assist in the drafting and
presentation of such laws before the
State Legislature.

HENRY M. ARND.
GEORGIA M. WESTON.
LOUIS ^. DADANT,

Committee.

Mr. Smith — I move we adopt the
resolution.

The motion was seconded, put and
carried.

Pres. York — We will have the next
resolution:

Whereas, The industry of bee-keeping

X20

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

and honey production has become of great
importance in the State of Illinois; and

Whereas, Bee-keeping could be greatly
helped by a proper Department, at the
University of Illinois Experiment Station;
therefore, be it

Resolved. That the Chicago-North-
western Bee-Keepers' Association in con-
vention assembled, this 7th day of De-
cember. 1911, do hereby recommend the
establishent of such a Department at the
State University: and be it further

Resolved. That such a Department be
placed in charge of practical apiarists, to
be appointed by the Governor of the State
of Illinois.

HENRY M. ARND,
GEORGIA M. WESTON,
LOUIS C. DADANT,

Committee.

Pres. York — You have heard the
resolution, what will you do with it?

Mr. Dadant — I move its adoption.

The motion was seconded, put and
carried.

Mr. Dadant — I think a resolution of
thanks to the hotel management for
the use of this fine room ought to be
in order.

Pres. York — I have just reminded
the Secretary of that fact. It is cer-
tainly a fine place in which to meet.

A Sample Honey-Talk.

"Will Mr. Bull give a sample of his
honey- talk when soliciting orders
among private families?"

Mr. Bull — Well, when I start out, I
take a sample, a 10-lb. can, the same
as I sell, and carry 3 or 4 pounds of
Honey. The first time I go to a place,
I go to the back door and knock, and
get the lady of the house, if she an-
swers the door, and, if not, I try to get
her. I generally ask them if they like
nice, pure honey. The answer is gen-
erally, "No." Then I say to her,
"Will you give meV spoon, and let me
give you a sampl^?" I give them a
sample of it, arm after they get a
mouthful of the honey, they want to
know the price, and when you are
goinsr to deliver it, and that is about
all there is to it. I make my orders
two weeks or ten days ahead. They
often say to me, "The sample is all
right, but maybe what you are going
to bring to us will be the same, and
maybe it Avon't." I tell them' they can
open the can, and if it is not all right
they don't need to keep it. The great-
est drawback I find is in candied
hone.\-. They say to me "Your honey
was not pure. It had sugar in the
bcttoni. It granulated." You have to

ex 1 lain to them how it is, and why it
is, and you can convince most of them,
but some you cannot.

Mr. Dadant — Why not explain this
to them in the first place?

Mr. Bull — The label explains that.

Mr. Kannenberg — What do j'ou tell
the butler when he comes to the door?

Mr. Bull — I call for the lady of the
house.

Pres. York — I don't think you find
butlers v.here Mr. Bull goes. (Laugh-
ter.)

Mr. Bull — I find that the people who
work for day wages and on salaries
are the people who use the honey,
reneraliy.

Bee- Escape for Removing Honey.

"How many use the bee- escape in
taking off extracted honey?" (10 or 12.)

"How many prefer brushing?" (1.)

Presi. York — Why, Mr. HufCman?

Mr. Huffman — I like it (better, is the
reason why.

Maybe I don't know how to use the
bee-escape. It is too much trouble to
get it under, for one thing. I can get
my honey off quicker by using the
brush. I don't have to bother with any
escape. You have to place the escape
on 10 or 12 hours prior to taking qff
the honey. I drive the bees down, and
take the frames right off, and quickly;
those bees are all ofC and run down
below; take your frames out and sep-
arate them, and in ten minutes you
can get through, and you have no
bother.

Mr. France — Cut that in two; we
take five minutes.

Mr. Huffman — I was going to give
plenty of time.

Sec. Dadant — How many supers to
the hive?

Mr. Prance — Two.

Mr. Dadant — Here are two of us; we
have tried both ways. We began with
brushing bees years and yearg ago,
and we brushed- and smoked. Where
you have 2, 3, and 4 supers on top,
you have to brush every one of them.
I have only one objection to the es-
cape; that is, when it is very warm,
the chance of combs not having ven-
tilation, and breaking down from heat.
We lift our supers in the afternoon,
put the escape-board tinder, and let
the supers down together. W^e do the
entire apiary that way. The next
morning, all there is to do is to take

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

121

off the supers — mo bees flying, no rob-
bing, no smoking. You don't get your
combs or your honey full of the smell
of smoke.

Mr. Huffman — You use too much
smoke.

Mr. Dadant — All those things are to
be taken into consideration. I ended
with the escape. I don't believe I
want to go back to the old way. If
you have not enough to make it worth
while to go the afternoon previous,
begin by putting on the escapes earlj'.
It is so handy to have your combs free
of the bees when you go in the morn-
ing.

Mr. Huffman — How do you get your
escape-board under them?

Mr. Dadant — The question was
asked this morning, "How many use
the half -story supers?" We use the
shallow supers. I used 100 full-story
supers' in extracting for a few years in
one apiary, and I discarded themi for
ever more. Our super wejlghs aibout
65 pounds when full. We ^ift those
supers and slip the escape-board un-
der. There is a bee-space both above
and below the escape. That escape
fits exactly on the hive, and the super
fits on top; one escape on each hive.

Pres. York — ^Would there be any ad-
vantage in having more than one bee-
escape to the hive?

Mr. Dadant — No, we didn't find it so.

Pres. York — Do you find the bees all
out when you come back?

Mr. Dadant — There may be a couple
dozen bees left; not enough to amount
to anything; hardly ever any bees at
all.

Mr. Stone — For two or three years I
have been using nothing for an escape
but a box such as I described in our
last Report. I told of it at the Albany
meeting. I put a tight cover on the
box, and in that box cover I cut a hole
five or six inches in diameter; if the
box is large I make more holes. I put
a wire cloth screen in that like a cone,
with a hole at the top so it comes to
a point like a funnel, large enough for
the ibees to get out. They try to get
back but they can't. They wilL fly out
there very fast; none of them will
come back again. If I put combs into
that box one morning and go iback the
next morning I would not find a bee
in the box whether for comb or ex-
tracted honey. I have used no bee-
escaped on the hives and I do not have
to brush my bees. I like this better

than any other plan I have tried for
years. You can have the ibox as large
as you please. You can have it large
enough to put half a dozen supers in
it at one time; let the supers be comb
or extracted honey. I use the brood -
comb size for extracted. I put the
surplus cases of honey into the ibox,
and you can put in as many as you
want. I find this a very good plan.

Mr. France — Are there not some
young toees above the queen-excluder
that seem to be lost as they go out
of that escape? They have to hunt
some hive; it would be immaterial
whether they .went back to their own
hive or some other.

Mr. Stone — Sometimes there would
be a queen get albove. In two ' cases
I found that and- the bees won't leave
those supers. ,

Mr. Dadant — It took me a long time
to become convinced that the Porter
bee-escape was of any value. I
shrugged my shoulders at the very
first and said, "I don't think they will
amount to anj^thing." He finally sent
me a dozen escapes and asked me to
try them'. When you are given things
for trial you are compelled to try them.
We were given the Bingham knife
with a request that we try it. The
men set it aside, but I demanded thej'
try it and now they would not have
anything else.

Yellow and White Sweet Clover Bloom.

"How much earlier does yellow
sweet clover bloom than does white
sweet clover?"

Pres. York — How many have yellow
sweet clover around where you live,
in your neighborhood? (Six.)

Mr. Baldridge — From 3 to 4 weeks.

Mr. Kubick — It iblooms only a week
before the white in our section — 12
m.iles from here.

Mr. Barkemeier — We have yellow
sweet clover four weeks ahead of the
white.

Mr. France — ^Is sweet clover an ob-
noxious w^eed in Illinois?

Pres. York — Not in Illinois; there
is no law against it.

Mr. Arnd — ^In this state they cut it
down.

Pres. York — I (believe that is' not in
the law.

Mr. France — It was in Wisconsin un-
til I had it removed.

Pres. York — A pretty good kind of a
weed, if it is a weed.

122

ELEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

Mr. France — In Wisconsin it was on
the noxious weed list. I was delegated
as a committee to go before the legis-
lature and have sweet clover stricken
from the noxious weed list. Among
the people who were helping me, I had
more farmers who did not have bees
than I had bee-keepers 'backing me.
Since then alfalfa growing has come
into our state, and we find districts
where there is an abundance of sweet
clover, and they are coming out there
and taking that soiL and spreading it
to inoculate the land to grow alfalfa.

C. P. Dadant — In a trip which I took,
to Idaho last fall I was informed by
seed men in Twin Falls, and Ogden,
Utah, that the cattlemen in the great
West, and in most Arizona regions, were
buying sweet clover seed to sow in
arid lands, because it stood the dTouth
better than anything else, and- would
grow- in those alkali lands, and they
thought it was going to recuperate the
land that had been absolutely worth-
less.

Increasing Sweet Clover Area.

"What can bee-keepers do to help
increase the area covered by sweet
clover?"

Mr. Stone — Circulation, of all the in-
formation they can get regarding
sweet clover. I have lots of men in-
CLuiijing where they can buy sweet
clover seed; who ten years ago cursed
me .-^because I dared to say that any
kind of stock would eat it. They have
ceasfed to make fun of us, and are be-
ginning to inquire w'here they can get
the seed. I cut a clipping from the
"Successful Farmer," published at Des
Moines, Iowa. This man gave the ac-
count of two of his neighbors who
kept cattle; one had 20 and one had 40
head'. The one with the 20 head fed
them through the winter on hay; we
call that "roughing" cattle through the
winter. The other "roughed" his
through on the same thing; with the
exception of one month he fed them
sweet clover straw. The first day of
May they both turned them on to
pasture — the 20 head' on bluegrass; the
40 head went on to sweet clover pas-
ture. The 15th day of August both
marketed their cattle on the Chicago
market. The bluegrass fed cattle sold
for $4.65 a hundred; the sweet clover
fed cattle sold for $5.65 per hundred.
The $5.65 brought the price of corn

fed cattle. I wrote to this man who
raised the 40 head of cattle. To get
evidence that we could circulate
among our neighbors, who had made
fun of us and said that cattle never
would eat sweet clover, we asked that
man a few questions, and he answered
us in a six-page letter. He said that
the truth had not all been told in that
article. He said that he had sent sam-
ples of the sweet clover to Ames, Iowa,
for analysis, and it analyzed 22 per
cent protein and 5 per cent fat. That
is better than alfalfa, because it never
bloats the cattle. Chemists say there
are properties in sweet clover to allay
fermentation in the human stomach,
and that was the property that pre-
vented it from bloating cattle. I told
this at the Crop Report meeting at the
State Fair, and you ought to have seen
the furore it created. There were but
five or six men of all the people there
who rose up and said, "That man is
right. Our experience has been ex-
actly the same." All kinds of stock
will learn to eat it, and you will find
it is better than alfalfa for them, be-
cause of the danger of bloating from
alfalfa.

Pres. York — Recently there was an
"Alfalfa Banquet" given here in Chi-
cago; in the first course was "alfalfa
soup." The Bee-Keepers ought to give
a "Sweet Clover Banquet," and make
all the dishes of sweet clover. (There
would be no bloating.)

Mr. Nielson — You must educate the
people to know the value of sweet
clover, and disabuse the minds that it
is an obnoxious weed, and has no good
qualities. W^hen I first went down
South with bees, there was a great
prejudice amongst the people against
bees. We had to educate the people to
know that bees are not injurious, but
of benefit. I did that by and' through
the local papers. I got the editor to
publish items that I would clip from
agricultural and various bee-papers,
and he published them, and got the
community to see the error of their
opinions in this regard. And the same
thing will apply to the selling of honey.
I had to resort to that same means in
regard to honey, by publishing state-
ments that they could not refuse to
read. We must educate the people
who have mistaken ideas with regard
to all these things. Each and every
one of us, if we can do so, might pub-
lish items in the papers with regard to

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

123

sweet clover, and, in fact, anything
else that will be to our advantagre.

Pres. York^ — W-e are all to be edu-
cators, and' do it in our own locality.

Mr. Nielson — If all the bee-keepers
would do it, the country would be
pretty well covered.

Mr. France — Another thought on
this sweet clover proposition: We
can not only educate, but we can dis-
tribute seed at the same time that we
are distributing literature.

Mr. Kubick — If anybody would be
caught distributing sweet clover seed
in our section of the country I believe
he would be lynched. I don't think
there is a section where sweet clover
grows more abundantly. The Town
Board down there got an appropriation
of $15.00 to have it cut, and it has
been cut ever since. The cattle there
won't touch it at any stage. They
seem to go all around it and eat the
grass as low as possible, and leave that
sweet clover sticking up there as
prominent as a tree. There is no
farmer around there but what cuts it,
but, in spite of all they can do, it is
the most persistent grower I have ever
seen. I notice that when the cattle do
eat it, there is absolutely nothing else
left for them to eat.

Mr. .Stone — If they get accustomed to
eating it, they will eat it from choice.

Mr. Kubick^ — You can notice it dur-
ing a drought, when the grass is dry,
then they will nibble only the ends
of the sweet clover. When I was on
the Board they spoke about cutting it.
I went to the gentleman who was sup-
posed to cut it and said to him "You
leave that alone until it gets through
blooming and then cut it," but the
damage was done then, the seed had
fallen. I was trying to protect the fel-
lows around there who had bees. The
fact is that this coming j^ear will be
about the biggest sweet clover year
we have ever had.

Mr. Stone — It is safe to make a pre-
diction that in 20 years sweet clover
will be as much appreciated as alfalfa
is. You can now find many men who
think that sweet clover is second only
to alfalfa. I have a neighbor near me
who keeps his hedge trimmed up in a
zigzag way, ibut he comes out with his
mowing machine and cuts that sweet
clover to make the road look nice.
There is no objection to sweet clover
so long as it is green; it is only when
it dies that it is objectionable and that

"old weed" stands there. I have
noticed that when the road gets right
bad they go on to this sweet clover
and they always have a good road.
Put the cattle in amongst the sweet
clover and let them learn to eat it;
they will get a taste for it.

One spring we had a new horse, and
our pasture had got so dry I said to
the hired' man "Take a whe^l barrow
and cut that sweet clover and take it
down and feed' the horses some every
night." He said to me the next morn-
ing, "Dan won't touch it." It was not
more than three days after that
("Dan" was my wife's buggy horse)
when "Dan" got to eating sweet clover
and eats it from choice as well as any
of them now. They had plenty of com
and oatR but he couldn't get enough of
that sweet clover, and if your stock
don't eat it, it is "because they don't
have a chance to get at it.

Mr. Lyman — I know that my cattle
will eat sweet clover in hay that has
only a few sprigs of sweet clover in it.
In regard to the distribution of seed,
we had a man in our t-'V'n who was
a merchant and had a few bees, he
didn't sow any seed but he got a lot
ot it, and whenever a farmer would
come in he would toss a little into his
wagon box.

Mr. Dadant — In regard to whether
stock' will learn to eat sweet clover, I
can give an experience that dates toack
to 1874 or 1875. Our land had been
originally fenced without regard to
lines and we found out that we had
about an acre and a half that had been
fenced with ours that belonged to a
neighibor. We put this strip in sweet
clover. My father had found it along
the river and had gathered the seed.
We kept this in sweet clover till the
man fenced his land and claimed the
strip. It was very rich, from having
been in sweet clover for years. They
turned it into a pasture the next
spring, the cattle began to eat it as
soon as it turned green and killed it
out. It nfiver grew there again, it was
entirely destroyed. But statements on
this are so different that I do not be-
lieve the trouble is with the cattle. I
think it is in the soil. I think that
sweet clover in different localities has
a different taste. I believe that soils
that have lots of gravel in them give
a 'better taste to sweet clover. We
have la little farm along the river on
which w^e had alfalfa, sweet clover and
red clover growing. This year the crop

124

ELEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

of hay was short; we cut everything
early. They 'brought into the 'bam
hay that had long stems as big as
my thumb, of sweet clover, with red
clover and' alfalfa mixed. I never saw
the. horses eat anything more greedily
than they did that siweet clover.
Where the sweet clover now grows,
wha;t grew before the sweet clover
came? Ragweed — a weed which gives
hay fever to our people — and are we
going to find fault with sweet clover?
Why not raise something that will do
good instead of harm, as does the rag-
weed? I know what the ragweed is
because my father had to go north
every summer to get away from the
blooming of it. Wherever the sweet
clover comes up the ragweed disap-
pears. The ragweed didn't do any
good'; the SAveet clover does. I have
no sympathy for the man who com-
plains of sweet clover because it does
not harm him; it smells sweet and is
useful.

Mr. Stone — People hate it only be-
cause they are afraid of it, and won't
believe you when you tell them it is
a good thing. I have a neighbor wbo
cuts the sweet clover out by the roots,
and, he throws it out in the road to
show everybody passing just how he
is trying to get rid of that "nasty
vreed"! The wagons, on one occasion,
ran over it and pressed it into the mud
and the result was it grew and he had
to do his work over. I don't believe
there is a difference in sweet clover
even where the soil is different; our
soil has no sand or gravel in it, and
reports are the same everywhere as
to sweet clover.

Pres. York — Which is better, to sow
the hulled or unhulled clover seed?

Mr. Stone — It is pretty hard to get
it hulled'. This man from Iowa says:
"Because I advocate sweet clover,
don't think I have it for sale, for I
want to get some more to sow next
spring." I gave him the address of a
firm in Utah, where he could get it.

Pres. York — Mr. Baldridge, what do
you think of the hulled or unhulled
seed for sowing? I think you used to
prefer the hulled.

Mr. Baldridge — I don't know but
what I would. In the vicinity where I
live (I live in a dairy country) we
bee-keepers complain considerably be-
cause the farmers are destroying all
the sweet clover by pasturing in the
roads. It is against the law to turn

stock in the roads, but they do, and
they eat the sweet clover clear down
to the ground. Any animal can be
taught to eat sweet clover (even the
cattle in this man's — Mr. Kubick's —
neighborhood) ; and the horses, if you
will cut the sweet clover and sprinkle
water over it a little, they will soon
learn to eat it; and after they learn
how, they crave it, the same as a man
does his tobacco!

A Member — Does it have the same
effect?

Mr. Baldridge — No, I don't think so.

Mr. Arnd^ — ^\''ery often, when they
put away sweet clover as hay, they
sprinkle it with salt.

Mr. Dad'ant — I do believe there is a
difference in the taste of sweet clover;
whether it iS' due to the soil, or the at-
mosphere, or the locality, or some-
thing. I will tell you of a little ex-
perience I had. I went to California a
few years ago. It got into my wife's
head that she wanted to visit Luther
Burbank. I took the pains to write to
him beforehand, and sent him a copy
of our Langstroth book, and told him
that I had heard he kept bees, and we
solicited an invitation. He said he
would be glad to see us. So we had
the privilege of visiting Luther Bur-
bank, and at Burbank's I saw sweet
clover in -some states is not accepted
expectation of improving it and mak-
ing it more palatable and acceptable
to the cattle. He stated to me that
sweet clover was of different qualities,
and that 'in some localities the cattle
would not use it. Luther Burbank
thinks that a plant of that kind can
differ in taste. I believe that s-weet
clover in some states is not accepted
by the stock. It is possible, as Mr.
Baldridge says, that they will learn to
eat it.

Mr. Stone— About this hulled or un-
hulled clover seed: I believe that
nature has provided for that hull, and
it intends for it to be sown with that
hull on. I believe red clover should be
sown that way. Farmers often sow
their red clover in February; Some
times it sprouts; there comes a frost,
and that kills it. All farmers cover
all seeds that they sow nowadays, and
at the Experimental Station they say
that it ought to be sown deep enough
so that the first sunshiny day it will
not sprout. If sown with the hulls on,
it is more apt to sprout slowly, and be

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

125

ready for a stronger growth after the
frost has passed.

Pres. York, — Can any one say as to
the comparative value of sweet clover
as a milk-producer when fed to cows?
That question was asked me last sum-
mer. A dairyman out in Mr. Bald-
ridge's district bought seed to sow for
his milch cows. He heard' it was bet-
ter than alfalfa for producing milk.

Mr. Kannenberg — ^Alfalfa, is that a
honey-plant?

Pres. York — Oh, my, yes!

Mr. Kannenberg — It is not considered
so by us. "We have had alfalfa sown
in our neighborhood, and no bee ever
went on that.

Mr. Stone — Never did on ours; we
had 13 acres of it for 7 years.

Pres. Yorki — It seems to be better in
the West.

Mr. Dadant — ^We must remember
that some plants yield honey in one
locality and not in another. White
clover yields no h.oney in Switzerland.
I was told that positively by Switzer-
land bee-keepers, and I believe alfalfa
does not yield honey in Illinois.

Mr. Stone — Goldenrod does not yield
honey in my neighborhood.

Mr. Dadant — And it does in the New
England States:

Mr. Huffman — ^I will ask Mr. Stone
if he has ever cut any of this sweet
clover when it was 18 inches high, and
made it into hay and fed it?

Mr. Stone — No, sir; only green.

Mr. Huffman — With us they do, and
it is considteredi as good as alfalfa. A
friend toldl me in the East, that in the
o'ld, worn-out farms they are coming
back to sweet clover, and buying it by
the hundred bushels, and sowing it on
these old farms and bringing them
back into a better state of cultivation.

Mr. Stone — I suppose it is known toy
our members that the Experimental
Station has decided that the 'bacteria
that is on the sweet clover root is the
same bacteria that alfalfa has to make
it thrive; that has got to be a general-
ly known fact, and that alone is going
to bring sweet clover to the front.

Mr. Kubicki — I have a constituent
here — he lives' €0 miles away and he
says that cattle won't touch it in his
neighborhood.

A Member — ^I must say that this is
not because of the over-feeding of the
cattle either. In our neighborhood the
cattle will not touch sweet clover.
Wherever there is a well drained bank.

along a ditch or road, sweet clover
grows beautifully, but the cattle won't
touch it; they eat all around it. That
is just 60 miles southwest of here, and
it seems to toe well adapted to S'weet
ciover. I never knew of any one try-
ing to use it as a forage-plant. I had
a fellow tell me (down in Kansas)
that one neighbor had a piece of land
which he let grow up to sweet clover,
eighty acres, and the neighbors made
fun of him. He got $1,200 from the
seed he got off of those acres.

Mr. Stone — It has such a growth
that what the cattle eat is not missed.

Mr." Wheeler — That is a point 1
wanted to make. I have been trying
to talk sweet clover for a number of
years'. I have neighbors and friends
besides me who are opposed to it —
fighting it. I talk favorably for it and
they against it. I say, "Now look at
that sweet clover; it is all eaten off."
The man on the other side said, "They
don't touch it; look at the stalk stand-
ing there." But if you watch it close-
ly you will find' that a great deal of
the plant is eaten — the fine leaves —
that is the second year plant; the first
year's plant the animals will at all
times eat; the seconds year they eat
the leaves some, but not clean. That
has been my experience. When the
plant is tender, the first year it makes
the best kind of hay when it is cut.
The next year, of course, it goes to
seed; sheep will clean the stalks off
entirely.

Mr. Stone — Sheep will eat anything.

Mr. Wheeler — ^And most horses will,
but not that weedy stuff.

Mr. Stone — ^In regard to the sort of
soil that is best adapted to this sweet
clover, I think the hard part would
be to find the soil on which it w^ould
not grow if it had the inoculation that
it always seems to have in the roads.

Sec. Dadant — I think you are mis-
taken. It is found in the Mississippi
river bottoms where land is not
drained, and it grows so dense you
can't walk through it.

Mr. Wheeler — I have been for twenty
years trying to sow yellow, sweet
clover, and I have spent a lot of money
and never saw a sign of it ever come
up. For some reason or other, nine
times out of ten the clover seed doesn't
grow. I ibought, a few years ago, quite
a little yellow, sweet clover seed and
sowed it where white, sweet clover
was growing off and on. I sowed
quite a few acres of it and have never

126

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

seen 'but one yellow 'blossom of sweet
•clover on that ground. The white,
sweet clover had 'been growing there
for years, but not very thick. I went
out west, in Iowa, twenty years ago,
and I took' a lot of sweet clover seed
with me — a bushel or two. I sowed
,sDme of it around on the waste places
and it .?rew in very few of those spots.
There was one place where a man had
a half acre or so growing. I saw some
around his part of the neighborhood.

I mixed some 'Sweet clover and alsike
clover, sowed it on the prairie and for
some unaccountaible reason the sweet
clover and the alsike grew up in wild
prairie grass nearly two feet tall, and
I had the finest growth of clover I
ever saw. But wherever I sowed the
clover seed hy itself I have never seen
any signs of it growing.

Mr. Stone — Did you ever sow it in
the fall of the year?

Mr. "W^heeler — Right after it went to
seed. I paid children so much a pound
for gathering it, and I got it fresh and
sowed it, and it grew very sparingly.

Mr. Kannenberg — Mr. Dadant says it
grows in the lowlands, and in the
swamps anywhere. We had a road
that was not used often, and one y6ar
there was sweet clover there. When
I drove through there with the horses
they could hardly be seen; it was
pretty nearly six feet high. A year
after that we had an awful flood and
that street was flooded from one end
to the other; it was just like a creek.
The next season there was not a bit
of sweet clover shown in that street.
It was drowned out. If it will grow in
low lands, why would, that 'be drowned
out in one season? There would' be the
seed left. I have sown lots of clover
on streets and vacant lots, but I never
got any result out of it except that
which fell on high ground.

Mr. Stone — There was nothing in
that street but 'seed and it was washed
away.

Sec. Dadant — There was never any
more sweet clover there at all? 'The
next year it could not grow. You kill
off "What grows this year and you- will
not have any next year except the new
coming up.

Mr. Stone — It is a biennial. I have
said to people, "If you find a plant that
seeds this year and has a live root
next year, I will give you a dollar for
every one you bring to me." It dies
the second year.

Mr. Kannenberg — I have a vacant lot

and have stalks in there, some of them
thick as an inch and they grow every
year, and give asi much (bloom as ever.

Mr. Baldridge — I have made the
same proposition as Mr. Stone. A
plant goes to seed, rots and dies after
it goes to seed.

Mr. Dadant — Sweet clover is a (bien-
nial plant — a two year plant. The
first year it grows from seed a foot
high. The second year it blooms and
then dies. That is a fact.

Mr. Baldridge I have seen sweet
clover from three to four feet high
the first year's growth. I live in a
great sweet clover region all underlaid
with limestone. You can plant the
seed on any soil anywhere in the
United States and it will grow if j'ou
have lime to put with the seed, or
ashes.

Pres. York — The Secretary has an-
other resolution to read.

The Great Northern Hotel.

Resolved, That the Chicago-North-
western Bee-Keepers' Association, in
convention assembled, do hereby tender
their utmost thanks to the Great Northern
Hotel for the use of Room L. 38, during
Wednesday and Thursday, December 6
and 7, 1911. "

HENRY M. ARND,
LOUIS C. DADANT.
GEORGIA N. WESTON,
Committee.

A Member — I move that the resolu-
tion be adopted and a copy of same
be presented to the Hotel Manager,
Mr. Roth.

The motion was seconded, put and
carried.

Mr. Dadant — For the first time we
miss Mr. W. Z. Hutchinson from our
midst. I move that a resolution of
sympathy 'be sent to his widow and
published in the paper that he used
to publish himself.

The motion was seconded, put and
carried.

Resolution on Mr. Hutchinson's Death.

Whereas, Our beloved friend and broth-
er, W. Z. Hutchinson, has been taken
from our midst; and

Whereas, The death of this friend and
brother bee-keeper has been a serious loss
to the bee-keeping fraternity; therefore,
be it

Resolved, That the Chicago-North-
western Bee-Keepers' Association does
extend its heartfelt sympathy to Mrs.
Hutchinson in her bereavement.

Resolved, That copies of this resolution
be sent to her and to the editor of the
Bee-Keepers' Review.

Pres. York — Here is a note which has

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

127

been handed in, referring to Mr. Bing-
liam, of bee-smoker fame, who is in
very' poor health. I think the older
members will remember Mr. Bingham;
he used to attend the meetings of the
Northwestern Bee-Keepers' Society.
It might be well to pass a resolution
to send him, by telegraph, or other-
wise.

Mr. Dadiant — I move that a resolu-
tion of appreciation and good cheer be
sent to Mr. Bingham.

Resolution.

Whereas, The Chicago-Northwestern
Association has learned of the illness of
our honored friend and brother, Mr. T. F.
Bingham; therefore, be it

Resolved, That this Association, in
convention assembled, do extend their
hope of a speedy recovery, and of con-
tinued good health in the very near
future. HENRY M. ARND,

GEORGIA N. WESTON,
. LOUIS C. DADANT,:

Committee.

Mr. Wheeler — I move that we give
the Secretary a vote of thanks for his
very efficient services the past year.

The motion was seconded, and a
unanimous vote of thanks given.

Sec. Dadant — I appreciate the thanks.
I have done all I could, although not a
great deal. I am willing to do the very
best I can in the coming year.

Mr. Duff's Old Queen -Bee.

Pres. York — Mr. Duff is here. We
would like to know" how old that queen
is.

Mr. Duff — That queen died this year.
I think she was 6% or 7 years old. I
was surprised. I found a young queen
there in June. I thought the old one
was still there.

Time of Holding Annua! Meeting.

Mr. Dadant — ^Regarding the time of
our next meeting. It would be well to
have the opinion of the members as to
whether it is advisable to hold it dur-
ing the Fat Stock Show. It may be
that some of our members are at-
tracted by it, or by special rates. For
my part, I do not get special rates, and
I would much rather meet when the
hotels are not so crowded as they are
at the present time. If we could meet

a little later, or a little earlier, we
could be here when the hotels were less
crowdedl, and, if it makes no difference
to bee-keepers, I believe they will save
asi much on their hotel bill as they,
perhaps, save on railroad fare. There
are no special rates for the Stock
Show.

Mr. France — I had a special rate. ( ?)
A man asked me a dollar and a half to
haul me from the Union depot over
here yesterday!

Mr. iStone — I applied for the special
rates, and they told me they ended the
day before, and I was applying on
Tuesday.

Pres. York — How many came on ac-
count of the Stock Show, who would
not have come had it not been for the
Stock or Landl Show? (No answer!)

Mr. Dittmer^ — I agree with Mr. Da-
dant. I think we had better come here
for just this purpose. It has been very
disagreeable for me to strike town
with such a crowd, and have to pay
double for it.

Pres. York — Do you want to set the
time, or leave it for the Executive
Committee? We ought to find out
what day would suit the majority the
best.

Mr. Arndi — Do you think Chicago is
charging extra rates on account of the
Stock Show? I think they have regu-
lar schedule rates.

Mr. Dittmer — The hotels advertise
from $1.00' up. The first thing they
ask, "Are you alone?" They will tell
you you can't get a room; or else, it
is $2.00 for a $1.00 room.

Mr. Dadant — I am very much used
to traveling. If we telegraph ahead for
our hotel, we get accommodation more
readily. This year I forgot to mention
it to my son; and we had to pay $5.00
a day for a room for two.

Mr. Smith — I move you that the time
of meeting next j-ear be left with the
Executive Committee.

The motion was seconded, put and
carried.

A motion to adjourn was then made,
seconded and carried.

So, at 4 o'clock p. m., the Convention
adjourned sine die, to meet again in
1912, at the call of the Executive Com-
mittee.

128

ELEVENTH! ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

HON. N. E. FRANCE.

REPORT

OF THE

FORTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION

OF THE

National Bee-Keepers' Association

HELD IN THE COURT HOUSE
MINNEAPOLIS, - MINNESOTA

Wednesday and Thursday, August 30th and 31st, 1911

Rev. J. Kimball, of Duluth, Minn.,
opened the convention with prayer, at
1:30 p. m., August 30, 1911, as fol-
lows:

"Almighty God, our Heavenly Father.
Thou art the creator of all things, the
giver of all life. Assembled here this
afternoon, as an organization of those
interested in a common pursuit and
in the study of the insect which Thou
hast created in all its skill and wis-
dom — we draw nigh to Thee and turn

our thoughts to Thee as the author
of every blessing; Thou who art to
us in a measure mysterious, and un-
derstandest all mystery — we are privi-
leged to be students concerning the
life and the action of this 'busy in-
sect; in its interests we are here en-
gaged in. We thank Thee for the life
and work of that blind bee-keeper
who, by the use of his ears and his
fingers, was enabled to learn so much
of the life of the feee, and we have

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

129

received the ^benefits of his research;
and for all others who have followed
him, and that we are privileged to use
the information which they have ob-
tained, that we may in a practical
way use this insect for our good and
for the good of those about us; and
as we in our pursuit discovered more
and more of knowledge concerning
the wonders of this insect, our
thoughts turn to Thee, the great Cre-
ator, who, in Thy infinite wisdom, has
employed this manner of hringing to
us an'd tnanliindi that choicest of the
sweets, and that which has given to
many health, and to mce cheer and
happiness — so help us as we further
seek to know more and moro, that we
may ibe led closer to Thee; that we
may understand the ways and the
mysteries which are opened before us,
and so gulide us that we may prosper
in this business as Thou shalt see it
is good for us; and let thy 'blessing
attend us in all the sessions of this
convention, and in the work of every
one here assembled. We ask it in
the name of Christ our great Redeem-
er. Amen."

Pres. York — There are a few pre-
liminary things that I would like ( to
say. It is not easy to preside over
a large convention, and I hope you
will help me as much as possible. I
am glad indeed to see so many here
at the opening session. On the first
two tables are samples which are free
— except the honey, — and are placed
there for distrrbution. As soon as you
all receive the programs which are
being distributed, I am going to ask
the Secretary to read a letter from
the Vice President, W. D. Wright, of
Altamont, N. Y., who was unable to
come to the convention.

Letter From Vice President Wright.

Altamont, N. Y., Aug. 25, 1911.

Mr. George W. York,
Chicago, Illinois.
Dear Friends and President — Since
the announcement of Ihe National
Convention at Minneapolis, I had
fondly hoped to 'be present at that
time, but find myself handicapped by
much inspection work, besides secur-
ing the buckwheat honey crop, which
is just closing, and needs removal from
the bees before robbing commences
freely. The convention comes at a bad
season for me. Had it occurred later,
it would have been more favorable.

— 9

I extend greetings to the members,
and sincerely hope that the move-
ment started for the betterment of
the Association may he carried to a
successful climax. There can be no
such word as failure for us, and I
fully expect to see oar body grow in
memhership, efficiency and power, as
the years roll (by.

Although the pursuit season, on ac-
count of extreme weather conditions,
has been disastrous and discouraging
to many an apiarist, I trust that our
numerical strength may not be affect-
ed thereby; and that the hee-keepers
of America may increase in faith, wis-
dom and technical skill to such an
extent that an occasional failure of
the honey crop may not disturb their
equilibrium.

Sincerely yours,
WHEELER D. WRIGHT,

Vice President.

Pres. York — "We have received a
few letters from other prominent bee-
keepers in different parts of the coun-
try, regretting their inability to be
here.

I think we are ready to begin the
first numiber on the program. You
will notice that the program is di-
vided into different sessions^ — the first
is to be devoted to the subject of
Foul Brood; the next to Honey Sell-
ing; then a Business Session; the
next a Miscellaneous Session, and the
last, a Co-Operation Session. I sup-
pose the most important of all is the
very first, at least it seems to be a
subject that is spreading pretty much
over all the country.

The Mayor of the city has arrived,
so we will have the address of wel-
come from the Honorable Mayor, Mr.
Haynes, of Minneapolis:

Address of Welcome.

It is a pleasure for the Mayor to
come here and extend to you a wel-
come on behalf of this city. We are
glad to have you as our guests for a
few days; we wish it might be longer.
It would be futile for me to under-
take to tell you anything about the
'bee-ibusiness. I could give you some
of my earlier experiences when I was
a. farmer's boy in a hay field, but that
was not your kind of bees. I have
read some atiout them; I have heard
people talk about the bees and the

130

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

bee-business, and what it is to con-
duct an apiary properly, anni I claim
to know nothing about it except in a
casual way.

The interesting fact to me is that
you are organized as an association,
and in my capacity as the chief exec-
utive of this city for some years I
have had occasion to otoserve what
organization means, not so much po-
litically as commercially and socially.
We live in an era of organization; we
live in several eras at the same time,
but this is notably an era of co-opera-
tion, and co-operation to be effective
must be oi^ganizedi, and intelligently
organized and administered. It isi not
simply that we may improve our
financial part of the business, although
that is an important part — it means
much to the community as well as to
the individuals who are organized to-
gether in their given calling; it gives
you a better article, better handled,
(better treated and delivered to the
comsumer, so every rational man wel-
comes organization of this kind, and
in the main the great business and
fraternal and co-operative organization
throughout the country is simply a
part of the great scheme of co-opera-
tion which by degrees is being passed
to make a more wholesome and higher
civilization all along the line, so we
say, all hail to the organization; all
hail to the National Association of
Bee-Keepers.

Shall I speak of the ancient origin
of your business? It certainly goes
"back as far as John the Baptist; he
got his honey in the wilderness.
Those of us who have studied a little
into the intricacies of the apiarist and
his business have learned just enough
to know that no matter how far he
gets; no matter how much you dis-
cover as an individual; no matter
how proflcient you may become in the
administration of j-our business, if
you are really succeeding you always
have the feeling that there is some-
thing more to learn, something else to
discover, some improvement to be
made, and no better place to learn,
no better place to acquire knowledge
is there, than right here in an as-
sociation of this kind, and use this
knowledge for utilization and profit.

Why, everything I say is organized.
Even the mayors are organized, and
the chiefs of police, and the engin-
eers are organized, — they who run
your city; and the credit man', and the

banker, and the railroads — even Wall
Street is organized, and I guess they
are, too, as well as anybody.

I suppose our friends from albout
the country and different parts of the
United States who are visiting us,
who are honoring us with their pres-
ence at this time, may expect me to
tell you something about Minneapolis.
Do we think Minneapolis is a fine
city? Well we know it is; if you —
any of you — are 'burdened with the
idea that the Minneapolitan is so in-
sensible and modest that he doesn't
realize that fact, you want to get rid
of that thought; you don't need to tell
a Minneapolitan he has a fine city;
he likes to hear you say it, but he
knows it already, but as I -size up the
averag3 Minneapolitan — I may say the "*
Twin City man — ibecause I work for
both the Twin 'Cities — the great big
metropolis here of over half a million
ipeople, and all that goes with it, and
for the Mayor of St. Paul — if he is
not present I always speak for him —
we welcome everybody to St. Paul as
well as Minneapolis.

The spirit of the Twin Cities, and
I know it is especially true of our
own city, and the thing which is
moving us, which is putting us to the
front, is the fact that we always
recognize that there is nothing so
well done that it can't be still better
done. If we find anything that is
done wrong, down it goes and up
comes something better; our fellow
citizens who planned this magnificent
building in which you are as our
guests — they planned wisely and well.
I don't know of anything that speaks
so eloquently, so forcefully, the spirit
of Minneapolis as this building. It
was planned twenty- seven years ago
and finished, the court house part of
it, twelve years ago. It was planned
at a time when this city was a little
more than a hamlet, and a lot of our
fellow-citizens said, "This is going to
bankrupt the city," and if the citj'-
had not continued to grow, it would
have; 'but the men who planned it
fought for a big city and said that
ultimately it will not be too 'big. All
city business and all county business
is done under these _ walls; and let
me say, to the credit of Minneapolis
and her people, this splendid building
was Ibuilt for three and one-half mil-
lion dollars. It could not be dupli-
cated today for seven or eight mil-
lions. LalDOr and material were

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

131.

cheaper then, and it was well and
honestly built; the city of St. Paul and
the city of Minneapolis built their
magnificent 'buildings without any
graft. Our state capitol cost about $4,-
C'OO.O'OO — a magnificent 'building; any-
where from 500 to 1,000 people go
through it every day; it is a work of
art; as compared with public buildings
throughout the country, it is one of
the finest, and if you have not visited
that building, I would advise you to
"take it in;" it is one of the
most beautiful specimens of archi-
tecture in this country, inside and out;
a guide will show you through and tell
you atoout the huilding and what the
pictures typify, where the stone came
from, and the mai^ble.

But do you know what appeals to
me more than anything, that during
the entire time that these three
buildings were erected, and ever
since, there never was a suspicion of
charge of graft on any of them; that
I say is to the glory of the Twin Cities
and the State of Minnesota.

Now as to Minneapolis. Their
magnificent park system; the great
mills turning out fifteen million bar-
rels of flour a year; the splendid
banks and banking buildings; the
great university here: it is a state
institution and located here; a state
institution that has on its roll nearly
5,000 students in all its departments;
that ranks third in size among all the
universities of this country; in some
of its departments it ranks first; with
the spirit that is back of it, and the
mon'ey that is back of it, the State
University of this State inside of fif-
teen years will be in the very front
rank of all the universities of this
country — possibly in ten years. Our
forefathers were wise enough to re-
serve a lot of land, giving a perma-
nent endowment to this university.

I hope the weather will be fair, so
that you can see our beautiful resi-
dence syistem of boulevards, and what
is being done in the way of improve-
ments. Our lakes^ — that is the point
on which Minneapolis is especially
proud; there is where we shine.
There is no city in the country — I
doubt if there is one in the world —
that has such a body or beautiful
chain of lakes right within four miles
of its city. These lakes are wholly
within its border; every one of them
under park control, city control, re-

tained for all time for all our citi-
zens, and which will mark Minneapolis
as one of 'the most beautiful cities in
this counitrj'.

The population, probably, today
numbers about 315,000; I can hardly
keep track of it. I remember one time
when one of our public organizations
was getting out some pamphlets show-
ing the advantages of Minneapolis, in a
circular scattered through the resi-
dence portion, the population on one
page was estimated at 290,000; right
on the third page from that was an-
other estimate that was estimated at
300,000, in the same document. I was
elected, as Mayor of the city, to check
that up. I looked it over — there was a
difference of 10,000 from the time the
circular was set up and the time it
went to press!

We have been growing something
like that, and we are still growing,
because the West and the Northwest,
and the East and the South, in all
direotions, is growing too.

Now, you w'ho have come from some
distance, that is the kind of land 3"ou
are in. Within sixty years the civili-
zation that exists here in this great
Northwest has taken place — within
sixty years, everj- bit of it. Now, that
speaks volumes. I might talk to you
for an hour, and you would not under-
stand it as well as you do now. To-
day it is the home of happy millions,
and more are coming to Minneapolis
and St. Paul.

That is the kind of land and city to
which I can greet you with all my
heart. We are glad to have you with
us, and want you to enjoy every min-
ute you are here, and I believe you
will. I know that the local committees
here will give you a real, hearty hand-
shake and' a real welcome.

Pres. York — I am sure I but voice
the sentiment of this Association
when I say we are glad to be here.
Some six years ago I had the pleasure
of attending a State Convention here;
in fact, I fell in love with Minneapolis
at that time, and since I have been a
member of the Executive Committee
of the Association, I have wanted to
have the National Association meet in
this city.

The other day I was waiting In an
office of a friend of mine in Chicago,
and there was an atlas of the world
lying on a table. I looked it over, and
came across Minneapolis. I said: "I

132

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

will read." I found that Minneapolis
is noted for its flour and lumber inter-
ests; about 80,000 barrels of flour a day
they grind out here; and 500 million
feet of lumber a year. I said to my-
self: "We are going to have enough to
eat if we go to Minneapolis, andi we
will have good houses to live in."

Surely Minneapolis is a great city.
The Northwest has grown wonder-
fully, and those who have come from
a great distance, we are glad to have
with us. We appreciate very much the
attendance of the Mayor; we know he
is a very busy man to take the time to
step in here and tell us about this
great city over which he presides. We
thank you for coming, Mr. Mayor, and
for your address. We hope it will not
be so wet here that we cannot get
about to see the city!

The Mayor — I wish to state to the
Chairman, and to the members of the
convention, that we are keeping the
city as dry as we can! (Applause.)

Fres. Tork — I was about to say,
when the Mayor came in, that we
would take up the first topic on the
program, which is that of foul brood.
It is not a very tempting subject, but
it certainly is a very important one.
The first topic is, "The Present Status
of the Campaign Against Foul Brood."
The Secretary will announce the first
speaker.

Sec. Tyrrell — Before making the an-
nouncement, I want to say that if
there is any man or women who has
come to this convention with a dis-
tinct understanding of absorbing
everything without contributing, you
are very apt to have a surprise in store
for you before you are done. None of
the speakers have been named on the
program. I have been disappointed in
not having some of the speakers pres-
ent who I thought would' start the
discussions under the different topics.
My object in getting up the program
in this way was tO' have every person
in the convention in a position where
he or she might be called upon to re-
spond to any of the topics under dis-
cussion. Perhaps it is not for me to
tell you what to do, and what we are
expecting you to do. I am quite in the
same position that a new salesman In
a hardware store got into. One of the
backwoods fellows came into the store;
the young, energetic clerk wantedl to
sell him a bicycle. "Uncle John," says
he, "there is a bicycle that is just what

you want; you can ride all over your
farm and see what is being done."

"How much is it?"

"Thirty dollars."

"I would rather put thirty dollars in
a cow."

"Well, now, Uncle John, wouldn't
you look funny riding around your
farm on a cow?"

"No funnier," says Uncle John,
"than I would milking a bicycle."

We hope all will take part in the
discussion. I have the pleasure of an-
nouncing, as the leader to start the
discussion. Dr. Phillips, of Washing-
ton, D. C.

The Present Status of the Campaign
Against Brood-Diseases.

That the control of the two brood-
diseases of. bees — American foul brood
and European foul brood — constitutes
the most vital problem before Amer-
ican bee-keepers is not now questioned
by any one conversant with the condi-
tion of the industry. As the prevalence
of these diseases becomes better
known, this becomes even more evi-
dent than was previously recognized.
But a few years ago diseases were
discussed' comparatively little in the
bee-journals, and ortly in states where
disease had been quite prevalent for a
long time was there any legislation
providing for apiary inspection. For-
tunately, the bee-keepers are more
awake to existing conditions today, and
the announcement of a new apiary in-
spection law, or the substitution of a
good law for a poor one is a common
occurrence. Those not actively inter-
ested in such work may fail to realize
the radical changes that are rapidly
taking place, and' even persons who are
interested in inspection — legislation
and disease — control may be benefited
by a discussion of the progress that is
being made.

The seeming indifference on this
subject was due largely to lack of
knowledge concerning the extent of
these ddseases, for the distribution of
the two diseases was formerly entirely
a matter of conjecture. European foul
brood has been known to exist in New
York State since 1897, and occasionally
some bee-keeper from another State
would write that he feared that he had
"black brood." American foul brood
was supposed to be particularly preva-
lent in the West, and was not known

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

133

to exist widely in the East, except in a
few States where apiary inspection
had' been instituted. When the Bureau
of Entomology began work on brood-
diseases, it was realized that it is
highly important to know where the
dliseases are found'. As soon as possi-
ble, therefore, work was begn to find
out the occurrence and prevalence of
these troubles. It was not possible to
predict that sO' much disease would be
encountered, and I fear that if the ex-
tent of the work had been suspected,
that we might have hesitated about
undertaking so large a piece of work.

A publication (Circular No. 138,
"The Occurrence of Bee Diseases in
the United States") was issued in
May last, giving the data acquired
previous to March 1, 1911. In this cir-
cular, American foul brood Is record-
ed! as present in 294 counties in 37
States, and European foul brood in
165 counties in 23 States. From seem-
ingly reliable reports, American foul
brood is given as "suspected" in 150
additional counties, and European foul
brood in 63 additional counties. Elim-
inating duplicates this showg brood-
disease as present in 416 counties,
and suspected in 175 additional coun-
ties. According to these records, dis-
ease was known to exist or suspected
in all the states and territories except
ten — Delaware, District of Columbia,
Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Montana,
North Carolina, North Dakota, Rhode
Island and South Carolina.

Since this publication was prepared,
the work has been continued. Up to
August 15th American foul brood sam-
ples 'had been received from 64 addi-
tional counties, and European foul
brood from 46 additional counties,
making totals of American foul brood
in 358 counties and European foul
broodi in 211 counties. Two of the
States not previously recorded as con-
taining disease have been found to
have some American foul brood pres-
ent, now showing American foul brood
present in 39 States and' European
foul brood in 26 States. The total
number of counties in the United
States is 2,932, so that disease is
known to exist in ajbout 17 per cent. '
of the counties. It is also doubtful
whether we have received samples
from half of the counties containing
disease. When it is considered) that
these records are almost solely from
the best feee-keeping sections of the

United States, it is evident that con-
ditions are more serious than the per-
centage indicates. Probably at least
200,000 bee-keepers are so situated
that they should speedily leam to
recognize and treat these maladies.

The Bureau of Entomology is doing
what little it can to help in educating
bee-keepers concerning these diseases,
by sending 'bulletins and circulars on
the subject to bee-keepers whose
names can be obtained in the terri-
tory known to contain disease. When
the numbers involved are considered
this seems like a large undertaking.
It is, however, not doing much for
the individual bee-keeper. That the
sending out of these bulletins results
in good is indicated by the letters
which we receive from the territory
covered, and especially by the large
number of requests received from
others whose names we did not prev-
iously have asking that they, too, be
sent the bulletin. When a sample of
brood is received from a new locality
the inspector of that territory, if there
is one, is notified and as soon as pos-
sible with our limited facilities the
bulletins are sent out.

It may be of interest to indicate
how this data is obtained. Circulars
are first sent out to all postmasters
in the territory to be worked, asking
for names of bee-keepers. So far we
have covered half of the United
States by this method. After the
names are received a circular asking
concerning the presence of disease is
sent to each bee-keeper. Some do
not reply, some report no disease, but
some send samples for examination,
part of which are found to contain
infectious disease. A careful card-
record arranged by numbers as well
as by states and county is kept of all
samples received, and maps are also
marked to show the presence of each
disease. The senders of samples are,
of course, promptly notified of the re-
sults of the examination. So far we
have had about 2,500 samples for ex-
amination.

When the first circulars do not bring
satisfactory responses, letters are
written to some half-dozen bee-keep-
ers in a. county asking for reports.
This usually brings a definite reply.
So far we have not had facilities for
carrying the matter farther. It is
realized that this method does not give

134

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

reliable information concerning' the
prevalence of disease in a county, but
merely indicates its presence. A con-
siderable experience in the field leads
us to conclude that diseases are
usually much more widely spread than
is known even by the best bee-keepers
in a county. It should be mentioned
that a report of the absence of disease
is not to be accepted in most cases,
since, unfortunately, even good bee-
keepers fail to inform themselves con-
cerning the condition of apiaries near
them. Many bee-keepers do not even
know the conditions in their own
yards.

In preparing the bulletin* which is
sent out to bee-keepers in territory
containing disease, only carefully test-
ed methods are recommended. So
many bee-keepers fail to control Euro-
pean foul brood by the dequeening
method that it is not considered safe
to recommend it to bee-keepers in
general. At the same time, it is often
successful and it should not be entire-
ly ignored. To decide just how such
matters should be discussed was- found
to be a rather difficult undertaking.
A great many people writing for publi-
cation in bee-journals and elsewhere
seemingly fail to realize that the aver-
age bee-keeper is not a good bee-
keeper, and cannot carry out compli-
cated directions. The percentage who
can profit by such discussions is seem-
ingly small.

^he bee-keepers are perhaps being
reached most intimately in the cam-
paign against bee diseases by the in-
spectors of apiaries. In 1906 the
Bureau of Entomology published a
compilation of the apiary inspection
laws then in force. They were twelve
in number. Of these two have been
replaced by better laws, andi the bee-
keepers in the respective States have
asked, or are asking, that four others
be improved. Two have been removed
from the statute books, indicating that
only four of the twelve are now con-
sidered satisfactor>\ These are the
laws in Idaho, New York, Utah and
Wisconsin.

Of these twelve laws, two — those of
New York and Texas. — placed the
apiary inspection under a state office
having in charge other lines of in-

"Phillips, E. F., 1911, "The Treatment
of Bee-Diseases." Farmers Bulletin 442,
United States Department of Agriculture.

spection; California, Colorado, Idaho,
Nebraska, Montana, Ohio, Utah and
Washington then had the county sys-
tem of inspection. While some of
these county inspection laws are still
in force, it seems clear now that the
system is not the best, and fortunately
four of these laws are no longer in
force. Michigan, New York, Texas
and Wisconsin had State inspection,
and in at least two cases improve-
ments in the laws are desired.

Without going further into the his-
tory of inspection legislation, it is
gratifying to know that now there are
29 States and Territories having some
kind of law or regulations on this
subject. During the past winter 14
new laws were being asked for, of
which 8 were passed, although Penn-
sylvania failed to get an appropria-
tion. Sixteen of the laws or regula-
tions now in force place the
inspection or supervision under an al-
ready existing State or Territorial of-
fice. This is an increase of 14 since 1900.
Some county Inspection laws are still
in force, but the lack of harmony ex-
isting among the various inspectors in
the State is being recognized as well
as the general inefficiency of such a
system.

For some time past the Bureau of
Entomology has recommended the
placing of the apiary inspection under
the State Entomologist. In 1906, Texas
was the only state where the in-
spection was so organized. In New
York the work was and is under the
supervision of the Commissioner of
Agriculture who has charge of all
agricultural inspection. Wbere there
is no general agricultural inspection
office, the most satisfactory results
have been obtained from work under
the State Entomologist or correspond-
ing officials. At present Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jer-
sey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Kan-
sas, Texas and Colorado have such a
plan or its equivalent. New York,
Vermont, Michigan, Tennessee, Mis-
souri and Hawaii place the work sub-
ject to the supervision and appoint-
ment of some state official other than
the governor.

The plan in force in several states
of having the inspector or inspectors
appointed by the governor as inde-
pendent officers is good only when by
chance good men are chosen, and

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

135

even under such circumstances the re-
sults are usually open to more or less
criticism. When the inspector is inde-
pendent of all other state work he
naturally cannot afford to maintain
an office for properly conducting his
correspondence, and usually no sort of
workEuble record is kept so that the
results and progress of the work may
be known. The lack of businesslike
supervision of the work brings dis-
credit to the industry and, too, only
isolated bee-keepers are helped in-
stead of the formulation of a broad
policy for the benefit of all of the bee-
keepers of the State.

Often the State Bee-Keepers' Asso-
ciation appoints the inspector. It might
seem at first thought that the associa-
tion is best alble to know who should
be inspector, but it should be evident
that almost any of our small state
conventions could be overrun with
advocates of an incompetent or office-
seeking man at small expense. Fur-
thermore, when the inspector is so
chosen he is usually more anxious to
look out for the interests of his fel-
low members than for those of bee-
keepers at large. The influence of
the State Association has been almost
as pernicious as party politics in a
numher of cases, and for the good of
the work it seems to me that our
State Associations should withdraw
from this line of activity. In one
state the association actually pre-
vented the passage of a law for at least
four j-ears because they would not
give up the appointing power. These
things are not pleasant to say, nor
should they ibe true, as they seem to
be. When the associations realize
that apiary inspection is for the good
of all the bee-keepers in the state, and
not specifically for association mem-
bers, I hope we shall see an end of
such a policy.

The whole truth is that many good,
honest men utterly fail to realize the
seriousness of the problem, and have
little or no conception of the working
out of the details of inspection. An-
other serious difficulty Is that too
many bee-keepers look on inspection
work as an easy job that can be done
when no home work is pressing, and
as a means of picking up a few dol-
lars at odd times. This is entirely
wrong, and is usually equivalent to
misappropriation of State funds.
What we seemingly need is a higher

degree of civic honesty in the con-
duct of some of our inspection work,
so that only men trained in inspection
methods and well informed concern-
ing diseases will do the work.

Now as to the results of inspec-
tion. Having (but an inadequate knowl-
edge of the present prevalence ot
disease, and practically no records as
to the efficiency of inspection, it is a
difficult task to estimate how much
good is heing done by this work.
Sometimes the task seems a hopeless
one, when only a few hundred dollars
are appropriated annually and there
are thousands of (bee-keepers in every
one of our good (bee-keeping states.
However, the results are, as a whole,
good. Perhaps it will be well to in-
dicate this by a couple of illustrations.

In 1897, Europeon foul brood broke
out in the Mohawk Valley and spread
rapidly. Previous to 1899 colonies of
bees were destroyed to the value of
$39,383. In 1899 the colonies destroyed
because of disease were valued at $25,-
420. This does not include the de-
crease in crop nor does it indicate the
discouragement to the bee-keepers.
The annual loss of colonies steadily
decreased, according to the inspection
records of the Commissioner of Agri-
culture. Better than these figures,
however, is a comparison of present
and past conditions in that locality.
It is reported that there were formerly
a comparatively small number of ex-
tensive bee-keepers in the valley, and
many uninformed and indifferent small
holders. The careless and indifferent
bee-keepers are out of the business;
the careful (bee-keepers were instructed
in the diagnosis and treatment of
European foul brood by the State In-
spectors, and from other sources, and
today they have little fear of the
disease. While there are doubtless
less ibee-keepers at present than for-
merly, it is not unlikely that the
average annual crop is larger than
before the epidemic, and the disease
has unquestionably served to make
better bee-keepers. With a means of
instruction and inspection provided,
the disease has (been an actual bene-
fit, and I think most of the bee-keep-
ers in the valley today look on it as
such.

On the other hand, in connection
with our work on the distribution of
disease, we often find it difficult to
get any 'data from certain counties.
Those who reply, report that crops

136

ELEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

are not what they used to be, and
that bees are starving; that the wax-
moth (or weevil, as' they often call
It) is destroying the bees; that the
spraying of fruit trees while in bloom
has killed off most of the bees, or
that fumes from smelters or coke-
ovens have wiped out the industry.
Many of those who do not reply at
all probably think the throuble is "bad
luck," When a series of such reports
are received we usually expect to find
that a brood- disease has played havoc
among the bees in that region, and
we seldom fail in our predictions.
Many bee-keepers seem to try to ex-
haust all the possibilities in account-
ing for losses before they suspect dis-
ease, and probably the majority of
bee-keepers in the United States do
not even know that bee diseases exist.
Where no means or inadequate means
of instructing the bee-keepers is pro-
vided the result is practically the wip-
ing out of the industry. Such cases
exist in plenty all over the United
States. To form a perfectly reliable
basis for estimating the value of in-
spection we should, of course, take into
consideration the comparative pro-
ficiency of the bee-keepers themselves
. and their familiaritj- with the litera-
ture of bee-keeping, but even without
this data it is evident that inspection
practically constitutes the difference
between recovery from an epidemic
and an almost total destruction of the
industry. In view of this evident fact
there should be no opposition on the
part of bee-keepers to inspection, buf
an earnest effort to make inspection
just as efficient as possible. These
conclusions should not, however, be
accepted as indicating that inspection
is all-sufHcient. What we should ask
ourselves is whether the good results
follow quickly enough. Under the best
of inspection there is an enormous loss
before the education of bee-keepers
becomes adequate to control the dis-
eases.

At present the work toward the con-
trol of brood-diseases consists prac-
tically of the apiary inspection work,
and that of the Bureau of Entomology.
What we should ask ourselves is not
so much how much is being done, as
how much, and what else, should be
done. Are our efforts sufficient? We
must answer this in the negative. Are
we doing the best we can? This, too,
requires a negative answer. If the

bee-keeping industry is to take its
proper place in American agriculture
there is a great deal more that is
necessary.

A fundamental consideration is that
the brood-diseases are not especially
difficult for the individual bee-keeper
to overcome when he finds out how to
do it. This indicates that a general
educational campaign is the crying
need. From what has been said al-
ready it is evident that the efforts
now toeing made are largely educa-
tional.

Not long since I had occasion to
look up the records for 19'0'9 of the
New York inspection. There are four
good men on the force. Let us see
how much they accomplished. Accord-
ing to the twelfth census (1900) there
were 22,738 farms in the state on
which bees were kept, with 187,208
colonies. This does not include bee-
keepers in towns and cities. The ab-
solute accuracy of these figures is
immaterial. American foul brood exists
in at least 19, and European foul torood
ir at least 31, of the 61 counties in the
state. There are also 7 counties in
which American foul brood is sus-
pected. Taking into consideration the
mountainous regions of the state, it is
evident that at least three-fourths of
the bee-keeping counties contain
brood diseases. Not all the apiaries in
these counties contain disease, but
every one is endangered, and at least
15,000 bee-keepers in the state should
at once learn about these diseases if
they are not already informed.

In 1909 the four inspectors visited
883 apiaries, or on an average 221
each. When it is remembered that
the season is short, and that for
European foul brood the inspection is
best carried on in the early summer,
no more could -be expected. They ex-
amined on an average* of 11,760 colo-
nies each, an average of 53 colonies to
the apiary. The average number of
colonies per apiary reported in the
census was 84, so it is evident that
the inspectors are doing the only
thing possible, that is, to try to save
those deeply interested. At this rate
it will take at least ten years to get
around once.

In Illinois there are at least 35,000
bee-keepers, or 13,0'0'0 more than in
New York. American foul brood exists
in 32, and European foul brood in 36
of the 102 counties in the state. The

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

137

entire force of inspectors put in a little
less than 12€ days work in 1910, visit-
ing protoably not more than GM
apiaries. There are doubtless 20,000
bee-keepers who need help immediate-
ly.

These two states are chosen as ex-
amples because the systems of inspec-
tion' differ. In New York the Com-
missioner of Agriculture has charge
of the inspection, which is done by
four experienced 'bee-keepers. In Illi-
nois, in 1910, the Bee- Keepers' Associa-
tion appointed an inspector who picked
his deputies and they were legally
not responsible to anyone. A new law
providing that the inspector shall be
appointed 'by the governor was recent-
ly passed.

I would not have my remarks con-
strued as adverse criticism of the in-
spectors. The inadequacy of their
work is not their fault. We should
recognize these conditions, and (bee-
keepers should never feel when a law
is passed providing for inspection that
the diseases will not be controlled.

Evidently the present equipment in
the fight against disease is entirely
inadequate. "What are we going to do
about it? Of course, where inspec-
tion is not yet provided efforts will
toe made to get it, but are we to stop
there?

The forces at work in agricultural
education are many, but practically
none of them have done anything for
the advancement of apiculture. The
agricultural colleges and experiment
stations, can, and will, help when the
subject is adequately presented. The
Farmers' Institute ought to be an im-
portant factor in toee-keeping educa-
tion. All of thes'e agencies can be
enlisted through the activities of the
National and State Bee-Keepers' As-
sociations, but so far practically no
association has made any effort along
these lines.

Our bee-journals are doing a great
deal of good, tout we must rememtoer
that probably not 5 per cent of the
toee-keepers" of the country subscribe
for them. A much larger percentage
read other agricultural papers, and
here is a great field largely unde-
veloped. Practically all of these papers
could be induced to publish articles
on bees. This association could also
toe instrumental in having good men
appointed to take charge of regular
departments, and toy these means much

information on disease could toe sent
out.

But should the associations confine
their efforts solely to the enlisting of
others to help? Is there nothing for
the associations to do? The active
Michigan Association sent out several
thousand circulars on the sutoject re-
cently to several thousand bee-keep-
ers all over the state, irrespective oi
membership in the association. This
was a good work, and should serve
as an example to other associations.
I realize that lack of funds is a ser-
ious handicap, but this can' be over-
come if an effort is made.

The keynote of the present conven-
tion seems to toe to put the National
Bee-Keepers' Association on a tousiness
basis so as to help bee-keepers in a
practical way. The day of the fra-
ternal toee-keepers' association is
rapidly passing. If we are to keep
up with the procession, this associa-
tion must do its share in the fight
against disease, and this campaign
must toe conducted in a tousines&-lik«
and efficient manner. The National
Bee-Keepers' Association has a good
secretary, and ought to keep toim.
On his shoulders will come the torunt
of the work, but he will toe foolish to
undertake it unless a large number
of the members do their share. This
will mean an active interest to replace
the passive memtoership which . has
toeen the rule for so long.

A study of conditions indicates a
most commendable increase in inspec-
tion, showing an increased activity on
the part of our bee-keepers' associa-
tions, and of individual toee-keepers.
The present summary also, I hope,
shows that the work has tout begun,
and that our present efforts are not
wholly adequate. Is it not possitole
for the National Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion to set an example to the state
and local associations by a greater ac-
tivity in this all-important problem?
The Bureau of Entomology will aid
to the utmost of its ability, tout even
here the Association's help is needed.
There should toe no decrease in ac-
tivity, tout a constant increase, until
we get these diseases under control.
E. F. PHILLIPS.

Bureau of Entomology,
Washington, D. C.

Pres. York — Dr. Phillips has given
us a very comprehensive statement

138

ELEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

on the status of the campaign against
foul brood'. It certainly is an import-
ant subject, and it might be well to
go into it a little further and find out
just how the campaign is being car-
ried on in the different states that
are represented here in this meeting.
I think there are perhaps a dozen dif-
ferent states represented where they
have State Inspectors of apiaries, and
it would be interesting for us to know
with what success the inspectors are
meeting, and how rapidly they are
getting around. Suppose I call upon
a few of the states. Perhaps Massa-
chusetts is about the best organized
in this line. Dr Gates, of Massachu-
setts.

j_,Dr.. Gates — I had planned in my re-
^narks, which are to come a little later,
to outline our whole system; we have
four inspectors "on the road" in the
state of Massachusetts, and as we are
not able to cover the entire state in
one year we are working from the
centers; we begin at the center and
work out until we come to the limit
of the disease apparently on one side,
and then work along until we come to
the limit on the other side, and in tfiat
way we are able to clean up certain
areas, and those cleaned last year have
this year proven almost entirely free
from the disease; the work which was
done early in this season has proven
very satisfactory at the present time.

'We have one feature, probably,
which is not found in other States,
and which I had intended' to speak of
later, namely, the quarantine method.
Our law reads that upon the discov-
ery of the disease in an apiary a
written statement to that effect shall
be given to the owner or person
in charge; that statement is in the
form of a quarantine, and the owner
is not allowed to remove any of the
bees, or any of the appliances, from
the premises until released by a sec-
ond certificate or written notice.
That has often proven very valuable
as you may readily see. Sometimes
bee-keepers club together and keep a
number of colonies of bees on the
same premises. Well, if we found the
disease on the true owner of these
premises and quarantined him, the
owners of the other bees might read-
ily remove their colonies to some dis-
tant point of the State, and it would
be difficult to follow them and they
would carry the disease.

The quarantine measure might at
first seemi to be a little harsh, and I
know very frequently bee-keepers say
it is a little rough treatment, but it
takes only a word or two to explain
to them the reason for the action.
NkJ man is inclined to thank you to
say to him that he has vicious inten-
tions; we explain to him that this is
not intended .to be a very serious
matter and is not intended to pre-
vent him from selling honey; it is in-
tended for the man who is viciously
inclined, who would willingly sell dis-
eased colonies; we explain to him
that we are sure he is honest and up-
right, and' would not care to do any
such thing and that they will not
mind a quarantine; a few words of
explanation brings him in the right
light, and I must say we would have
a great deal more trouble if it were
not for this method. As a rule, a
man is out of quarantine in a few
weeks; we still keep watch of his
apiary to see that there is no re-ap-
pearance of the disease.

Another matter practiced in Mas-
sachusetts, which is to me unique,
and for which I have been harshly
criticised, is the placing of an em-
bargo, so-called; on shipments of
bees into the State. Our law reads
that colonies transported fromi States
must be certified free from disease;
those bees from States where no dis-
ease occurs can come through with-
out certificate, but the recipient of
such bees must notify the State In-
spector that he may be able to ex-
amine them.

I have been surprised that out of a
large number of shipments coming
way from Illinois, and Maine, and
New Hampshire, Vermont, Rihode
Island, Connecticut and from New
York, we have already been able to
trace a great many diseased ship-
ments by that method; there is a
little bit of history connected with
that measure; last winter, two or
three of the legislators were inclined
to favor our proposition, but they
were keen enough to say: "Suppose
you do suppress the disease, what is
to hinder it coming in fromi adjacent
States?" We had nothing in reply to
say but that it might come in, and we
knew unless we put in a measure or
law to prevent the shipment of dis-
eased bees from Massachusetts, the
law to prevent the shipment of dis-

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

139

cept that clause. The clause could
be re-written to better advantage,
and if any other State undertakes
that measure I hope it may re-write
the clause, but so far it has worked
out to our decided advantage.

Pres. York — I think Wisconsin has
had inspection work longer, perhaps,
than any other State, at least longer
continuously, and Mr. France has had
charge of that work; we would like to
know the condition of things there at
the present time, and what progress
has been made in stamping out foul
breed.

Mr. France — ^AU good things begin
in a small way. After we had formu-
lated our bill, when it came to a final
consideration we were told that we
could not pass that law with any ap-
propriation; we finally squeezed out
a little appropriation of $500, including
salary and all expenses for a man for
a whole year, and were told, "Now go
ahead and do a lot of good." Wiscon-
sin has never been willing to raise that
to more than $200. What can a man
' do? Only as Dr. Phillips' paper says,
"Touch a few spots." Three times I
have been to the Governor's office and
asked to resign. The best I can do is
to try to show a man so that I don't
have to go back there. Funds are too
limited to be enabled to do a great
amount of good'. In our State I found
a great many Germans were keep-
ing bees who were not familiar with
English print. This year I had a part
of my annual reports printed in, Ger-
man, and had them distributed.

As to the work that is being done,
and has been done, I had to take the
responsibility myself. As Dr. Gates
has just said, the quarantine method
is a good one; it has proven to work
well. Only a few days ago a banker
in making a deal in the purchase of
a piece of real estate and all thereon,
included in the purchase some bees;
they were a part of his property. On
inspection I found every colony in-
fected with American foul brood; I
put them in quarantine and stopped
the movement of them, but with the
little fund that we have, unless our
State can do something better, other
methods have to be adopted. I think
this matter should be handled under
the State Entomologist Department in
a systematic way. The appropriation
that is allowed me in this work is not

what it ought to be, and I am not sure
but that proper means can be used by
which at our next session of the leg-
islature something may be done. I
would say, however, that the bee-
keepers have in some way become
neglectful, in that they are not re-
porting the disease as they did a few
years ago; so far as I can learn, the
prevalence of the disease has been re-
duced in apiaries especially where they
are commercially considered; those
who have a few colonies of bees stand-
ing in the grass and well covered up,
they or their neighbors don't know
whether they are affected, and here is
where much danger lies.

Mr. Wilcox (Wisconsin) — I would
like to ask if Mr. France has ever
asked the Wisconsin legislature for a
larger appropriation than he already
gets.

Mr. France — Only in this way: I
have asked individual members at
times when the legislature was in ses-
sion, and they have told me I had bet-
ter keep still or we would lose it all.
I have replied I would rather lose it all
than to continue the way we are. 1
have tried to get the University inter-
ested. I have gone before the Univer-
sity and offered on the part of the
State Association! — if the University
would permit — to put thereon an ex-
perimental apiary, the University to
conduct it and issue bulletins that we
might get the literature before the peo-
ple, but they have shaken their heads
at that.

Pres. York — Mr Darby, of Missouri,
is here. We would like to have him
give a brief report.

Mr. Darby — I feel that I have nothing
that I can offer that will be of benefit;
I came here to be benefited. I realize
that something should be done along
these lines, and Mr. France has out-
lined the situation pretty well for our
State as well as his own.

The lack of funds for carrying on
this work properly is our great need;
we have been working hard to try to
get more, but the lack of popularity
of our industry throughout our State
has worked against us. We have not
the large number of commercial bee-
keepers in our State that you have in
Minnesota, Wisconsin, and in Michi-
gan and a number of other places.
We have a great many small bee-
keepers owning fronu' one to two.

140

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

three, four and five colonies. You
can realize at once the difficulty we
have in getting^ a great number of
bee-keepers of that class to take the
interest in this work that they
should. We have had hard' work to
hold what we have. We were going
to make a strong fight before our
legislature to get more of an appro-
priation, to get more help, but un-
fortunately at the time when we
had our plans pretty well matured,
our Capitol burned, and everything
was thrown into consternation, and
just at that unfortunate moment
some member took advantage of the
situation, and offered a Bill to wipe
out our whole inspection law, and so
our fight then had to resolve on that,
and we had hard work to save what
we had, and we were content, then,
not to make any further effort; so I
have alone had to fight this work, and
try to enlighten the people as much as
I could along this line, and it some-
times seems as if it is a fruitless
effort. I sometimes get discouraged,
and, like Mr. France, I have felt like
giving it up, but I have been urged
to continue to work a while longer. I
realize that we need to get a better
organization throughout the whole
country; our States should co-operate;
we should co-operate with the De-
partment at Washington, and we
should do everything we^ can to get
this work before the bee-keepers,
whether or not, should know about
this work, so that when anything
comes up, and we need help, they can
realize at once then that we deserve
the help that we are asking for; when
they don't know anything about it,
you can't expect them to be liberal
with you, and I came here to see if I
could not learn something whereby I
could go home better prepared to re-
new this campaign against foul brood.

Since talking with Dr. Phillips about
his system, I realize that we should
co-operate with him, and we should in
some way try to get in closer touch
with our Congressmen; as he sug-
gested on one occasion, get our Con-
gressmen to send out bulletins; every-
thing of this kind helps; it helps to
get the information we want before
the attention of the people, and they
will then know of this work; and 1
have found in our State that is one of
the greatest needs, to get the people
to realize these facts.

To get a man to devote his whole
time to this work for a small consid-
eration is a hard problem — a man that
is capable; he has to devote a great
deal of hard work and a great deal of
time, and, as I found during our
last year's work, he has to get right
down and spend a lot of his own in-
dividual money, if he keeps up the
work as it should be, and finish up
some of the work he has started. I
find myself worse off along this line
than -better, financially, and I realize
that something ought to be done.

I feel that I am consuming your
time uselessly; I came here to get
suggestions, not to offer them.

Pres. York — I am sure we would be
glad to hear from every State that is
represented, but that will take too
long, I find. We will now take up the
second part of the program, "The Ad-
vantage of Apiary Inspection Under
the Supervision of the State Ento-
mologist."

Sec. Tyrrell — Unfortunately this is a
case of "three times and out." I have
made three efforts to get some one to
take this subject — the State Ento-
mologist of Ohio, Professor Shaw, and
the other, E. R. Root, who I expected
would be here, until yesterday. I am
going to ask Dr. Phillips to name some
State Entomologist, if there is one
here, who has State inspection under
his charge.

Dr. Phillips — I don't think there is
any one present who has charge of the
State inspection work.

Sec. Tyrrell — Can you suggest any
one?

Dr. Phillips — I believe Dr. Gates ex-
pects to say something about that
later.

Sec. Tyrrell — Is there any one here
from a State where the inspection
work is in charge of the State Ento-
mologist? Hold up your hands.

E. A. Dittrich (Indiana) — As far as
we know, it has been a great success
as far as we have gone.

Sec. Tyrrell — I thought you were
going to say it would be if Dr. Phil-
lips had not run away with your in-
spector!

Mr. Dittrich — ^We are in awful shape
at the present time.

Sec. Tyrrell — Any better under the
Department of Entomology?

Mr. Dittrich — It shows up better;
greatly improved over the former
way.

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

141

Mr. Dittrich — Nothing; undier no
department at all, until we got the
State Department.

Pres. .York — How about Ohio? Mr.
Muth is here.

Sec. Tyrrell — How is it in your
State, Mr. Muth?

Mr. Muth — Fine.

Sec. Tyrrell — Better than the other
plan?

Mr. Muth — Yes, sir. We have an
official inspector; Mr. Shaw is doing
his work; he is an inspector that
knows his business, and he is clean-
ing it up. It works well ; that is all.

Sec. Tyrrell — That is due to the
inspector; would not the inspector
do just as well if under some other
d;epartment? and why does the De-
partment of Entomology make it bet-
ter? In what way is it better?

Mr. Muth — Well, to illustrate. The
inspector visited a farmer who had
some fifty colonies of bees, all in-
fected; he received notice from Colum-
bus that they must be cleaned up in-
side of ten days, and he cleaned up.
It workgi fine in Ohio.

Sec. Tyrrell — Dr. Phillips, why is it
better?

Dr. Phillips^ — ^I tried to point that
out in my paper. Btecause there is
system in the work; it is conducted
in a businesslike manner instead of
hopping from place to place. It is
done systematically; the territory is
covered more thoroughly, and better
work is done.

Mr. Darby — Could not an individual
inspector accomplish the same results?

Dr. Phillips — I don't think that you
are very likely to get it done; I think
you are very apt to lack sufficient
funds for the maintenance of an in-
dependent office; you are not allowed
a great amount, but used in connection
with an office already existing you can
accomplish better results; furthermore,
a man who has charge of other lines
know^s how inspection work has to be
conductedi. Elvery bee-keeper, however
well he may be informed concerning
diseases, is not informed with refer-
ence to the maintenance of an office
or regarding the conducting of inspec-
tion work; it takes him some time to
find out how the territory should be
covered.

Pres. York — "How can a national
campaign be conducted against foul

brood?" We will proceed to the 3d
subject for discussion.

Sec. Tyrrell — That is really a prob-
lem, and I assigned it to as good a
man as I could think of, who, unfor-
tunately, cannot be here — Wm. A.
Selser, of Philadelphia, and he has
"sent the following paper:

The National Government and Its Re-
lation to Foul Brood.

It has been the writer's privilege to
visit the Bureau of Agriculture at
Washington, D. C, a number of times
the past season, and come in consul-
tation with Dr. Phillips, Dr. White, and
others in the department, and I have
been astonished at the amount of g'ood
the bureau has already been to the
bee-keepers, throughout the United
States. Specific data from nearly
every state in the union has been com-
piled and tabulated, and will be of
immense value in the future. The
New Jersey Legislature has just passed
a foul brood law, and the national
bureau has made up a list of ques-
tions, which the committee of the
New Jersey state association felt could
not be excelled to be used by the
Civil Service Examiners in securing a
foul brood inspector.

The bulletin on foul brood, recently
issued, should be in the hands of every
bee-keeper in the land, and is worth
thousands of dollars in the detecting
and treating all bee diseases.

Samples of suspected trouble have
been sent from every eastern state,
and the information has been invalu-
able to the sender. But, with the in-
creased appropriation the bureau has
_pbtained this year, the future is even
more promising than the past.

The writer was in conference with
Mr. Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture,
and an inspector is to be put in the
field this year with increased facili-
ties under Dr. Phillips' direction, who
will go to any part of the United
States, and make a special study of
the spread of the disease. This study
to ascertain just how it is scattered
over a given section; its scientific de-
velopment; what countries have to fear
it; how to act regarding it; with spe-
cial directions which may be applic-
able to those local conditions, which
will be of untold value. Secretary
Wilson said, "I will give Dr. Phillips'
bureau all the help he needs, and any

142

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

assistance he requires to pursue his
investigations for the help of the bee-
keepers."

Let us here at this session pass a
resolution of thanlis to Secretary Wil-
son, and through him to the bureau of
agriculture for the valuable assistance
they have rendered the (bee-keepers of
the United States, and thanks for the
promise of much-needed help in the
future.

The state of Pennsylvania has also
passed a foul brood law, and our law
makers are beginning to see the im-
mense importance of our industry.
"Every cloud has a silver lining," and
the very good fact of our needs of foul
brood legislation has in a wonderful
way advertised our industry and helped
create an interest in honey production.

The Senate and House of Represen-
tatives in their agricultural committees
were astonished to know there was
so much honey produced in the states,
and that the honey production in the
United States was so important.
Respectfully submitted,

WM. A. SELSER.

Sec. Tyrrell — I suppose you all un-
derstand that the appropriation lias
been increased from ten thousand to
fifteen thousand dollars, and that was
due largely to the efforts of Mr. Selser,
I understand. Let us see, what was
the number of bee-keepers in the
United States, Dr. Phillips?

Dr. Phillips— The last census, 797,281.

Sec. Tyrrell — In round numbers 800,-
000. Let us remember that there are
800,000 keeping bees in the United
States. When some little fellow pops
up and says the bee-industry doesn't
amount to anything let us hit him with
that 800,000!

Mr. York— I don't suppose there are
many here who know just how the na-
tional campaign could be conducted
against foul brood; perhaps Dr. Phil-
lips can give us a little idea of how
well this could be followed.

Dr. Phillips — I think I have said
about all I have to say.

Pres. York — Has any one any ques-
tion to ask?

C. P. Dadant — I would like to sug-
gest the possibility of a national cam-
paign — a federal law concerning foul
brood. I know that a great many
people are in favor of state laws, but
there are a great many points on which
state laws are worse than foolish. 'We

have states not divided by natural
barriers of any kind, where you can
step from one state to the other with-
out stepping over anything but soil,
and those states differ on, for instance,
marriage laws. A young lady can't get
married before she is eighteen years of
age without her parents' consent, in
one state, but she can step over the
line and go into another state and get
married before that age. Illinois and
Iowa have different laws concerning
weights. There are a great many in-
stances like that. We ought to be
regulated by federal power; the exami-
nation and inspection of bees ought to
be regulated by federal power; one
state makes laws preventing the impor-
tation of foul brood into the state; an-
other has no such laws and accepts
bees in that condition, and the disease
is spread just the same. We had in
Illinois, last winter, a good experience
of what the states will and will not do.
We fought for four months in the
legislature to get a law, which w^e
finally did get.. We had been told by
Wisconsin and Indiana that we were
furnishing foul brood along their lines;
we will always have some state fur-
nishing foul brood to other states, and
until we have a uniform law making
the transportation of foul brood a
crime, and also a law that will en-
force the destruction of it throughout
the United States, we will have
trouble.

Is it possible for us to get a fed-
eral law? Whenever we do that we
will have good straight action; until
then we will be curing it in one plkce
and let it occur in another. Listen
to 'the Wisconsin man — gets an appro-
priation of onlj' $700. And the Mis-
souri man thought he was not going
to get it this year. We should have
a law that will cover the country, and
give us money enough to do what is
necessary, and we can have that law.
We proved in Illinois this year what
could be done. We wrote some 800
letters, and in spite of the fact that
bee-keepers said we were working for
the benefiit of the supply dealers, we
finally got the bee-keepers to work on
the legislature, and in spite of the
opposition of a great many leading
politicians, we got our laws through.
We can do the same thing, I am satis-
fied, in a federal way; get laws en-
acted by the United States, like the
pure food law, and exterminate foul

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

143

brood through the states; until we do
that, we will not be successful.

L. D. Leonard (Minnesota) — ^We
went through last year here in St.
Paul with the same methods; the
same question we ihandled of passing
a foul brood law. We have bad a law
here for several years; it was not ef-
fective because the inspector did not
have the power to destroy under our
old law — destroy the bees — so we went
to the legislature last winter and got
our present law passed, and we had a
monkey-and-a-parrot time. We just
got that law passed the evening session
of the lasit day of the legislature; and
then, if it had not been for some very
good friends we had, who took the
pains to have it brought up, we could
not have gotten this law that is now
effective. We now have a model law
in Minnesota. And I think that as far
as the inspection goes we have the
power to stamp out foul brood as much
as an inspector can do it. But here
conies this question • f the bee-keeper
Avho stands in the way, his lack of
knowledge of what to do, and his in-
ertia in the matter stands in the way
of effective work by the inspector or
his deputy; the only thing I believe — ■
the only thing that will ever stamp
out foul brood, will be sufficient educa-
tion for the rank and file of bee-keep-
ers, brought to their doors; not that
they shall come here to Minneapolis
and get it especially, but that it shall
be sent out through the states by the
universities of the state, through their
extension work, right to the very doors
of the people, right to the county or
the town, send it as coming from the
state agricultural college so that they
will feel that somebody is trying to do
them 'Some good instead of, as half the
time now, thinking the inspector is
trying to do them some harm. Having
these two offices separate — one the
teacher and the other the inspector —
coming as a man like that would — an
ediueator from the agricultural college
— everybody (knows that he is there to
help them; that he has not come to
destroy but to inspect the bees; that
he only goes there to tell them about
the bees, and the diseases of bees, and
give him every suggestion he can to
help them. We have a good law in
this state, and we have it fixed so that
the inspector can appoint deputies,
and I think that as far as that office

is concerned it will be conducted in a
very efficient manner.

Now I hope that in the very near
future our University will take on this
work, which, I .believe is the only way
that the busines's of bee-keeping will
be conserved. The instructors, or the
heads of departments, or the regents
of the university, know hardly any-
thing about the importance of the in-
dustry of bee-keeping. We have to
inform the regents, and the powers
that be, in the universities, about this
industry, so that they will realize that
there is something in it; if we can't
impress the powers that be, in the uni-
versities, how will they know what to
do about making chairs or appointing
teachers to carry on this work; it has
to come from us; we have to push,
and push, and inform them and give
them to understand, and make them
know the importance of the industry
of bee-keeping, just the same as they
know the importance of poultry and
cattle raising, or growing grain, or
anything else; then we can get that
office established in the university and
by this method we are going to estab-
lish a bee-keeping industry of the very
highest character and efficiency. I be-
lieve that that is the only way that
it can ibe done.

Mr. Dittrich — Mr. Dadant has spoken
my feeling about a national foul brood
law. I think it would be the only way
that we can end the disease. We have
a pure food law; first .we had a state
pure food law, and after that we had
a national law, and it was a success.
The state law fell through. I believe
we should all work to that end.

Sec. Tyrrell — How are we going at
it, to get it?

Mr. Wilcox — I want to saj' that it
occurs to me a national pure food law
could not be constitutionally enacted,
or have any force except under the
interstate commerce law, only so far
as to prevent it crossing state lines,
the bee industries of the country could
not be reached except through state
authorities.

Pres. York — I was going to suggest
that about the national pure food law
which applies onlj- to food that is
shipped from state to state.

Mr. Dadant — I will agree that at the
present- time you cannot do anything
without going through your interstate
commission, but that is not right; we
want to change our laws. I say that

144

ELEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

we must work towards federal laws
in a great many instances, not going
through interstate commissions, but
have direct laws. The trouble is we
look too much at state rights; the
states have a right to make laws, and
the general government does nothing.
What I want to bring to your notice
is the necessity of having federal laws
on certain subjects' it is the thing to
have. You say we can't do it. Well,
I think we can make a revolution in
our conditions; change the situation;
it will take moTe than the bee-keepers
to do it, but I want to impress upon
you the, necessity of it; and until we
do that we are going to flounder in
the small things. If we could get every
state to have an apiary department
with an apiarist in charge, why, we
could carry things along very well; but
how long will it be before we can do
that? Governon Deneen, of Illinois,
suggested to us that we ought to iiave
in Illinois, a state apiary. Well, we
have one, but I would be ashamed to
tell you what shape it is in; and that
ir. one reason why we don't care about
putting the state entomologist in
charge. He is a very nice man, but
not a bee-keeper; to put the state
entomologist at the head of bee-keep-
ing inspection — you might as well put
a bee-keeper to examine a silk worm
in the silk industry, because he would
not know when the bees were robbing,
or when they were storing ihoney; he
could not tell me what to do to destroy
the disease. Of course, if you have a
practical bee-keeper employed, then it
is all right. There are a great many
people who don't know when bees are
robbing, and you know that they should
not rob when you are handling foul
brood.

W. E. Krause (Wisconsin) — I think
we need more bee-inspectors, but the
state doesn't want to allow more
money for inspectors. I think the
fault lies with the small bee-keepers;
I think every bee-keeper should have
a license, and know something about
keeping bees, and about the bee.
Doctors (have licenses; barbers -have
licenses — now why should not bee-
keepers have licenses? I know a case
where a man cleaned out his yard of
foul brood, and some neighbor got in
a lot of bees, thirty or forty colonies,
and neglected them, and the first thing
he knew there was foul brood there,
and it got into the neighbor's apiary;

that man didn't know they were there;
he thought his bees were all right, but
the first thing he knew they pretty
nearly all died off, and he didn't know
what the trouble was; all he knew was
that they were dying; but you loote in
there and you detect foul brood, and
he did not know enough about bees
to know what the trouble was; and I
think we are hurting one another in
ttiat way. A good bee-keeper will
understand the disease and try to con-
trol it. If bee-keepers were licensed,
that license fee could be used for the
association, and I think as long as the
state won't give us any more money
than it does, a man should be qualified
to keep bees and especially to sell
honey. If a man has a swarm of bees
in a tree and wants to hive them, .he
should not be allowed to sell honey
unless he could pass an examination
and be qualified to keep bees.

Foul brood is making headway while
we are talking about laws; every tuan
who has a license should have the
power to go into a neighboring bee-
yard and inspect bees. My neighbor
may have foul brood, but I have no
right to go in there; but if I had a
license that would give me power to
inspect any man's bees I wanted to,
and I could report what I found to
headquarters, I think that would go a
long ways towards getting rid of the
disease.

Pres. York — We would like to hear
from Mr. Woods, Dean of the Minne-
sota Agricultural College.

Mr. Woods — I would like to add one
word. We have a law in our statute
Bureau of Animal Industry to control
the spread of disease in tbe industry
of livestock; bees are not included
under the head of livestock, so that
law does not apply to^the diseases of
bees, but the law has been tested, and
'while it is not constitutional for the
United States to include bees under
this head, it is constitutional to go
into a State and take control of any
epidemic that is likely to spread dis-
ease. The National Bureau of Animal
Industry has been enabled, under that
law, to prevent the spread of con-
tagious diseases of livestock.

We should have a similar law to
enable the Bureau of Entomology to
quarantine one State against another
in cases of diseased bees, that are
likely to be carried by the natural
movement of the hee from one State

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

145

to another. Such a law, practically
worded, the same as the National
Bureau of Animal Industry, would en-
able the Bureau of Entomology, in co-
operation with the State authorities,
to quarantine one State against an-
other. The mere fact of the exist-
ence of that power would spur the
State authorities, to keep the disease
out of their State, and enact a more
effective law, for just the moment you
touch upon the commercial movement
of honey which would be quarantined
in cases of the existence of the disease,
that minute you begin to get commer-
cial men to pay attention, and ask for
an appropriation which is adequate to
enable the State authorities to work
properly.

Sec. Tyrrell — How will we go at it
to do that?

iMr. Woods — Have the next commit-
tee of your National Association ask
Congress to enact a law based upon
the workings of the Bureau of Animal
Industry, authorizing the Bureau of
Agriculture to carry on this work; a
very simple thing; all you need to do
is to have some of your most influen-
tial representatives of Congress intro-
duce that law, and' I don't think there
would be any trouble about passing it.

The Bureau of Entomology don't
want that; Dr. Phillips says, "Don't
say what you have to say; we have all
that we can do." The fact is, if they
need more money they can get it, and
if this National Association backs
them up, and asks for a law of this
kind, the Congressmen will realize that
really the bee amounts to something,
and they must pay attention to tho
bee-industry.

Pres. York — I don't think Dr. Phil-
lips looks overworked at all; and if he
can have more money, he can hire help
to assist him in the work.

N. H. Emons (Minnesota) — I would
like to add a few remarks to the dis-
cussion. Are we going to discuss the
foul brood question further this
afternoon? If not, I would like to ask
a question or two, and think it would
aid us in our desire to bring about
results. First, what would a healthy
colony of bees produce? Second, -what
are the results of a diseased colony?

Now, then, we are interested, all of
us, in the best possible results — we
who are bee-keepers. After we have
these two facts set before us, it is nat-
ural to inquire what is the cause of

—10

foul brood? I don't know, and I got
up to ask this question, hoping that
some brother bee-keeper would inform
me. What is the secret of it? After
I know the secret of it I am still in
darkness. — and why? Because I don't
know what to. do to stamp it out. Now,
then, if we can have those facts set
before us — first, what a healthy col-
ony of bees will do for us; and then
what a diseased colony will do; and
third, what is the cost of it; and
fourth, how can we get rid of it? And
if we can educate ourselves about
those facts, and we have stimulated
such a desire to get rid of it that we
will go to work in earnest, will it not
help us in these issues?

Pres: York — Those questions will
come up later under .topics outlined on
the program; and also under the ques-
tion box. We want to keep everything
separate; then afterward a miscel-
laneous lot of questions can come up.
Let us stick to the topics the Secretary
has outlined, and then later bring up
anything else we desire.

Pres. York — "How to get State Foul
Brood laws" Is the next subject.

Sec. Tyrrell — Illinois, as we all know,
has been having a great time to get
Foul Brood laws; they had the Legis-
lature to fight, and some bee-keepers
as well. I was in hopes that Mr.
Stone, the Secretary of the Illinois
State Association, would be here. I
believe we have as good a man in Mr.
Dadant; I think he has been in the
fight. I would like to know how they
got that law.

C. P. Dadant (Illinois) — I am Presi-
dent of the Illinois State Bee-Keepers'
Association. I think I said a little
while ago that we sent out 800 letters
to bee-keepers, urging them to help us
in the passing of a Foul Brood law.
We had them write to their Repre-
sentatives and Senators, urging them
to vote for such a law. When we went
before the Legislature, we learned that
there was hardly a man who knew
anything about bees.

Pres. York — How many finally re-
sponded?

Mr. Dadant^ — ^All responded; only one
voted against the law. We never knew
how many responded to the letters; we
knew of many people who had' written
about it, because the Representatives
said so. I think the bee-keepers who
have foul hrood, and who know that
we need help, are not the ones to be

146

ELEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

feared; it is those who don't know
they have foul brood, and who don't
care. I want to tell you of an instance
not very far from us. We told a man
to look out for foul brood; four years
ago he had 75 colonies of bees; he was
one of those easy-going men; he had
a good crop of honey, a good flow.
Last year we were told- he had foul
brood. He said, "Oh, no, that is a
mistake," and this past year I was told
he lost most of his bees; then he ac-
. knowledged he had had it, but had not
bothered with it. Last spring we
bought him out; he had three out of 75
colonies left. That gives you an idea
of how the careless man can do the
harm; he is the one who suppresses
the fact of his bees having the dis-
ease.

In endeavoring to get our law
passed, we got the bee-keepers to write
to the Legislators, as I have said, but
there was one mistake we made, in
not having the bill drafted by a good
lawyer; the one we had passed is not
the one we want; it was drawn incor-
rectly in the first place; and we will
know better how to go about it
next time. Bear in mind; the trouble
is always in getting the cash; when it
comes to an appropriation, that is
where you stumble.

If we could get an Apiary Depart-
ment (and, as I said a little while ago,
Governor Deneen suggested to us we
ought to have a State Apiary Depart-
ment), they will feel in duty bound to
support it. We may get money enough
to fight the disease in the State, but my
argument in favor of Federal law is
simply that it gives the States an op-
portunity to work together. When you
speak about Wisconsin or Indiana
having laws, what do they care about
Wisconsin? They do not care for the
neighboring States. They will work
for the people when they see that they
have to.

Sec. Tyrrell — Did you have repre-
sentatives of the bee-keepers working
in the Legislature?

Mr. Dadant — We had eight or ten
bee-keepers every time working
around the Legislature; we had six or
eight every time they called us.

Now, I am very glad to hear from
the gentleman who has spoken in re-
gard to the possibility of getting a law
without changing the Constitution of
the United States; the Constitution of
the United States ought to be changed

so that our weights and measures and
marriage laws would be universal; a
great many things that we need
throughout the United States will not
be done by the States, but by the gen-
eral government.

Hamlin V. Poore (Minnesota) —
After we found the law in this State
(Minnesota) was inefficient, the
Minnesota Bee-Keepers' Association
passed resolutions recommending a
more effective law; a number of us got
together and drafted a law as nearly
as possible embodying all the best
features of the different bee-inspection
laws of the different States that we
could see would best apply to this
St4.,te. We found about the appropria-
tion, there was a fear that the bee-
keepers of Minnesota would have too
large an appropriation, or, in other
words, if they asked for too large an
appropriation, we would get nothing.
I am sorry now that we did not apply
for $5,000 instead of $2,000.

After working to get this law, I ap-
proached members of the House and
Senate; I approached the committee
to show them the importance of the
bee-industry to the State of Minne-
sota. Owing to our climate, the sea-
son being so short, were it not for
the bees of this State, we would have
but very little fruit, because, during
the period of the apple -bloom and
other fruit-bloom, there are very
few other in'sects in this State that
visit the flowers' to pollenize the blos-
soms. The fruit industry of this
country depends almost entirely upon
the bees. There are thousands and
thousands of tons of nectar that goes
to waste in this State every year for
want of bees to gather it and the
children of the country are craving
sweets, and they are furnished with
.sweets of unquestionable healthful-
ness. I asked them if the industry of
thig State in which there are millions
and millions of dollars invested was
not worth as much to this State as
the jack-knives that the legislature
thought necessary they should have!

The bee-keepers must be more in
earnest in regard to getting an ap-
propriation. $10,000 today for the
Minnesota Bee-Keepers' Association
would be a mere drop in the bucket
compared with the waste of money
upon useless things in the way of
jack-knives, spittoons, and other

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

147

things. We must protest against
those things, and through these or-
ganizations we can do it.

I am surprised' at the lack of reali- ,
zation on the part of the average
citizen of Minnesota of the import-
ance of the bee industry. They hav/e
talked about conservation; there is
no industry in this State upon which
the application of conservation would
show better results than the conser-
vation of the bee-industry of Minne-
sota, and what it means. I am speak-
ing now of what I know.

If we make an advance in the bee-
Industry we must do it throug'h edu-
cation. When I find a man who is
keeping bees for over 60 years, — over
80 years of age, — who was one of the
most advanced bee-keepers of the
State so far as keeping up with mod-
ern improvements! Who will say to me
as he did, "I have kept bees for 60
years and have yet lots to learn,"
how can we expect to advance in the
industry without education along
these lines?

I found one man, two weeks ago,
with 54 colonies of bees; his bees
were hanging out, — loafing — because
there was no room in the hives to
store honey when it came in, and he
said he had a long knife that he
showed me, — the regular Cuban
machete — which he used to open hig
hives and lift out his frames!

How can you advance the bee in-
dustry without education? I would
like to live long enough to know what
that man doesn't know about bees,
and he thinks he knows it all!

One man is producing in this
State over $2,000 worth of honey this
year, and there are 20,000 places in
this State where the same thing can
be done, with some intelligence ap-
plied to it. Why should we hesitate
to frame the right law, and demand
an appropriation to carry out that
law even if it exceeds $10,000? We
can get it if we show by comparison
the necessity of the bee industry and
the foolishness of furnishing thou-
sands of dollars for jack-knives.

As we have located foul brood in
this State, the most of the foul brood
that I can find has been carried from
the honey bees shipped in from
other States. The largest amount of
foul brood around these States is at-
tributed to bees being carried

from other States. It requires the
most close application of each indi-
idual to stamp it out. Tour surgeon
will sterilize everything he uses in
an operation. How can we combat
such disease unless we educate our-
selves to understand what it is, and
how to get at it to stamp it out?

Out of 20,000 bee-keepers in this
State we have not over two dozen
who are really up-to-date bee-keepers.
What do we need? Education! I can
show you apiaries in this State
where men have nice, modern hives,
and if there is any hive that needs a
sledge hammer and dynamite to get
the honey out of it, it is those hives.

The people must be educated and
learn how to properly care for bees.

I have tried to learn all I could
about bees, but when I look at the
situation as I know it to be, I feel I
have not yet learned the A, B, C
about the bee industry. The same
process followed one year will not
hold good for another year, owing
to the condition of the honey-flow or
otherwise, early or lateness of the
season, etc. Let us get in shape to
teach the bee industry; hiake this
industry what it should be, — one of
the great financial benefits of the
State; and, for the individual, I know
of no industry, for the time expended,
that will bring greater results. This
tnan who is getting $2,000 worth of
honey this year, — I don't suppose he
has spent three months' time, all
told; he has an immense enthusiasm,
and knows how to get the honey.

Learn the bee business and follow
it out intelligently in this State, with
a proper number of colonies, and you
can make an independent living with
but three or four months' direct appli-
cation of your time. This State hag
the reputation of being a great fruit
State, but the crop is going to be
small ■ unless we do something
towards getting more bees.

I did not intend to talk so long,
but when a bee-keeper gets warmed
up he gets warmed up clear through.

Sec. Tyrrell — Let us nail down one
suggestion in going after our State
foul brood laws, and after our legis-
lators, is it not an important point to
remember to go at them from the
standpoint of the value of the bee
industry to the fruit-growers and
other interests — it is not a selfish

148

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OP THE

thing, — instead of saying so much
about the benefits to you as a bee-
keeper?

E. L,. Hoffman (Minnesota) — I
want to state my experience in lend-
ing what little help I could to get
our last last winter. The trouble in
going before the legislature is that
they look upon the bee-keeping as a
mere pastime, and in voting an ap-
propriation, to help it along, they are
afraid they will injure themselves
with some of the politicians. So I
went before one of our legislators,
and when I saw how he looked upon
the matter, I asked him if he would
give me a little of his time that I
might go into the subject with him
and explain to him what the bee-
keeping industry really is. I said to
him: "I am managing five apiaries;
the parties, where I keep my bees,
share in the crop; I have a record of
every pound of honey I got and to
whom I sold it." I showed him that
it was not a mere pastime, and he
could see by my footings what I had
done, and he had questions to ask
afterwards that showed me he was
getting interested, and I know, from
what I afterwards heard, that he
worked for the bill by getting others
to work for it. I also told him, in my
way, what the damage would be if
foul brood Avould break out in my
yards. I think by showing him that
it was not a pastime that I got more
votes, and I believe that this can
always be done.

Pres. York— The legislators are
mostly from Missouri, — they "havt;
to be shown"!

Mr. Darby — We have had quite a
time, a little while ago, and I would
like to know some better waj- of get-
ting before these legislators. Now
we thought we had things pretty well
lined up. We thought the horticul-
tural interests were going to help us
out, and we had a number of friends
outside the bee industry, — in the
fruit industry, — who had promised to
help, but when the time came there
were so .many appropriations being
asked for that the first thing we knew
we were alone; the Board of Horti-
culture was asking for an appropria-
tion; the Board of Agriculture was
asking for larger appropriations, and
they wanted their appropriations, and
wanted them bad, and the result was

they simply left us to do our own
work, and they did theirs.

Now how can we get these things
brought up before the people so as
to get the help we should? This is
what I want to know.

Our Agricultural College has a
number of men who are liberal mind-
ed, and they promised me they would
help all they could, but when the
time came they got busy in working
for an appropriation, and we had to
shoulder our own wants ourselves.

A lack of funds has been a stum-
bling block with us in getting our
bee-industry represented as we want
it to be. It seems to me we should
have some influence from the powers
up, to help us on occasions like that.
I feel that some influence from Wash-
ington, from our National Associa-
tion, and the like, if properly brought
about, could be of great advantage
in times like that.

We all know what great good has
been accomplished by Dr. Howard, of
Washington; why can't we get some
one, from some means or other, to
spread apiarian information so that
the influence it will have throughout
the countrj" will be felt on occasions
like this?

Pres. York — We will have a short
intermission now, so that you may-
move around — change your positions
— and thus rest yourselves.

Prof. Washburne — that seems to be
the difficulty in giving a course of in-
struction to the ordinary college stu-
dents; they come to us in September
and leave us in June, therefore we
don't have the opportunity we would
like. I would like to hear what Dean
Woods has to say along this line.

Mr. Woods — I order the Entomolo-
gist to proceed, I being "the boss" of
the institution!

Prof. Washburne — I want to assure
you that the Agricultural College are
in thorough sympathy with this meet-
ing, and will do what they can; I
know that Dean Woods would be glad
to co-operate along any line which
would help to bring bee-information
before the State; however, he is over
a board of regents; they have to be
convinced of the necessity of things
before they will do anything. Of course,
it takes money to do this work. I am
quite certain the time is coming when
Minnesota will be helped in this way
by having a representative in the Ag-

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

149

ricultural College to do extension work,
perhaps to give instructions to help
along this line, and learn how to wipe
out foul 'brood, through education.

I want to say further, along the line
of the subject previously discussed, as
to instruction being under the State
Entomologist. I have the good fortune
to be one of the Entomologists in Min-
nesota. He has a number of duties to
perform, and would not care to take
upon his shoulders any further work;
at the same time, you may remember
the story of where the cook sharpens
his knife, and asks the ducks how they
would like to be killed, and they said
they didn't want to be killed. That
is not the question, how would you like
to be killed? we must remember we
are here to observe the laws of the
State, and if the laws are created, you
will find us willing servants to do what
we can.

Supposing the State Entomologist
Avere connected with the Agricultural
Departm.ent, it would add stability to
the work, and would above all things
remove it from politics. It seems to
me that where you find political taint
in an appointment you are apt to find
inefficiency, and for that reason, look-
ing at the reverse side of the shield,
and putting aside personal ambition, I
think it would be a good thing to have
the State Entomologist a practical bee-
man, and be provided with funds to
have in his department practical bee-
men, to have deputy inspectors, and go
over the State.

I insist, and very politely, that Dean
Woods say a few words along this line.

Pres. York — It is unfortunate we
have not the iboard of regents here,
that they might command Dean Woods
to speak!

Mr. Woods — Mr. York, I came here
to get all the information I could about
bee-culture, and especially from the
standpoint of the work that should be
done in the Agricultural College, and
the Experimental Station, and Exten-
sion Department, and also about the
question of inspection. Since our bee-
men have been approached on all these
points, I have been giving the matter
a great deal of thought, but certain
policies were involved before we m^ike
recommendations to them.

In our State the plan has been to
educational work; the college station
is not charged with the enforcement
of the law. We furnish scientific in-

formation and assistance to the State
officers; we are co-operative with the
State Live Stock Commission, the
Sanitary Board, and with the State
Food Commission.

The question whether this should be
put under the State Entomologist, or
under the Experimental Station, is one
which I am perfectly willing to have
settled in a manner that seems best.
I think the way that has been sug-
gested is perhaps the best one, for us
to have in the experimental station a
specialist on bees, who would give the
lectures and do the extension work in
the State, and who would co-operate
with the State Dairy and Food De-
partment, or the State Entomologist.
Whether there should be any real legal
connection between these two after-
wards, I am not prepared to say. I
understand there is in the State of
Massachusetts, and if they found it to
work well, perhaps it is the iDest thing
for us to do, and I am willing to
back it.

We have courses in bee-culture, and
they are taken up by quite a number:
the unfortunate situation is, in our
school of agriculture, the students are
with us in the winter months, and they
go home as early in the spring as pos-
sible, and do not return until the fall
crops are gathered, so they are with us
during a period when we cannot give
them practical work in apiculture, but
it is possible to get around that per-
haps in some way. Suggestions have
been made here which I am sure Prof.
Washburne and I will approve of, and
it may enable us to put courses in that
will be useful. I think the best thing
we can do is along the line of exten-
sion; put a man in our Extension Di-
vision who will go out and visit the
farms; get in touch with those who
are cultivating the bee-industry, and
put them in touch with others who can
help them and give them the informa-
tion they want, and do this by personal
visit.

The institute work is good, but it is
lestural; the extension work conduct-
ed through bulletins is good, but only
ten per cent read the ibulletins; the
other ten per cent use the bulletins for
other purposes. We have found that
our most profitable work comes from
a man who can go to the farm and
show how the thing is to be done,
what the need is, and then hand out
a bulletin; and if you have created

150

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

the interest, they will read the bulletin
and make the proper use of it, so that
more than half of our work is getting
in personal touch with the farmer. My
Idea would be that this bee-man should
get in personal touch with the men
who are cultivating bees, and learn all
he can, and give all the help he can.

I want to assure you that we are in-
terested in this work, and we are going
to do all we can to back you up and
make bee- culture an important feature
in institutional work; and I want to
say to the National Bee-keepers' As-
sociation, if there is anything we can
do to help along in getting National
laws, we will be glad to do that.

Pres. York — ^I am sure the bee-keep-
ers of Minnesota, as well as elsewhere,
will appreciate the interest taken by
the Agricultural Department of the
State of Minnesota, and what it hopes
to do hereafter.

Curing Foul Brood.

Pres. York — The next subject for
discussion is, "Curing Foul Brood; In-
spector's Methods; What Are They"?

Sec. Tyrrell — That is a topic that
every one ought to be alive to. The
inspector's methods of curing foul
brood, and I think the individual bee-
keeper's methods of curing foul brood
is something that will be of vital in-
terest to all of us. If we have the dis-
ease, how are we going to get rid of
it? Unfortunately, Mr. George S. De-
muth, formerly State Inspector of In-
diana, cannot be with us. He has sent
a paper, which I will read:

Methods of Apiary Inspection.

So far as the treatment of diseased
colonies is concerned, the advice given
by the various inspectors throughout
the country is probably quite uniform.

In most cases the inspectors are men
who have had considerable experience
with brood-diseases before taking up
the work of inspection. The field-work
gives a breadth of experience with
the diseases under various conditions,
teaching that no fixed rules can well
be laid down for the treatment of any
colony in any apiary at any time. This
broader experience tends to make the
inspector rather conservative as to
general advice in the treatment of the
brood -diseases.

After having examined an apiary,
the inspector is prepared, in the light

of all his previous experience, to apply
the genei*al and well-known principles
of treatment to the particular needs
of the apiary in question. Thus in
case of European foul brood he may
advise the introduction of a more re-
sistant strain of bees, urge the neces-
sity of strong colonies, and, in the
hands of a careful man, may permit
experiments that could not be permit-
ted with American foul brood. Some
phases of the inspector's work, how-
ever, other than methods of treat-
ment, may not be so uniform in the
various States. The requirements for
a really good inspector make the list
of eligibles in any State very small.
In the first place, he must be able to
handle men as well as to handle the
bees. Almost any one can learn to
handle bees, but it sometimes requires
rare skill to handle the bee-keeper.

The inspector who covers a diseased
territory and leaves it with the bee-
keepers in a state of rebellion, has
not improved conditions in that lo-
cality.

Of course the inspector needs to be
backed by a strong law, and there are
exceptional cases when the law must
"show its teeth." But after all, its
"teeth" in spite of what the law-makers
may have had in mind in framing
a foul-brood measure; in spite of what
penalties may be attached, or what
police powers the inspector may be
given by the State, the fact remains
that the real value of any of our foul
brood laws lies in the fact that it puts
a man into the field who can teach the
bee-keeper to recognize the diseases,
and convince him that his business
need not be ruined by its ravages.

The inspector is therefore pre-emin-
ently a teacher, and his methods, for
the greatest efficiency, must be along
pedagogical lines. To a large extent
the results obtained will be in propor-
tion to the ability of the inspector as
a teacher.

Again, the inspector can mulitply
his efficiency by adopting modern bus-
iness methods in his work. The cor-
respondence should be handled from a
central ofllce, preferably from the
office of the State Entomologist, or
some similar established office, ur-
ing the inspection season the inspec-
tor is primarily a field-man, the office
force handling the correspondence as
far as possible, and taking care of his
reports as he sends them in. These

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

151

reports should be made out on cards
suitable for filing, and should contain
sufficient data that the office may have
a complete history of work done in
any apiary in the State, with a record
of conditions and in such shape as to
make it available for reference. To
insure accuracy these cards should be
filled out before leaving the premises
of the bee-keeper. Without such rec-
ord the work loses much in its effici-
ency.

With such a system it is not always
necessary that the inspector make a
second visit to learn whether or not
his instructions have been carried out.
This information can usually be ob-
tained by correspondence from the
office, thus permitting- the inspector
to cover a much larger territory dur-
ing the season. The plan has the ad-
ditional advantage of placing the
responsibility of reinspection upon the
bee-keeper, and this responsibility is
often quite a factor in his education.

During the periods of time that field-
work can not be carried on, the in-
spector can go over his files, tabulate
results, and plan his field-work. A few
years of carefully kept records, filed
in workable shape, will give a list of
names and data that should be of
gr*at value. Circular letters and lit-
erature on disease or other subjects
can be sent just where needed. Def-
inite knowledge as to the progress of
the fight against the diseases may be
had from the summary of the records
made from year to year, and a pub-
lished report of existing conditions is
of great value to the bee-keepers.

Again, the wise inspector is care-
ful not to put himself under obliga-
tions to any individual or associatioi],
and will do well to avoid any favors
that may in any way put him under
such obligations. The State is sup-
posed to maintain him on the road,
and he should permit the State to do
so.

It is needless to say that the in-
spector should not be in any way con-
nected with the supply business, nor
should he be expected to solicit mem-
bership to any bee-keepers 'associa-
tion, or subscriptions to bee-journals,
even though he might in this way
sometimes do a particular bee-keeper
more good than he could otherwise.
He must be free to perform his duties
unhampered, whatever the cost, and
bee-keepers should understand that

he represents the bee-keeping inter-
ests of the State, and not the interest
of any individual or group of individ-
uals.

In some localities the inspectors
find disease continuous through sever-
al counties. This condition is espec-
ially true of European foul brood.
Such outbreaks of course present
quite a problem. In other localities
the disease is found only in small
pockets, with usually a more or less
progressive bee-keeper as the center
of the infested area. This progress-
ive bee-keeper, by the way, almost
invarably complains that the disease
was brought in by his less progress-
ive neighbor. Such areas offer to the
inspector some hope of complete eradi-
cation, at least so far as the immedi-
ate present is concerned, and should be
thoroughly and carefully covered.

In any locality that is good bee-keep-
ing territory, even though the disease
be continuous, the inspector should
keep hammering away, even though
the task may seem hopeless, for the
time has come when brood-diseases
are a great factor in the making of
good bee-keepers out of indifferent
ones, as well as the weeding out of
the weaklings. There may not be so
much in the actual cleaning up that
the inspector may accomplish as in
the moral support given the bee-keep-
er by his activities.

Finally, to do efficient work the in-
spector should by all means be em-
ployed by the year. He should not
be dependent upon some other busi-
ness for his income, with his inspec-
tion work as a side issue to be taken
up when other work is not pressing.
If he works from a central office, as
suggested above, there is always
plenty for him to do throughout the
entire year. The inspection season
itself can be greatly prolonged, es-
pecially in the larger States, by tak-
ing advantage of the difference in
climatic conditions. If the inspector
is working in a section infested with
European foul brood, and it begins to
disappear because of a fall flow, or
lateness of the season, he can shift
his operations to some other section
where he can work to better advan-
tage. Late in the fall, and very early
in the spring he can work in Ameri-
can-foul-brood districts. Sometimes
excellent work can be done in such

152

ELEVENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE

regions even during the winter, and it
frequently happens that some of the
very best work is that done before the
bees have had an opportunity to fly
in the spring. The cleaning up -jf
diseased material at this' time often
prevents the wholesale spreading of
the disease a few weeks later.

Office work and institute work will
keep the inspector busy during the
winter. If the central office under
which the inspector is appointed is
not willing that he should devote all
his time to the bee-work, there would
probably be no objection to his em-
ployment on a yearly basis with the
understanding that he take up other
work emanating from the office during
a portion of the year. With this open-
ing the inspector can in a short time
build up his Division into such promi-
nence that the official in charge will
see the necessity of allowing more
time for the work. In this way State
aid for bee-keepers may be secured
that would have been impossible lo
secure outside of an established
office.

GEORGE S. DE'MUTH
Bureau of Entomology,

Washington, D. C.

Sec. Tyrrell — Now there is one ques-
tion that Mr. DeMuth has not ans-
wered, and that is, the actual method
of treating a colony of foul brood for
eradicating the disease. What do you
do, one shake, two shakes, burn up the
hive? Remember that you are treating
foul brood, and as an inspector you
are dealing with any kind of a man
you are apt to run against that has
foul brood in his yard. Mr. France,
how would you treat them?

Mr. France — There is a lot in that
paper; to begin with, it is not so much
the real treatment of the foul brood,
as to get the man educated so that
he will do the work, and to leave him
feeling in right spirit. If you go there
and you create discord, you know how
it would be.

Again, I find in Wisconsin that you
have to adjust yourself according to
the local surroundings. The local con-
ditions; and you cannot make any
definite rule. If I find that everything
indicates that you are dealing with a
very careless man, it may be best
that you lay down for his individual
case something definite; tell him that
you want him to do so and so; if you

do not do this he will not do anything.
With another person, who is practical,
you cannot draw lines for him to
follow — you must leave him to follow
out your advice at his own option,
and if he is convinced it will work to
his better advantage, he will profit by
your visit, and you will have no trou-
ble with him.

Now, to lay down any rigid rule by
which you can treat American Foul
Brood and go from house to house,
from yard to yard, I should decidedly
be opposed to anything of that kind,
in Wisconsin at least.

The old methods of treating foul
brood have given so uniform success,
that so nearly as we can apply them:
under local conditions, and the party
who has charge, I don't know that
you can improve on the suggestions in
that paper.

Pres. York — Mr. Emmons asked a
question a while ago, and I promised
to have it answered.

Mr. Etamons — I have just half a
dozen colonies of bees; they are doing
fine; I don't know that there is any
foul brood among them, and I don't
know that there is not; now, then, I
do know what foul brood is, but I
don't know how to prevent it — how to
use precautionary methods. Now those
are the questions I am interested in.
Of course it is a minor issue how, or
what causes it, yet that I think is of
value to us, too; it is better to know
if we have it, and it is important to
know how to get rid of it, and what
is the best way.

Dr. Phillips — American foul brood —
bacillus larvae — is an organism which
is found only in material affected by
American foul brood; the disease is
carried from one colony to another,
usually by means of honey coming
from infected colonies; this honey may
reach a healthj' colony through articles
thrown out through careless methods
on the part of the bee-keeper or from
robbing colonies after they have be-
come weakene'd or dead through
American foul brood.

I don't remember what other ques-
tions the gentleman asked, but as far
as preventing the entrance of foul
brood, that is a very difficult problem.
We cannot govern our bees in their
flight; when they leave the hive they
will go where they please; if they
bring infection to the hive the only

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

153

thing we can do is to see that the in-
fection does no harm.

It is to the interest of every bee-
keeper to see that his bees are always
healthy; he can do that by constant
vigilance, and it is more important to
see that the bees in the immediate
neighborhood are kept in good condi-
tion; it is to the interest of every bee-
keeper to see that his community is
kept clean from the disease; and prac-
tically the only way that he can do
that is to see that there is proper
supervision of it, and it is to the in-
terest of every bee-keeper to see that
there is a proper state supervision.

Dr. Gates — We would allow him to
sell it; he can cut out his honey from
the brood-frames and extract it and
market it; at the present state of af-
fairs it does not seem advisable to
■check up the sale from foul brood colo-
nies. It has been our policy where a
man had enough honey to sell, to cau-
tion him against the sale of that honey
by warning him to instruct the pur-
chasers of that honey that it was from
infected colonies, and not allow it to
get out where the bees would get at
it. We have gone that far.

Mr. Hoffman — I want to know
whether you approve of treating foul
brood by the dequeening method.

Dr. Gates — We don't allow bee-keep-
ers to do it.

Mr. Phillips — I said in my paper a
while ago that we had to be careful
about giving out general instructions
— general directions. I think there
has been no factor that has prevented
the eradication of European foul brood
as great as the announcement of the
dequeening method; that has done un-
told harm in thousands of cases, I
could name a great many cases where
that treatment has been tried, result-
ing in almost the entire loss of the
apiary and the discouragement of the
bee-keeper to a place where he was
ready to quit. I know there have been
a great many cases in the dequeening
method that have succeeded, but that
is in the hands of experienced bee-
keepers. It is a fatal mistake to an-
nounce methods generally to bee-keep-
ers which are safe for use only by
experienced men, and I would like to
warn against the publication of meth-
ods not tried out. There were several
articles published relative to the de-
queening method, and considerable loss
has resulted to thousands of bee-keep-

ers in trying this method, all through
these publications.

Mr. Poore — Dr. Leonard had been
experimenting with keeping his bees
in a bee-house the year round, and in
arranging his hives in the house he
placed the hives on rims like the rims
shown ihere, except his hives were a
little deeper, and had holes in the side
of the rims instead of ends as the rims
are now made and used. The Doctor
was not satisfied with the result of
keeping bees in a house, owing to the
lateness of bees getting out in the
morning, so he changed to an out-
door apiary. Upon discovering foul-
brood among his bees, and deliberating
as to whether he would adopt the Bal-
bridge or McEvoy system, he hit upon
using the rims to accomplish the pur-
pose.

The Dr. Leonard Transferring Frames
Used in Foul Brood Treatment.

I want to call your attention to the
method of treating foul brood, which
we call the "Dr. Leonard System."
The main thing is to transfer the bees
to clean hives and combs. In the Dr.
Leonard System we find this can be
done with disturbing the bees very
little. The diseased hive is carefully
lifted to one side, a clean bottom-
board is placed where the hive stood,
and on this bottom-board is placed
the rim with Porter bee-escape on in-
side, and on this rim is put a clean
Ihive with full sheets of foundation;
the old, diseased hive is placed back
of the clean hive about 4 or 5 inches;
the old hive is raised from bottom-
board, and a rim without bee-escape
is placed on the bottom-board, the
hive placed upon this rim with the
entrance closed up, forcing the 'bees to
pass through a hole in the rim. A
tube made of a piece of wood or tin
separator stuff connects the two hives.
All bees leaving the diseased hive must
be forced to pass through this tube
and bee-escape to the new hive; this
they will do gradually, and naturally
as they go to gather honey.

The queen should be caught and
caged ready to put into the clean hive
as soon as it is arranged. The queen
can be caught the next day if she
cannot be found readily, owing to the
large number of bees in the diseased
hive. It is better, where possible, to
catch the queen an hour or so before

154

ELEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

arranging: the hives to have the bees
that filled themselves with honey be
settled so they will unload their honey
and pass from the old hive to the new,
empty hive.

Any one who has adopted this
method of treatment, and has used the
common sense that all bee-keepers
should use at all times, will find one
transfer has been sufficient to cure.

The entrance to the old hive must
be closed so that all bees passing from
the old to the new must pass through
the bee-escape, and not be able to get
'back into the old hive.

After this arrangement of hive has
been done properly, the old hive should
be left 25 days, then removed and the
diseased comb and honey destroyed.

The use of these rims impressed me
so favorably, for use in introducing
queens, dividing colonies, and use for
chaff cushions in wintering, that I had
60 made at once, and so far they have
met my fullest expectations in every
way.

I find all new ideas to facilitate
handling bees must be accompanied
with much common sense and judg-
ment — in fact, one lacking in those
qualities should let bee-keeping alone.

Sec. Tyrrell — How long do you leave
the hives with that arrangement?

Mr. Poore — Twenty-five days after
you have transferred the queen. When
you put the bee-escape on top of the
hive, often it smothers, or you choke
up the bee-escape.

Committees.

Pres. York — I will appoint the Com-
mittee on Resolutions and Constitu-
tion; this committee will probably not
act on the Constitution until after to-
morrow forenoon's session. These will
form the committee named: Dr. B.
N. Gates, M. E. Darby, C. P. Dadant,
Jacob Huffman and C. N. Palmer.

Pres. York — The Committee on
Nominations will be the following one
from each state represented, so far as
I know they are represented: Mich-
igan, E. B. Tyrrell; Ohio, Fred W.
Muth; Iowa, E. E. Townsend; Indiana,
E. A. Dittrich; District of Columbia,
Dr. E. F. Phillips; Massachusetts, Dr.
B. N. Gates; Illinois, C. P. Dadant;
Minnesota, Hamlin V. Poore, and S.
Dakota, L. A. Syverud.

Pres. York — The convention will
stand adjourned until 7 p. m.

Mr. Hoffman — If you found the dis-

ease, and the crop ready to take off,
what would you allow the bee-keeper
to do?

FIRST DAY— EVENING SESSION.

At 7 o'clock p. m., Pres. York called
the convention to order.

Pres. York — The topic this evening
is "Honey Selling." I suppose the rea-
son there are not any more here to-
night Is because many bee-keepers
have no honey to sell; but next year
they may have a lot of it. The first
division of the program this evening
is, "Is a National Campaign for Sell-
ing Honey Practical?"

Sec. Tyrrell — Two years ago, you
remember, there was quite an agitation
with reference to an advertising cam-
paign for the selling of our honey, and
there was formed what was known as
the Honey Producers' League; that
League created a fund of several hun-
dred dollars to be used in advertising
honey, and finally the League disband-
ed, and turned the funds over to the
National Association, and I believe they
made some attempt at a National cam-
paign of advertising or publicity, as
you may call it. We have heard a good
deal in the journals about K%ro Corn
Syrup; I sometimes think that a good
deal of their advertising comes by get-
ting the people to talk a lot about it;
certainly the bee papers have given
Karo Corn Syrup a good deal of ad-
vertising!

The question comes up whether na-
tional advertising is practical or not,
when it comes to selling honey. I
know of no one who is better able to
discuss that than our General Man-
ager, Mr. N. E. France, who had the
expenditure of that fund towards a
national campaign of advertising in
honey.

Mr. France — That is rather unex-
pected; this is the first I have known
of it, and have not given the subject
any th*ought, but there is a field that
we as producers have not occupied.
We have learned how to produce
honey, and it is like reading a book —
we must turn over the page and take
up another phase of it; but I would
like to suggest this: Before we un-
dertake to read understandingly the
page of advertising and selling honey,
some of us, through experience in this
connection, have to take a page in be-
tween selling and producing, and learn

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

155

how better to get it ready for the mar-
ket — uniformity; better goods.

I undertook, four years ago, to es-
tablish for our Association a seal
which would become a stamp of stand-
ard. As our secretary says, there is a
stamp with the words, "Karo Corn
Syrup, better than Honey." We all
know when we buy a can of Karo what
we get; it is always the same thing.
Tou go to a grocery store, where, per-
haps, on one shelf is a series of canned
goods; just to simmer it down, we will
say this grocery store has eight brands
of canned peas, from eight different
factories. The mistress at home will
know which brand will suit her the
best: she has a certain brand that
she calls for, and if at any time she
calls for that brand and it does not
come up to the standard, then she will
buy something else. So I found I was
"up against" this proposition. Our
members bought a good many thou-
sands of the so-called seal labels. I
found inside of three months they were
on the market with goods underneath —
the best white clover honey that could
be produced; the best basswood honey;
and sage honey from California — all
the different kinds of honey bearing
the same label; buckwheat honey from
New York had the same label. The
question came back at us, What is the
seal for? Does it mean quality, grade,
or is it simply a guarantee of the
honey?

Again, a consumer not familiar with
the different kinds of honey comes to
the store and buys a package of honey
with that seal on. The next time he
buys from some other store, and the
honey is very different; it does not
taste like the same honey, and he cries,
"Adulteration!" And. there is a good
deal of the cry of adulteration on pure
goods because the consumers do not
know what they are getting.

Now, then, to begin a campaign of
advertising honey, to my mind came
this idea: The people must know
what they are getting; and this west-
ern Honey Producers' Association built
up a trade by which the first year they
sold only a little over a ton of honey,
but they decided from that time the
honey must be first-class, strictly as
good as it could be gotten, and they
label it for what it is; if it is clover
honey, they label it clover honey: if
the consumer wants clover honey from
that association, they will get clover

honey. Now this year we have no
honey to sell. That association has
grown; they built up their trade until
last year it was over eight car loads
of honey — simply because they are edu-
cating the people along that line.

I would like to see some method
which would be practical, by which we
could spread out. I was in hopes that
the National, through the so-called
Information Bureau, might help; but
there is that difference in honey, in
quality; and I want to say one thing,
as I have tried to help to market honey
in the last three years, it is coming
our way to educate the people along
these lines. Consumers find we must
not put unripe or thin honey on the
market. I would like to do one thing
above all others — to put my foot on
thin, unripe honey. I don't believe our
National members, many of them, are
guilty of it.

The League fund was wisely planned
to create a demand for honey gener-
ally, but after the fund was raised,
attempts were made by which to use
it to the best practical use, and w^e are
drifting; after making some trials, it
was finally turned over (about $1,400)
to this National Association, not to go
into the general treasury, but to be
held apart and separate for the pub-
licity of the use of honey, or to create
a demand for honey.

T was instructed, that at the first
Pure Food Show at Chicago two or
three years ago, to use a part at least,
or all if need be, of the funds to dis-
play honey, and if possible, receive the
highest reward for advertising honey
with other foods. Well, it cost less
than half what I expected it would,
owing to the fact that some of our
generous members of the National, who
lived in and near Chicago, were willing
to donate very largely the honey we
had on exhibit.

Mr. R. L. Taylor, of Michigan, had
some comb honey that was fit for first
exhibit at any place, and we had a
large exhibit of his comb honey. Mr.
Wheeler furnished over two wagon
loads of extracted honey; and I might
enumerate those in and around Chi-
cago that helped to quite an extent.
We won all that the Pure Food Show
offered — a diploma! And it cost us
close to $600.

Now, how much that has done to-
wards advertising or publicity, as to

156

ELEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

causing honey to be used, I don't
know.

We had left about $600 of that fund.
We have had pure food shows since
then, any one of which would have
eaten up the balance of this fund, but
I could not see wherein we realized
on ' the first one, and I ha've held on
to the balance.

Last year we had a man from New
York City come lo our annual meet-
ing to urge the advertising of honey;
his means were to advertise through
periodicals, and a series of articles to
be written, but when we learned that
the first drop out of the bucket meant
an expenditure of from twelve to four-
teen thousand dollars, and at the end
that it would amount to a still greater
sum, the little "drop in the bucket" we
had would not do.

These papers that have a great dis-
tribution over the country are not go-
ing to allow you to put in a written
story, making it in story form, em-
bodj-ing the idea of honey consumption,
without paying pretty dear for it. If
it will accomplish what we are after —
wel land good — not once or twice in-
serting is going to do. I am at a loss
to know how we are going to make a
public or national campaign for the
advancement of honey in a better way.

The Association offered, at Mr. Hutch-
inson's suggestion, cash prizes of $5
each for at least ten of the best writ-
ten articles by bee-keepers, and we
published a lot of them for free circu-
lation among our members. There
were several hundred of those compet-
ing articles written, and. Independent
of each other, a committee of three
marked them, and the prizes of $5 were
awarded. Those prize articles were
all put in pamphlet form, and I
mailed a copy to each member of
the Association, asking that they
go to their local papers and have
the articles published, one at a
time. The articles embodied the idea
of good honey as a wholesome food,
with the purpose of trj^ing to educate
the people, and I am surprised that
very few papers ever reached me. I
asked the bee-keepers 'to .mail me a
copy of the papers printing them,
but they did not, as a rule. I don't
know how we are going to get public-
ity. The first great need is better
honey. Sell the kind of honey that
will make the people want more;
create a demand for it, and adopt a

plan whereby we would look after the
home markets, and through the home
markets gradually work out and oper-
ate more extensively.

But here is one point that some of
our bee-keepers might do well to re-
member: When you sell comb hon-
ey, for instance, and your name is
attached thereto if you sell to the
consumer, that is all right, but if to
the jobber or dealer, you expect him
to dispose of your goods for you, so
it is not right for the dealer that you
attach your name to those packages;
you depend on the jobber or dealer
to market your honey for you, and
then he wants to have the credit him-
self. But where your honey goes di-
rect to the consumer, it is well and
good to have ithe producer's name on
the packages; but I would not advise
any one to put the name on a pack-
age until he had goods that he is
willing to stand back of.

Some have asked me, "Why don't
you keep up the sealed labels?" For
the reason that I do not see that it
accomplished what it was intended
for. Only a few days ago a man sent
in an order for several thousand of
those labels, but in the majority of
cases I could not see that it was ful-
filling its mission. Orders were lying
from three to eight weeks before the
orders were filled; the printers did
not give satisfaction. I will leave it
to the convention to discuss this pub-
licity matter — I am at a loss to fathom
it.

Sec . Tyrrell — Surely we ought to
have some more suggestions. Can we
conduct a National advertising cam-
paign? Are we ready for it?
Developing Wholesale Honey Markets.

Pres. York — No. 2, "How can a
national campaign be conducted for
the wholesale honey markets?"

Sec. Tyrrell — I am afraid I am get-
ting myself in deep water, but I have
reserved that topic for myself. It is
a topic that certainly is of much
importance to every bee-keeper. I
don't know why you cannot conduct
an advertising campaign of national
scope. It is very evident there are
two obstacles to surmount — first, the
amount of money it would take; and
second, to have a good article to ad-
vertise.

You go to a store and buy a can of
honey; take it home; it has a label on
it; you say "That is good honey"

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

157

and 3"ou go back and try to get some
more, next time, just like that; ten
chances to one you will not find it In
the store. This means that before you
can advertise a thing you have to
have it, and you have to come to the
point where you as an Association are
putting up a uniform grade of goods,
so I don't believe it is practical at the
present time, in the local markets, to
have a national campaign, but in the
wholesale markets it is possible. How
many of you bee-people know what
your markets are — who is the ulti-
mate consumer of your honey?

I had a little honey on hand at one
time in Detroit that I wanted to dis-
pose of. I wrote to a concern there
who, I thought, possibly might handly
the honey, — a manufacturing concern.
I received a reply that while they
were under a yearly contract for their
honey, they would be glad to have me
submit a sample; I did so; I quoted
them a high enough price. The reply
was an order for the honey; and then
I asked them if I could not bid on
their yearly contract. I found they
used several tons of honey in the
course of a year. when the time
came they said they were ready to
enter into a yearly contract and asked
me to make them prices, and I was
not in a position to do it; I didn't have
the honey.

When I was back on the farm and
keeping bees, if a man told me I could
have sold honey to that concern I
would have laughed at him. So you
see, you don't know where your honey
is to go. It does not, by any means,
all go for use on the table; there is a
world of it that goes into manufactur-
ing purposes that the average bee-
keeper knows absolutely nothing about.
How are we going to get next to these
fellows ?

Are you going to do away with the
jobber? Tou cannot at 'the present
time. The jobber is spending his
time finding the markets; he knows
today where to find the markets and
who is in need of the honey, in many
instances, that you know nothing
about, and you cannot supply those
markets until you get in a position to
do so; besides organization you must
have the supply, to furnish the de-
mand.

The Michigan Association, several
years ago, conceived the idea of get-

ting out a little pamphlet, giving the
names of the members and the amount
of honey 'they had for sale, and how
the honey was put up; this (includ-
ing) is the seventh edition, and the
eighth edition will be mailed this week
(week of August 30th, 1911), to all our
members. From this the Michigan
bee-keepers of today have a splendid
market for their honey, so good, in
fact, that buyers were scouring the
State of Michigan 'before the bee-
keepers had any possible chance to ge*
out that pamphlet and get it in the
hands of the members. What does
that mean? It means the booklet is
outgrown because we have to send
our reports to all of our members
and we get their reports back, tabu-
late them, and get them in printed
form ready for mailing, and by the
I time all that is done, it is very easy
for men that are "onto their job" to
get ahead of it and buy honey today
at 7 and 7 3-4 cents a pound, that is
commanding 9 or 9 1-2 cents, f. o. b. I
know that to be true.

This means, my friends, that you
have to get an organization so lined
up that there is a connection between
the buyer and the producers of honey.
Have the man that is at the head of
your organization get in touch with
your market conditions, know what
you are doing, and then find out where
the people are who want to buy your
honey; make out a list of the buyers,
and get those buyers' names in your
hands instead of your nameg into the
buyers' hands.

Previous to this we have been giv-
ing away our membership list and.
gentlemen, those names mean dollars
and cents.

Let us find out who wants to buy
honey, and let our members know
about it; that is a very simple matter.
Let us suppose this Association was
properly organized. Excuse me if 1
get on organization, because I am an
organization enthusiast, and I believe
the day is coming when this organiza-
tion of bee-keepers will be an assured
fact. Let us suppose you had State
branches, and those tranches were
connected with the National, and we
had National headquarters and a re-
port from every bee-keeper in the
United States.

It would mean that before the hon-
ey crop was ready to sell, your secre-

158

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

tary or the general manager would
know absolutely the market conditions
as well as any buyer in the country,
and that information would come back
to you, so that you ought to know
what you are able to do in selling your
honey.

You have an absolute right as a
producer to get for your hooiey every
single cent the market will bear, and
if you sell your honey without doing
that you are doing yourself and your
neighbor an injustice.

How does that work for the buyer?

Let us suppose that Mr. France and
Mr. York are the buyers, and I am the
producer. I know that comb price. I
sell to Mr. York for 16 cents, he is
willing to pay it because that is the
market price. Along comes a gentle-
man Tvho perhaps does not know what
we ought to get, and sells to Mr.
France for 13 cents per pound. Now
then, Mr. York has bought my honey
at 16 cents; Mr. France has bought
this gentleman's honey at 13 cents;
both should have paid 16 cents. Mr.
York wants to make 2 cents a pound
on his honey, and so sells at 18 cents;
Mr. France, to make the same, can
sell at 15 cents. Is that justice to Mr.
York? Dare Mr. York pay me the
market price if he feels that his com-
petitor is going to, and is willing to,
sell for less? By no means.

This means that there has to be a
more general understanding about
what the price should be. We should
not ask too much for honey, but at the
same time we should ask enough. I
believe the apiarist will agree with me
that today conditions are becoming
more stable.

Is it possible for this organization
to handle the output of the United
States? Some day it will be; just now
perhaps not.

Are we going to form a stock com-
pany and put thousands of dollars in
the business? No

Bless your heart, the machinery is
there; it is working; your own apiaries
are there. The commission men are
there; if you could send your honey
and have it honestly sold, and have
honest returns, is not that enough? It
means to have some method whereby
you can make that fellow sell your
honey at the price he ought to sell it
and give you honest returns.

Let us suppose in the city of Minne-

apolis, we have a good honey market,
and a man here that understood how
to handle the honey-business. We
want that man to handle our honey.
Well, suppose a local individual ship-
per ships to that man — John Jones,
commission man, Minneapolis; this
man is dealing directly with the honey
producers; in this case the producer
is at the mercy of John Jones, and
Joihn Jones wants to take advantage
of him (once in a while there is a fel-
low who <3oes that and you have to
take human nature as you find it)
while, if the association was handling
your honey, it would not be shipped to
John Jones, commission man, but to
the Minneapolis Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion or Honey-Producers' Association.

Your honey comes down here, and
j-our railroads are instructed to de-
liver that honey to John Jones, com-
mission man. This commission man
sells the honey and takes out his com-
mission for selling; he remits not di-
rectly back to you, but to the man who
is in charge of your Association work;
that man knows what he is selling the
honey for, and whatever he is getting
a proper market price for it; the com-
mission man will pay back a rebate
of a certain per cent to the association
which handles the business in that
way.

In the west we have a Fruit
Growers' Association, and the peach
growers of Georgia absolutely failed
to makie their product a success until
they organized, and those peaches are
handled on exactly the same basis
that I have outlined to j-ou.

You have to get in a portion where
you are organized, and then you must
have a leverage to make the commis-
sion man deal honestly.

I don't know that I have made all
this exactly plain to you, but I am
going to tell you that the farmers are
working out that same thing in the
city of Detroit; the farmers of Mich-
igan are shipping their calves, chick-
ens, butter and eggs to the Clearing
House Association, of Detroit, and it
is turned over to the commission
houses for sale, and then the returns
come back to the central clearing
house, and they send the returns back
to the man who sends the goods in.
These are simply things to think of,
and when we get a thorough organiza-
tion of our National and State As-

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

159

sociation, it will mean much to each
individual bee-keeper.

Pres. York — I think if Mr. Tyrrell
were given an opportunity to work out
some of his schemes, we would see
something accomplished. I believe
that some day we will get to it — the
commission men will look to the bee-
keeping associations for their honey
and the producer will probably get
more than he does now for his honey.

Mail Order Honey Trade.

Pres. York — The next topic is a mail
order honey trade — ^how conducted?

Sec. Tyrrell — Mr. Ahlers was as-
signed this topic, but he is not here.
I don't know of any one else who has
any experience.

Pres. York — We would be glad to
hear from anyone who has had any
experience in selling honey fey mail;
we mean producers selling honey
through the mails. Have you, Mr.
France ?

Mr. France— From 30,000 to 50,000
pounds a year through mail orders,
giving to the customer the goods di-
rect, the customer returning the funds
direct to me, and selling in that way
r ikeep track of the market, letting the
goods do their own advertising. Away'
from home as I have to be, I cannot
produce all the honey I sell, and have
to buy several tons to help out my own
honey market, which is a mail order
market; but here is the only objection
to that: It is hard for me to buy
honey that will take the place of the
shortage that I have to make up and
get the quality of goods that I can
keep up my home reputation.

I was at a certain man's place a
little over a month ago; a misfortune
had come in the way of a tornado; he
had quite a lot of basswood honey; he
made me a price for the whole lot, and
I practically contracted to buy the
same. Yesterday I got a line from him
that the bees had been working on a
later bloom, and that there was added
in the combs of the darker grades, so
that he could not give me the straight
basswood. Now what shall I do? If
he sends it to me I cannot fill my
orders with it.

I am satisfied Sec. Tyrrell's plan, the
outline lie gives as to the wholesale
market, is all right. We must protect
the commission man, but until such
a plan as he has suggested can be put
into operation, we should look after

our mail order department individually,
and it doesn't cost a great deal to do
that.

In a certain county in lower Cali-
fornia they have a co-operative organ-
ization, and they send out a little
pamphlet once a month to every mem-
ber, who is asked to fill it out with the
amount of honey he has, whether it
is light or dark, what the buyer is
offering, and what he is asking; and
then they get these blanks in duplicate
form, and they know where they stand
and what is what. One of our as-
sociation members told me today that
he bought a car load of that Imperial
Valley honey within the last few days.
That is not directly a mail order busi-
ness, and yet they are selling quite a
large per cent of their honey in that
district by mail, with a salesman on'
the road.

After they have received a list of
names they put a salesman on the
road, but there were five car loads
of their honey that went to New York
City two weeks ago through mail order
sale, without anyone going with it.
You have a good, first-class article,
and solicit your trade by mail; you
send a sample of your honey, and your
neighbors must have some of it, and
you get a list of those who want honey,
and I am sure that you could not pro-
duce enough honey to supply your
trade.

Mr. Wilcox — ^That is almost a hobby
with me. I am not doing as large a
business as Mr. France, but I have al-
ways sold ten times as much as I could
produce; it has always been by mail
order. I worked up a market by travel-
ing; then after that the orders came
to me; from that time down the last
20 years I have been abundantly sup-
plied with orders for all the honey I
could buy, and at a fair price. I was
crowded into that kind of business by
my neighbors who were producing a
good deal of honey and selling it at
ridiculously low prices. I reasoned
with them and asked them to ask more
and they said- they could not get it. I
reasoned with them, and offered them
more, and then I had to sell it. For
several years I sold a car load to the
National Biscuit Company without any
trouble, but now they get their honey
from other sources — a cheaper grade
of honey. You can get your addresses
in many ways. Quote prices to grocers
and add samples, but I would not send

160

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

samples out promiscuously to every-
body; I have four or five different
grades of honey; even the first ex-
tracted clover honey is not the same
as the last extracted; then there are
grades of darker ihoney; you must
send samples for the purpose of being
assured of giving satisfaction. Three-
fourths of the men do not want to, and
will not go into that business; it is
only necessary that one or two men
engage in it in each county, and they
will handle all the honey, and hold the
prices uniform for the same grade of
honey.

Harry Lathrop (Wisconsin) — I want
to ask Mr. Wilcox how much he ought
to make — a fair percentage?

Mr. Wilcox — He ought to make as
much as a commission man makes who
takes no risks; the commission man
asks you 10 per cent, and the local
buyer ought to have 10 per cent from
his neighboring bee-keepers. To be
sure of getting that, you sometimes
will have to figure for a little more
perhaps from % to one cent a
pound for extracted honey, and from
one to two cents on comb honey.

Developing a Local Market.

Pres. York — Our next subject is —
How can a campaign be conducted for
developing the local honey markets?

Sec. Tyrrell — This was assigned to a
man who has had some experience in
selling honey — Mr. Wesley Foster, of
Colorado, and like a good many oth&i^^
he could not be with us. Mr. Foster's
paper read as follows:

Developing the Local Market.

Every good thing grows through ad-
vertisement, and without it nothing
but plants and animals will grow, and
I do not know as they will. We will,
however, leave that to a later date for
discussion.

Things grow through good report,
and dissipate into thin air through evil
report. I do not agree with some men
who think that any kind of publicity is
advertising; that is>, even the publicity
of the divorce, civil, or criminal court.

Advertising honey is of many differ-
ent kinds. A half dozen bee-keepers
producing and shipping several cars of
honey will be reported and talked
about by many, and will stimulate lo-
cal sales of honey. If on« wishes the
local market to be improved, a bee-
news item should never go unreported.

Let the papers have these items; crop
conditions; crop qualities; sale of
bees; moving of bees, especially in car
lots. There is now too much mystery
connected with' the industry, which is
the main reason why comb honey
canards are believed.

You cannot make a manufactured
egg story stick well enough to affect
egg sales; but honey sales are much
less than if these stories had never
been published. If the people knew as
much about bees as about chickens,
these stories would not find willing be-
lievers. We know that advertising of
the right kind stimulates honey con-
sumption.

Display in Stores.

Cultivate the acquaintance of the
grocers, and if you are supplying the
local demand, make it a point to have
comb and extracted honey of uniform
quality and style of package through-
out the year. This is important; and
also see to it that the grocers have the
honey displayed. It pays to give the
grocer and each clerk a sample jar to
take home, for if the clerk or grocer
can speak from experience as to the
honey, much more will be sold. One
grocer who called the attention of each
customer to his honey, sold a case of
two dozen jars in one day. It hap-
pened to be some 'honey which was
liable to granulate soon, and he took
this method of disposing of it, which
shows what can be done.

An observatory hive of bees may be
profitably used in the local store win-
dow's display of comb and bottled
honey. This method of stimulating
trades with us resulted in the principal
of one of our ward schools asking for
an illustrated talk on bees before his
pupils; several hundred in number.

Advertising honey in the papers
locally has not met with the success
that tasteful displays in the stores
have. "Wi"ite ups" on bees advertise
more than just an ad., which reads,
"Fine Honey for Sale, by Foster, 2113
Arapahoe Ave." The past year the
writer disposed of about $1,500 worth
of honey locally, the comb selling to
the stores at $3.50 to $4.00 per case, and
the extracted at 10 to 12% cents per
pound, according to size and style of
package. .,

House to House Peddling.

Personally I do not like selling from
house to house, and I have not done it

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

161

since a boy. An elderly gentleman,
however, bought honey of me at $6.00
per 60-pound can, and put it in pint
Mason jars to sell at 30 cents a jar.
California honey from the sage, and/
water white, he soldi for 35 cents a
pint; he paid me 22i%. H'is prices were
about 5 cents a jar above what the
stores were charging, so that I had no
kick coming from the grocers, who
usually oppose house to house ped-
dling. I really believe his sales stimu-
lated the honey-trade throughout the
town.

To sum up: Alertness and eagerness
to get the business, and promptness in
delivery counts. Be so interested in
bees and honey that you will fix up a
display for the grocer; give talk to the
school children on bees; give stere-
opticon entertainments with "Bees"
as a subject; prepare "write ups" for
the papers. Talk bees with the gro-
cers, clerks, and everybody you may
have a chance. Dress neatly; act
modestly, and don't impose your sub-
ject on unwilling ears. But be enthu-
siastic. Corn syrup will be sold; so will
imitation maple syrup, but don't get
peeved at this — they are cheaper than
honey, and many think they cannot
afford honey; you can convince a
goodly number of the excellence of
honey, however. Do not have a cheap
price — they'll think it's adulterated.

WESLEY FOSTER.

Boulder, Colo.

Size of Package for Retail Trade.

Sec. Tyrrell — Let us pass to the 5th
topic — "What size package should be
used for the retail trade?" There is
a gentleman with us tonight who I
know has a great deal of experience
in the retail trade; he can offer some
suggestions as to the size of packages
that is best for the retail trade — Mr.
Harry Lathrop.

Mr. Lathrop — I have not soWi a
whole lot of honey, but I have sold all
I could produce, and last year, twice
as much. I had to purchase honey —
found that the 10 pound package was
the best for me; that is, I put up a 10-
pound pail, and I got 10 cents a pound
for the honey; in the first place, I used
nearly to fill the pail; then I didn't
get quite 10' cents a pound for honey,
and didn't get anything for the pail.
But since I made the package weigh 10
pounds it sells just as rapidly. I know

—11

that is not a high price, according to
what other people are getting for a
small package of honey. I thought it
was good, because before that I got
only 8 cents a pound for my honey in
60'-pound cans, and lost the packag^e.
Now I am making my honey net me 10
cents; but here is a man who is put-
ting up honey in glass packages doing
better than that, and I want to look
into that matter and see if I can do a
little better; but 10 cents is a very fair
return for the producer, and you can
work up such a trade. I sell a great
many pails to farmers and railroad
men; sometimes the train crew, pass-
ing through our station, buy a number
of pails. I sold a pail to the engineer,
the fireman, and the conductor, and
one to each brakeman on the train, and
the express messenger, mail messen-
ger, and also on the passenger train.
If they once find out where they can
get this honey, then they will tell other
people, at the terminal stations, and
they will want it, and send by their
friends for it. Traveling people buy a
great deal of honey, if you have a uni-
form package. And about the quality
— of course, I never extract honey until
after the honey crop is gathered, and
all sealed up in the comb, and is dead
ripe; I never have trouble. Of course,
there is quite a difference in the color
of honey, and the flavor, but if you
are careful you can find people who
like all the kinds of honey you can pro-
duce; I sell the dark honey to some
people who like it, and sell the light to
others who like that; you can get as
much for the dark as for the light.

J. A. Holmberg (Minnesota) — Some
years ago I sold honey at 15 cents a
pound in the home market, and had
no difficulty in selling it at that price.
Later on I sold it for a shilling a
pound. I could sell from five to ten
thousand pounds in the home market
for a shilling a pound — extracted
honey .\ The other day I was down in
the soumern part of the State, and a
bee-keeper said, "I never sold any
honey-m less than 12 cents; I have 100
colonies of bees^ but I would' not sell it
less than 12 cents; that is my price,
for 1,000 pounds, and I have no diffi-
culty in selling it at that price." I find
this condition prevails. If you sell it
for 10 cents, they may like to have it
for 9 cents another year, and when you
sell it at 12 cents, they may want it
for 11 cents. When I sold it for 15

162

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

cents, I sold several thousand pounds
at that price.

Pres. York — Why did you reduce
your price to 12 cents?

Mr. Holmberg — There were other
bee-keepers who came down, you
know; some charged only 7 cents.
Honey is worth 12 cents a pound this
year.

Pres. York — You should have bought
that honey at 7.

Mr. Holmberg — ^It was already sold.

Dr. Leonard — This matter of co-
operation is one of great importance
to the bee-keepers, I believe. We had a
little touch of co-operation in this
State about Ave or six years ago; it
waS' not a success, but it set me to
thinking about co-operation and the
means that we should take to perfect
that system, and I believe from what
experience we have had here, and what
I know about things, that co-operation
has to start in the National Bee-Keep-
ers' Association, You cannot start it
in the different States by local associa-
tions, and why? Because every other
bee-keeper in every other State is
looking for a market for his honey,
and no matter what you do in this
State, the other fellows are not bound
to conform to your principles of co-
operation. Therefore, if we had co-
operative organization in this State,
the men who stood out for certain
principles in this State would simply
"get left" with their honey on their
hands, because the shippers from Col-
orado, California, and Utah would put
in alfalfa honey, and they would sup-
ply the market, and Minnesota honey
would just simply stay with the bee-
keepers.

In order to make co-operation a
success, we have to have a central
org-anization like this, so that the
National Bee-keepers can say to the
Colorado Bee-keepers: If you want
to ship honey to Minnesota, you
charge so much for your honey; that
is the market price of your honey
there; they can say to the Wisconsin
bee-keeper, or the Illinois bee-keeper,
or any one else — "Your honey is
worth so much in the market."

We have to have a central organiza-
tion covering the whole country, or
else your co-operative movement is
going to fall as flat as can be.

J. Kimball (Minnesota) — I like the
plan which our secretary has presen-
ted, and I want to say that we have

an illustration of that at Duluth. The
Commercial Club, in Duluth, wishes to
aid the farming industry in that part
so they would not be fleeced by the
commission men, united several or-
ganizations, and it was called the co-
operative Producers Association, and
branch organizations were put at dif-
ferent stations so that farmers could
go to the warehouses at that station
with their products, and then ship to
Duluth to the co-operative agent
there, who worked on a salary and
charged 10 per cent for selling the same
at best prices. He was in touch with
the markets throughout the country,
and could foresee something of what
the market would require, and the
farmers were induced to raise a cer-
tain kind of potatoes and sold them
by the carload.

It seems to me a similar plan has
been referred to, and can be inaugura-
ted by this association, having its
head in different large cities, and in
that way selling under the market not
to do so; call their attention to it and
induce them to ship through his
agency and sell to the hest advantage,
and they could be much benefited in
this way.

As soon as this is started and they
understand they are going to get so
much more for their honey, they will
fall in line, I think. Of course, much
depends upon the quality of honey; if
honey is all put up in five-gallon tin
cans, and everything clean, it is going
to be sold.

It is not necessary that the honey
be of the same color or flavor. Some
like the dark and others like the light
as well. I have a jobbing trade; a
retail trade of putting it up in glass
pint jars, but I think of cutting out
the smaller sizes and letting some of
these other farmers sell it in glasses
if they want to. I have families who
will order those jars; one man orders
six for his family, and another, the
other day, three; there is one lady
who was out of health; she took
eight; her health was restored, and
she credits it all to the honey. I like
that way of putting it up for my trade
because it looks well; they can see
the honey through the glass, and it
sells; the looks of the honey through
the jar — that clear view of its color —
helps it to sell. I have little difficulty
in disposing of my honey at better

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

163

prices than has been mentioned here
tonight.

Pres. York — We have one Illinois
man who says you won't get good
prices for honey unless you ask it.

Mr. Tyrrell — The retail trade is of
two kinds or more; I am engaged in
other business, and sometimes if I
have a line of grocery men buying of •
me, I consider that retail trade. This
would apply also to those who are
at lunch counters or in railway sta-
tions; they want it in the smallest
possible quantities, in the smallest
packages possible; there are others
who want to retail it to the farmers
who want from 10 to 60 pounds; so
the size of packages must depend
upon the class of retailers, also the
kind, whether it be in tin or in glass;
I don't know but what I have covered
the ground.

Pres. York — I think you will find
the grocery trade does not care for
extracted honey except in small pack-
ages.

Mr. Wilcox — In the larger cities,
the smaller are the packages.

Mr. Poore — I am a little puzzled
about what the situation is going to
be in the near future. I have spoken
tonight about thousands of tons of
nectar going to waste for want of
the bees to gather it; it seems to me
when people are educated it will be
different; people learn to use tobacco
and it makes them sick to learn to use
the most healthy sweet on earth.

I don't feel over afraid of overstock-
ing the market with honey. If we
would form some co-operative move-
ment to put nothing on the market
except what is truly ripe honey, atid
advertise it enough among the people
to make them to think — they would
want to try it, and would get over
this idea of adulteration, and I think
"we ■would not be able to produce hon-
ey enough to supply the market.

I was at the place of one of the larg-
est honey producers in the State that
I know of, and I tried to get honey of
that man last year, and he had none.
You take honey that is real honey, and
a man puts his trade-mark on it, and
guarantees it, and for anything that
is found impure guarantees to give
$50 00 if the seal is not broken, and
get this honey before the people so
they will know what it is — I will wag-
er you that you can't get enough of

that honey to supply the demand. I
can sell what honey I produce within
a radius of 10 miles within the next
ten j'ears.

I am going to put my honey out
absolutely right; I am going to put
my guarantee on it; I am going to
produce all the honey I can without
any fear of selling it. When people
learn that you are furnishing nothing
but pure, ripe honey, they would not
want the other stuff. Let them learn
what good honey is. I believe it
would be well to put a notice in the
papers calling attention to honey as
being the best of sweets for the
human being.

Sec. Tyrrell — I want to drive in
one nail with reference to the price
you got for honey. If you didn't know
anything about the honey-business
and' I should come to you and offer
you comb honey at 16 cents per pound,
and then should tell you that you can
have some nice extracted honey for
12 cents a pound, and you didn't know
but what the extracted honey was
produced by squeezing the combs,
what would you think of the extracted
honey? Understand, you are not a
bee-keeper, and that you don't know
how the extracted honey is produced,
and honey is offered you for 10 cents
a pound when you know you are pay-
ing 16 cents and 18 cents and 20 cents
for comb honey — what is your con-
clusion? Wby, you think the extrac-
ted honey is half glucose!

Mr. Kimball — I>oes any one here
know anything about the custom of
the druggist selling honey? One
druggist told me a short time ago
that he took honey that he had bought
and clarified it, and then he mixed a
certain per cent of glycerine with it
before he sold it.

Sec. Tyrrell — They use it in medi-
cine; the pure food law would not let
them adulterate it.

Mr. Miller — Bteing a druggist, I
know something about the price of
glycerine. Glycerine sells in quantities
of 50 pounds for a good deal more
than you have to pay for honey; your
glycerine today would probably cost
you 23 or 24 cents per pound bought
in 50 pound lots.

Mr. Wilcox — ^I have sold a good
many barrels of honey to druggists to
be made into cough syrup.

Pres. York — Any other questions

164

ELEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

you would like to ask; we have fifteen
minutes yet before nine o'clock.

Foul Brood and Bees in Trees.

Mr. Krause — I wish to know if foul
brood is carried from wild bees in
trees.

Mr. France — I know of a man who
said there was no use to try to keep
foul brood, for it was in the woods;
that there was positive proof that the
woods were full of it. Following a
colony of bees from diseased hive to
tree in the woods', 2 months later he
cut the tree, examined all stages of
brood in the new comb in the bee tree.
No signs of disease. How could there
be; as those bees on arrival to tree
had to consume all the diseased honey
in their honey sacks, to produce the
wax to form first place of deposit.
Only jDne possible way a bee tree can
be diseased; is after comib in bee-tree
that colony could rob some diseased
bee-hive and carry to the tree the
diseased honey and store it in the
comb already built. In that case the
colony will soon perish and squirrels
and wax moths will soon clean out
all danger. Several times I have
proven this to be the case.

Mr. Leonard — I would like to ask
Mr. PYance, or some one else, if foul
brood is likely to show up after treat-
ment in the first generation of bees,
as readily as it does in the second
generation.

Mr. France — ^Do I understand you
that after a colony has been treated,
would it be more likely to show up —
have the disease reappear in the first
or second generation of bees? Gen-
erally speaking there would be so
little of it in the first generation that
you would pass it by without notice;
in the second lot of bees we would
notice it more prominently; that is,
the first lot of brood, after treatment,
we would call entirely free of disease,
and later we would find the disease
considerably in evidence.

For instance, in my own State, a
man that five years ago had foul brood
in his yard in quite a number of colo-
nies — I was there, and we treated them
all, and then didn't find any trace of
it; the next year we didn't find any;
this year was an off year; and this
season I have been by his place three
times, and have asked him, "Have you
seen any indication of the disease in

your yard?" "Not at alL" And only
a few days ago he discovered it; it
has not been lying idle all this time.

There is another man who has im-
ported bees in there, who has violated
the State law, and there will be "some-
thing doing" when I get away from this
convention!

Mr. Leonard — ^We have this disease
of foul brood in a pretty fair way to-
wards exterminating it, as far as the
treatment goes primarily — the primary
treatment of putting bees on founda-
tion and exterminating it in that way;
that is pretty nearly a stale science
now. I want to go on record as mak-
ing a demand of the government that
it shall find some way — make some
special effort to find some means to
disinfect the combs of foul broody colo-
nies, so that they will not have to be
destroyed.

Now, the reason for this is that I
had several colonies of bees, two divis-
ions to each colony; that is more than
1,200 combs, all drawn out in fine work-
ing order, the summer just past. A
few days ago, I melted up the last of
those 1,200 combs. Now, do you know
that means labor and expense, to disin-
fect those combs and get new founda-
tion? You do know it if you have
been through this business of treating
foul brood — you then know something
about it.

I know there is some way of disin-
fecting those combs, so that they will
not have to be destroyed, and the gov-
ernment should make a most desperate
effort in behalf of the bee-keeping in-
dustry to find the remedy.

Mr. Krause — I wish to question Mr.
France a little more about this bee-
tree business. He tells us of an ex-
periment which he tried, to see whether
the bees would carry foul brood from a
hive that had foul brood in, and move
it into a tree, and after his thorough
investigation he found there was no
foul brood. I know that I have shaken
a colony of bees out of the hive to
see whether they would have foul
brood, and I found in one shake they
would have; we tried two shakes,
and that cured them; if this would
work with all colonies, like Mr. France
tells about this particular bee-tree,
that would be quite an easy way to get
rid of foul brood.

Mr. Hoffman — When we shake a
frame we disturb them, and they make
up their home somewhere else, but

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

165

they will cluster a while; they will
probably be a day or so in finding the
top part of the tree, and all this time
they are consuming' this honey they
have taken with them, and by the time
they get it started they have it all con-
sumed; I think that is the difference
between shaking and letting . them
swarm naturally.

Mr. Krause— I think that Mr. Hof-
man is about right. Last year I took
about 25 natural swarms with comb out
of foul-broody hives; but I put them
in a bee-cellar, shut them up and kept
them there from 48 to 60 hours; . after
the first batch of brood hatched, I
looked them all over carefully to see
if there was any foul brood, and didn't
find a trace of it; I was satisfied that
we cured them. I put them in the cel-
lar last fall and winter, and this sum-
mer I found foul brood cells here and
there; then I thought my treatment
was not so good, but afterwards I
found that a neighbor of mine, who
had bees, had a good deal of foul brood,
and I traced it there as being where I
m.

The Convention then adjourned until
Thursday, Aug. 31, 1911, at 8:30 a. m.

SECOND DAY— MORNING SESSION.

Pres. York — The first number on the
program this morning, is the Presi-
dent's address. I wish there were
more here; I would like to have a full
attendance at the start, for this is a
very important session — the business
session.

Presient's Annual Address.

To the members of the National Bee-
keepers' Association, Ladies ; and
Gentlemen:

It scarcely seems possible that it will
soon be a year since last we met in
annual convention. How time flies on-
ward — how rapidly events transpire.
We are in a world of changes — of prog-
ress — and in no line of human en-
deavor and development has there
been greater advancement than in our
own fair beedom. It is a far reach
from the straw skep, the bee-gum and
the old box-hive of our fathers to the
rnovable-frame hive with its section-
box, surplus arrangement of our day,
from the "strained" and the "cut-out-
with-a-butcher-knife" comb honey of
the last century to the beautiful, clear,

clean extracted honey and the mouth-
watering section comb honey of the
present time. In line with the strides
made in the invention and manipula-
tion of hives and fixtures used in the
culture-and care of bees, it is necessary
that the organizations or societies of
bee-keepers themselves shall also keep
step with the march of progress, and
from time to time make such change in
their constitution of management, as
shall permit of the undertaking and of
the actual doing of things that can be
successfully done by co-operative and
united effort on this particular line. I
wish to mention one or two other sub-
jects, and then later take up the con-
sideration of our National Association.

Honoring the Dead and the Living.

That grim reaper, Death, has been
busy since last we met. In addition to
the removal of a member from our
ranks, Ex-President and Ex-Secretary
W. Z. Hutchinson was called away last
May 30th, after months of struggling
against an enemy that finally over-
powered him; and only a short time
thereafter, on July 12th, Ex-President
Geo. E. Hilton was compelled to sur-
render to the insidious foe of cancer of
the stomach. Both these apiarian lead-
ers were from Michigan, and both good
men and true. What an inspiration it
should be to us who are left, to remem-
ber that bee-keeping w^on to its realm
such noble men as these, and also
others, who still abide with us. But
while some good men are gone, their
works are not dead — their influence
will still go on for many years in the
future.

Among those to be congratulated
that old Father Time has dealt kindly
with them, is the friend of every bee-
man and bee-woman — our own Dr.
C. C. Miller — ^who rounded out his 80th
year of earthly existence on June 10,
1911. What a benediction to bee-
keepers he has been for half a century,
and is. yet, and we all hope that he may
continue for many years to come. He
is surely the "Grand Old Man" of
American bee-keeping, and possibly of
the whole world. Would that he might
be able to be here with us today in per-
son, as we know he must be in spirit.
A resolution of congratulation and ap-
preciation from the Committee on .
Resolutions would be most fitting, I
am sure.

It would be a nice thing if all who

166

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

have labored so unselfishly for the up-
building and advancement of Ameri-
can apiculture could be suitably and
su'bstantially recognized, but as that
would be quite impossible, let us re-
solve in our heart of hearts to have a
more definite sense of gratitude for all
the noble men and women who have
preceded us, and who gave of their
brain and brawn that bee-keeping to-
day might occupy the honorable posi-
tion it does among the delightful rural
pursuits of our glorious America.

Bee- Disease Legislation.

During the past year many of our
States have been successful in secur-
ing from the legislatures suitable laws
for the eradication of bee-diseases,
notably foul brood. This awful scourge
among bees in its two-fold variety has
been spreading at an alarming rate,
and unless all the States shall very
soon enact the necessary statutes for
its suppression, bee-fceeping itself will
be suppressed, wiped off the earth, in
the not very distant future. If there is
any one thing upon which there should
be the utmost unanimity and fullest
co-operation on the part of all bee-
keepers, it is the effort to secure
laws that will, through rigid en-
forcement, stamp out the dread dis-
ease of foul brood wherever it ex-
ists; and yet I regret to say there
are a few so-called bee-keepers who
have been so diabolical as to en-
deavor, through misrepresentation and
belittlement of J>he danger from
bee-diseases, to thwart the efforts of
good men in our ranks who have
devoted their own money and much
time in endeavoring to secure the
passage of needed laws against the
spread of deadly diseases among bees.
Notably, this censurable moment has
occurred in Illinois, and also in Penn-
sylvania, I ■ understand. Of course,
only a little longer time will be neces-
sary to get the much needed laws in
all the states, but what a shame that
an already difficult work should be
hampered, and almost frustrated
through the influence of those who
should help instead of hinder, what
would eventually be as much in their
interest as for those wiho with might
and main have so unselfishly struggled
for the passage of bee disease laws.
Let us hope that very soon there may
-be a concerted effort put forth on the
part of all bee-keepers, that bee-keep-

ing may be saved from extinction
through a further spread of contagious
bee diseases.

The Government and Bee Culture.

We as bee-keepers should note the
increased interest that the department
of Agriculture at Washington is tak-
ing in tihe interest of bee-keeping. Re-
cently the annual appropriation to be
used for this work has toeen raised to
$15,000. Several experts are now em-
ployed by the Agricultural Department,
through the bureau of Entomology,
who are devoting their time to in-
vestigations principally along the line
of .bee-diseases. Dr. E. F. Phillips,
who is here today, is "In charge of
Apiculture," and with his able assist-
ants we may expect even greater
things done for bee-keeping in the
future than ihe has been permitted to
accomplish in the past; and he has
carried on and out a great deal of
valuable work for bee-keepers since
he was placed in his present very im-
portant position.

While I am sure that Dr. Phillips is
abundantly able to speak for himself
and his work, yet I feel like urging
bee-keepers everywhere to co-operate
in every possible way to make the
efforts of Dr. Phillips and his corps of
workers return the largest possible
dividends from the investment that is
made. Let us all appreciate what our
Government is doing for us as bee-
keepers, and then work will not only
be continued, but greatly enlarged from
time to time.

The Future of this Association.

We now have come to the time when
others besides myself think that the
Constitution under which this National
Association is being conducted should
be revised, or re-made, so that it will
permit a broadening out of the work to
be done for its thousands of members,
as w€ll as for the upbuilding of bee-
keeping in general. Other lines of
rural industry ihave found it greatly
to their advantage to co-operate, es-
pecially in the sale and disposition of
their products. A notably successful
illustration is the fruitgrowers of Cali-
fornia. Prior to their united efforts
the fruit was marketed at a very small
profit, and often at a real loss; but n'ow
so effectively are they organized, and
so unitedly do the fruit-growers of

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

167

California co-operate when it comes
to mankieting, and their annual losses
on sales are reported to be only about
$4.00 in total of from twelve to fifteen
million dollars worth of fruit.

It is true that bee-keepers are more
scattered than most producers of farm
products; and their combined output
of honey may not be so great in value,
but I believe that if there was a sys-
tematic effort made by this National
Organization and affiliated Local
Branches throughout the country, it
would not be very long until a better
distribution of the honey crop would
be secured, which would result in an
increased net price realized for the
producers.

At present everything is haphazard
when it comes to selling honey. Every
producer for himself, and the fraudu-
lent commission man takes the hind-
most, is about the way it is now done.
Thus there is no uniformity either in
grades of :honey or in prices secured.
It seems to me that all this could be
easily and speedily changed by a sys-
tematic producer and united effort that
would help to direct honey-producers
how to grade their honey, how to pre-
pare it for the market, and where and
when to dispose of it to the best ad-
vantage to themselves as producers.
I have contended for years that if all of
our population could once be shown the
true value of honey as a daily food
product, we would use honey as a daily
food product, we would find that there
is not a tenth part of the amount of
honey now produced that would be
needed to meet the demand. What would
such a condition mean? It would mean
that as prices increased, those now in
the business would "keep more bees,"
and many more who are favorably
located would go into the business of
producing honey. So that all the peo-
ple who desire to "sweeten up" with
the product of the hive, could be ac-
commodated. And those engaged in
producing honey would be more pros-
perous and happy. But such increase
in the demand for honey can be
brought about only by co-operation
on the part of producers themselves,
I firmly ibelieve; and I am also con-
vinced that this National Association
should put itself in a position where it
can take the leadership of a movement
that will permit of its directing the
grades of honey, the shipments or
honey, the advertising of honey, and in

fact everything that can be done to
put honey-production upon a firm and
more profitable business basis.

But there is one thing along the
honey-marketing line that should be
especially and continuously empha-
sized, and that is, the home demand for
'honey should always be supplied first,
before seeking a distant market. Many
of the smaller producers, and even
some of the more extensive ones, have
been surprised at the size of a demand
for honey that can be worked up at
home, or in nearby towns. The
Dadants have had an interesting and
successful experience in this matter.
They have found that it pays, and pays
well, to take care of the home people
when it comes to selling honey. Of
course, it may take a few years to
build up a paying trade — but suppose
it does. It is said that "Rome was not
built in a day." The trouble with us
Americans is, that we get in such a
big 'hurry. "We want to accomplish
things, or "get there," at once. Horses
are no longer fast enough — we must
have automobiles! We are not now
satisfied with express trains^ — we want
to fly through the air like the birds!
The fact is we are going too fast a
rate to permit of real progress. The
strong, sturdy oak is not grown in a
night, though the soft, pulpy gourd
may be. Let us not ^^e impatient, es-
pecially when it comes to building up
a paying honey market. This will take
time, but it will be time well spent.
We should be careful always to fur-
nish our customers a good grade of the
ripest honey, then the kind of life in
your community that will inspire the
confidence of your neighbors, and it
won't be so very long until they will
be willing to pay a few cents extra
per pound for your brand of character
and reputation when they come to
know that it accompanies your honey,
or anything else you want to sell to
them.

But as I may be trespassing upon
the field that some other speaker may
wish to occupy, I will stop. There are
many things that are of exceeding im-
portance that I should like to touch
upon, but perhaps I could not speak
to your edification, anyway. There
are methods and procedures that I am
sure this convention can inaugurate
that will put the National Bee-Keep-
ers' Association in a position where it
will 'be of more benefit to the bee-

168

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

keepers of America than it has ever
been before, although it has done some
splendid work during the over 40' years
of its existence. But the new times
require new ways of doing things. Old
things must pass away. We are living
in a far different age from that of even
50 years ago, and a large progress and
advancement are being made in evmy
line of human development, bee-
keepers must not lag behind. ^ is
our privilege and duty as members of
this Association to devise ways and
means by which the industry of bee-
keeping shall go forward to greater
achievement, and be more useful to its
members and to humanity than ever
before. Are we wise enough to do
what should be done? Are we willing
to do our part? Upon the correct
answers to these questions will depend
much of the success or failure of
American bee-keeping during the next
few years.

I thank you for your attention. I
trust that I have said something that
will arouse you to action, and that as
a result of such action, the future
years of success in honey production
will prove the wisdom of what shall
result from the deliberations of this
gathering of bee-keepers.

GEORGE W. YORK.

Chicago, Illinois, Aug. 29, 1911.

Pres. York — The next number on
the program is the General Manager's
report — we will hear from Mr. France.

Mr. France — I have been too busy
with the clerical work of the associa-
tion to take any time to write out
anything, and hardly to give it a
thought that would be deserving j^our
attention.

Our association numbers 4594 mem-
bers on the roll; some of this number
have not paid their dues, but the
greater per cent '^^ould renew when
notified.

I find that we have 31 states and
15 local associations sending dues to
our National, besides the individual
$1.00 membership.

New York counties affiliate with the
State, yet each county sends dues di-
rect through the Secretary of the asso-
ciation.

You may want to know something
as to what work we have been called
upon to do. Some two or three years
ag'O I was advised by the Board of

Directors that we were having a good
many calls from our members in ap-
parent difficulty with their neighbors,
not bee-keepers. This applies more
especially to those who are city bee-
keepers.

In fact the National Association was
formulated for that abject to begin
with' — an insurance — a protection —
these other features have developed
since. We are working hard to over-
come the cry of adulteration of honey.
One Iowa merchant sends a sample
(by the way, comb honey) that he
purchases from one of the Ohio bee-
keepers; the flavor was different from
the honey he had been marketing, and
he came out openly and publicly de-
nounced the honey as adulterated, and
woud not put it on the market.

Well, now, it hurts the market in
that Iowa city wonderfully, and he
wanted to hurt the reputation of our
Ohio bee-keeper, but I stood in be-
tween. There was nothing wrong with
the honey — only that man needed to
learn that honey would granulate in
the comb, and that the flavor of the
honey from different kinds of flowers
was decid'edly different.

One other neighbor of one of our
bee-keepers claimed his near-by neigh-
bor bee-keeper wag feeding syrup ex-
tensively to his bees, and was there-
fore selling impure honey. This man
went abroad, and that hurt the market
in that vicinity, the news having been
spread that this bee-keeper was feed-
ing his bees sugar syrup. All of which
might have been true.

The Association has been called upon
to investigate many cases, and has
done this as far as possible with the
limited means at its disposal.

We found a condition of poisoning
existing in one place; the bees had
been poisoned for no good object. The
neighbors had become unneighborly,
and one was a member of our Associa-
tion. This particular neighbor had for
revenge or spite put some poisoned
syrup outdoors purposely to kill his
neighbor's bees, and I had some little
trouble to settle that difficulty, and it
took me some time.

Mr. Leonard — How did you settle it?

Mr. France — On the ground that un-
der the laws of the state he had
destroyed property maliciously; he
willinigly paid for the losig of those bees
rather than go into court.

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

169

One man sends $1.00 as dues, and
then asks for help! Another one sends
$1.00 for a queen-bee to one of our
advertising queen breeders; four
months later, having received no
queen-bee, he asked the National to
make good for this $1.00. Four weeks
after that he got his queen-bee, but it
was too late in the season.

Another man sent $14.50 for queens,
and never heard anything of them; he
wrote that he had not received the
queens or the money.

I have tried to encourage many of
our members in what might be called
the "No Pay Roll," under the Informa-
tion Bureau. If you find some one
who is poor pay — a poor customer, or
is in the habit of buying things on
credit and never paying for them — ^why
should not the rest of us know it? It
would cost the Association very little
to have that list.

We have had a number of cases dur-
ing 1911 where it has been claimed, in
cities, that bees are a nuisance; two
cases in Canada; two in Michigan; two
in New Tork; two in Illinois; one in
Oregon; one in Ohio; one in Indiana,
one in Kentucky. With the excep-
tion of the one in Canada, these
cases have all heen closed; one is com-
ing up in Canada this fall — next month,
in September.

In one of these cases there were 160
colonies of bees 80 feet from a neigh-
bor's back door; the location was such
that the bees in flight went right by
the neighbor's house; it was not so
much the bees, either, in that case,
as an unfriendly feeling between the
two, but the bee-keeper in this case
was not doing his part to make things
agreeable for his neighbor, and did
not put a little barrier between, as he
should have done, to carry those hees
up and away from the neighbor's
house.

One man objected to his neighbor
keeping bees for six weeks; he want-
ed him to take them away, and said
he might bring them back in six weeks.
He w^as putting up a dwelling 50 feet
from where the bee-yard stood, and
the bees bothered the carpenters, and
they had to quit. Well, I had consider-
able controversy in the matter, but we
had the bee-keeper smoke the bees a
little in order to quiet them, and by
veiling the carpenters, the ho'use has

been built, and the two are good
friends and neighbors. The bees re-
mained.

One instance I might cite of a peti-
tion being made to the city to remove
the bees as a nuisance because they
spotted the clothes hanging out on
wash-day; in fact, I have had eight
of those cases, and in some there was
pretty good ground for complaint.

If the bee-keeper would only do his
part; these troubles occur mostly in
the spring when the bees are about to
"have their first flight; and if the bee-
keeper would see to it that the wash-
ing is not out at the same time of the
the bees' flight, it would obviate a
great deal of the trouble. On the other
hand, we had better put the 'bees out
some other day, if the neighbor is
■w^ashing; and if the clothes are spo^tted
— pardon me if I take a selfish view of
the matter — I think the bee-keeper
should re-launder those clothes!

In one case in New York where this
came up the bee-keeper was asked to
pay for the laundering of the clothes;
he simply folded his arms (and th^
defiant way in which he did that makes
me blush) and said, "What can you
do?" Had there been any means by
which I could have dropped him as a '
member of our organization I would
have done so. It causes us quite a lit-
tle work to get out of these difficulties.

In California some bees were stolen,
and the National was asked to make
the fellow pay for them. The state laws
look after such things.

In three instances the supplies were
not satisfactory, and the National was
asked to take the matter up; I don't
think it is the policy of this Associa-
tion to take up such matters.

One member was lodged in jail, and
he sent in a petition to have the Na-
tional liberate its member from jail!
(Laughter.) I investigated the case
and found it was a wrangle between
himself and his prosecutor, and that
he was locked up for good cause!
(Laughter.)

One of our members was in the hos-
pital, sick, without money; he was in a
critical condition; he wrote, "Could the
National Association help him in loan-
ing him a little money until he can get
out and begin to earn?" Well, are we
in a position to be helpful in cases of
this kind? Knowing the man, I sent
him of my own funds a little, and since

170

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

then he has been very nicely remem-
bered throug-h the Association.

In Illinois, only recently, one party
complains to me that he is losing his
bees very fast, and that unlesis some-
thing is done soon he will have no
bees left; that a new form of flytrap,
to catch flies with sweetened compound
of some sort, is not only killing the
flies but catching all the bees. I don't
know -whether we can do anything for
this man or not. If a man has a right
to put out sweetened paper to catch
flies, our bees are trespassers if they
go there.

Another one of our members gave
a mortgage on his bees as security for
some borrowed funds, and right after
giving the mortgage he sent $1.00 dues
to the National, and then asked us to
help protect him from being foreclosed
on! (Laughter.)

Now let us in some way avoid some
of these things so that the National
Association can drop out of this line
of little grievances, and advance to
the age of the times which are coming.

Just one thing in regard to the
troubles we encounter, and the case I
am certain is still pending in Michi-
gan, and I think is going into court:
At a watering-tank near to an apiary
belong-ing to a neighbor, the bees go
there for water to that extent th;vt
the stock dare not go there only at
night to drink, and it is a great nuis-
ance. The man who had the watering
tank had applied to the city for an
ordinance prohibiting the keeping of
bees in a city.

I wrote to this man that if he
would allow the National the privi-
lege, I would guarantee within 24
hours he would have no more bees
'bothering his stock. I wanted the
privilege of covering the tank bee-
tight, with opening in cover large
enough so the horses and cattle could
drink, and they would have no more
bother in that way.

Now as to the financial condition of
the Association. On November 1,
1910, we had $500.47 left; since then
there have been 261 who have paid
$1.00 each, and 571, fifty cents each,
which brings the amount up to $832.50
at the present time.

There are many who have joined
through local associations, and I have
notified the secretary of those associa-
tions of this list, and they guarantee

at least 80 per cent, of those will be
renewed by the time I get home, so
that this only shows you, as it were,
a partial report of the financial condi-
tion.

The expenses during the season
have pretty closely followed up the in-
come, so that when I left home the
other day there was $373.00 in the
treasury.

Then there is our Annual Report to
be looked after, and our reporter,
here, $125.00, so that it is going to be
a "close call" unless there are a num-
ber of renewals.

I . find with regard to the ex-
penses, cut them as close as I pos-
sibly can, it is almost impossible to
do anything en that fifty-cent rate of
dues; this is not sufficient, and I am
glad indeed that our constitution com-
mittee have taken this matter into
consideration. If we advance as we
ought, our dues certainly should be
enough so that we may have some-
thing to do with.

There was one other feature which I
learn is not popular among our
members that I hoped would be of
some value, that is, a mutual help
one to the other: If one of our
members has more honey than his
home market would support (and by
all means never forget the home mar-
ket) he should make it known to the
Manager, who would put it on the
Information Bureau list — "Honey for
Sale;" and then when somebody else
has not enough honey for the home
market, I would have a list of those
who have honey to sell and those who
want to buy. This brings the pro-
ducer and the man who wants it
directly together; but for some rea-
son I cannot instil the ideas into our
membership in this regard that I de-
sire; it does not meet with the re-
sponse that I expected.

But the general plan seems to be
more cf a systematic one, with parties
in the field to look after the sales.

Pres. York — Are there any ques-
tions any one would like to ask Gen-
eral Manager France? If so it would
be a good time now.

Dr. Phillips' — I would like to say a
word in regard to one of the features
Mr. France mentioned. I think of all
the complaints we receive there are
none that are more abundant than
that the bees are being killed by the

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

171

spraying- of fruit-trees while they ara
in "bloom. There is no question but
what if the bees are fed poison they
will be killed, but there is a very seri-
ous question whether they are being
killed by spraying of fruit trees. Last
year and this, every complaint that
has come to our office has come from
regions where European foul brood
exists, and, where we have been able
to run the case down, the real cause
of the trouble has been brood-disease.
Bee-keepers have been misinformed
about bees being- killed by spraying.
While it is possible for bees to be
killed by spraying, I don't know
whether it is true; it may be possible
the majority of bee-keeperg who be-
lieve that to be the case are mistaken,
and' that the real cause is in the brood
disease; and if we could get them to
look at their brood first before looking
for some other cause of complaint, we
would have accomplished a great deal
of good.

Mr. Poore — In regard to bees bother-
ing the carpenters: I was building my
house; we were putting on the
shingles, and every time we would go
up there to hammer, the bees would
come after us They said that I
would have to get up there; I did so,
and invariably when I had my hands
engaged, the bees would give it to
me in the face; taut after a rain came,
and we had a flow of nectar, they
didn't seem to bother about that ham-
mer.

Mr. Hoffman — Is it not a fact that
when you spray an open bloom the
poison would get on that and would
cause the death of bees? it looks to
me as though spraying an open bloom
is goiig to poison the bees. Bees
cannot live on poison; it will kill
them; it will kill hogs.

Pres. York — The question is wheth-
er there would be sufficient poison.

Dr. Phillips — ^In the first place, it
has not been' proven that bees will
work on poisoned bloom; in the sec-
ond place, no entomologist in the
United States recommends spraying of
fruit-trees while in bloom; farmers
and fruit-growers follow instructions
given them; spraying of fruit-trees
when in bloom is a rare occurrence.

Pres. York — I have understood that
spraying when in bloom is a damage
to the blossom.

Mr. Hoffman — Why it is that most
of the horticulturists recommend

spraying before and after ; they say
themselves that if you spray the open
bloom it is detrimental to the fruit;
if that poison will kill the bloom, why
won't it kill the bees?

Mr. Poore — A bee-keeper told me
yesterday of his bees spreading blight,
and he said, "I thought I would spray
my trees." It is absolute folly to
think that bees spread blight. Why,
in this Northern climate, the only
salvation the fruit-growers have for
their fruit is bees. Down in the mid-
dle part of the States, there is an
orchard where the apples were all on
the west side of the tree; during the
pollenization season there was a
strong east wind, and the bees could
work only on the sheltered side of the
tree, and there is where all the apples
were. The idea of any fruitgrower
thinking- that bees are injurious to the
trees.

Mr. Wilcox — It has been said that
no one knows what the apple blight
is. Now that matter was fully ex-
plained and illustrated before the W^is-
consin State Horticultural Society by
a man from New York, that the blight
is a disease on the body of the tree,
and any experienced apple-grower can
distinguish it; if you see first the
branches turning black, it is true posi-
tively that the disease is located
there, and from there it goes into the
atmosphere. He claims that in order
to eradicate it you must destroy all
the diseased trees for a considerable
distance around. I believe it is thor-
oughly understood by those men who
have given it study, that the disease
is located there and from there it goes
into the atmosphere, and I believe if
you will follow their directions you
will get rid of it entirely.

The Secretary's Report.

Pres. York — We will have the Sec-
retary's report next.

Sec. Tyrrell — You will all like my
report because it is short; I have
nothing really to report. At the time
I was elected secretary I was unable
to be in attendance at the convention
at Albany on account of my duties as
field-manager for the Ancient Order of
Gleaners, a farmers' organization, and
my connection with- that order has in
a measure made it impossible for me
to do the things I should have liked
to do for the National. But the big-

172

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

gest obstacle was not the time, but
when I got settled down to figure out
what to do I could not figure out what
the real thing was that I should put
forth. My intention was to inaugurate
a campaign for new members; I went
so far as to get the consent of the
Board of Directors to allow me to
spend $100.00 in a campaign for new
members. My duties with my regular
work, together with my inability to
find out what sort of a reason I would
give to prospective members as to
why they should join the National,
coupled with the fact that there was
a plan under way to reorganize — and
even if I could get a new member
this convention might upset all the
arguments I gave him — caused me to
neglect that campaign; so I got up a
circular letter which General Manager
France sent out with hig report, and
which was responded to by the mem-
bers to the extent of furnishing me
2500 to 3000 names of prospective
members of the Association, and I am
a little doubtful but that there are
a good many of those names that
were furnished me who are members
now.

So that, so far as an active cam-
paign has been concerned, your Sec-
retary has done nothing during the
past year.

Then, in the way of a programi. I
have the program that is before you,
and that practically tells you what I
have done.

We hope that the question that is
coming up this afternoon, of reorgani-
zation — the new Constitution — may
mean a great deal to the Convention,
so that whoever your officers are next
year, they may go on and do some
of the things we ought to have done.

We did not have a proper organiza-
tion of the society; we were handi-
capped; so that if we can offer that
as' an excuse, that would really tell
you why your Secretary has accom-
plished practically nothing during the
past year.

Pres. York — The next two numbers
on the programi are, "Shall the Na-
tional be one separate association, or
an aggregation of smaller ones?" and
"The New Constitution and By-laws."
We will have to pass these until the
Chairman of the Committee on Con-
stitution is here; I think his report
would cover those two topics, and then
"we can discuss them better.

The Annual Convention Report.

Pres. York — The next subject is,
"Publication of the Annual Convention
Report — Is Any Change Desirable?"

Sec. Tyrrell — There is something
that needs some thought. We have
been getting out an Annual Report
each year of this Convention of these
annual meetings; they are valued by
many bee-keepers; by others they are
not. The stenographer takes notes of
everything that is being said, and it
will be published in an Annual Report;
a great deal of discussion comes up in
a convention that is probably worth-
less to the average ibee-keeper. I some-
times wonder if we are not a little bit
under restraint when we know we are
being reported, and whether it does
not act as a barrier to really free ex-
pression and discussion among the
members. The cost of getting up the
Annual Report is pretty large, and is
the value of the report worth the cost?

I am going to ask Mr. France to tell
us what he thinks about this Annual
Report. "We have come to the time
when we must do away with ideas,
thoughts, and desires, and get down to
real benefits that we are going to get
out of the money that we are putting
in.

Mr. France — In order to reduce the
price of the printing bill, I submitted
bids, thinking that that would be the
most desirable thing to do looking to-
wards the saving of funds. As our
Secretary says, our Annual Report
costs us more than all else; it runs
from $100.00 to $130.00 every year for
the reporter; then, there is the print-
ing and the postage, which comes in
the neighborhood of from $500.00 to
$700.00 a year; so that it will reach
well toward' a thousand dollars, all
told, to get that report.

If, instead of having a large book,
with much in it that many of our
memhers don't want, that money could
be put into something of more value
to the members by having it published
in a different way, say, monthly or
quarterly, as you see fit; then the rate
of postage would be reduced, which
would save on postage, which is quite
an item.

For three different years I sent with
the Report a request to each member
that he send back to me the number of
colonies that he has; the amount of
comb and extracted honey produced.

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

173

If it was a good year, and he had a
good crop, he would make a report,
and if It was a year like 1911, not 10
per cent would reply; so I have asked
to drop that, as it costs us $75.00 addi-
tional expense to put that in the Re-
port.

I felt like cutting out a whole lot
more of the Report, yet I was not in
a position to do this, and so we have
a great many pages of superfluous
printing. I solicited some back pages
of advertising to help cut down the
cost of the book.

I am not in. sympathy with continu-
ing the Annual Reports as they have
been published heretofore, although
there is in those reports much that is
considered worth its value for the dues
that are paid' — 50' cents dues for a ma-
jority, and then we send the book and
pay the postage on it — it costs nearly
50 cents, and they get it back.

Dr. Leonard — As long as this Asso-
ciation is run on the basis that it has
been, and is now, what it will be after
today is another matter; but as long
as it is run as it is now, these Reports
are of very great importance to all ex-
cept those that are here. The mem-
bers that belong to this Association
want to know what goes on here. They
are not here to listen; they only know
through these Reports what is being
done and' said, and it is no more than
fair that they should have these Re-
ports. I think myself that the Reports
can be cut dowm very much; there is a
lot of material in it that is of no con-
sequence, and the General Manager
should appoint a committee of two or
three of the oflficers — the President,
Secretary, and General Manager — to
revise and edit these notes, and not
print all of the matter — print just
what is pertinent to the subject, and
give every man due credit for what
he says, but edit the matter and see
that these Reports are not so cumber)
some.

Still, as the meetings are conducte
now, I think that the Report is really
worth almost the cost of memibership;
it is really an important matter.

Mr. Palmer — It seems to me the sug-
gestion of Mr. France that we may
have something sent out to the mem-
bers oftener than once a year — perhaps
have a quarterly or monthly bulletin
sent out — is an excellent idea. Those
of us who have anything to do with
soliciting membership dues find a

large number of bee-keepers want to
know what they get for their money,
and when we tell them they are joining
the National Association when they
pay their dues to our local society, and
that they will get a copy of the Annual
Report — if we could, instead), say that
they would get a paper that is issued
monthly, it will count a great deal
more with themi, and we could get a
record of these proceedings before
them in installments; papers could be
presented along through the year, so
far as the Secretary who has it in
charge would have the time to give it.

It seems to me that seasonable ar-
ticles sent to amateur bee-keepers
once a month would be a very help-
ful thing in our management of af-
fairs; the average bee-keeper needs
it, and the amateur bee-keeper needs
instruction, and I believe whoever is
in charge of this could send out some-
thing that is seasonable, that would
help the amateur bee-keepers very
much, and it would not cost as much,
sending this information quarterly, as
does this' Annual Report, and would
be w'orth ten times more tO' the bee-
keepers and they would see that they
were getting something for their
money. I believe the bee-keepers
would say, "I am getting five or ten
times as much for my money in that
form as under the present arrange-
ment."

I think the suggestion of our Gen-
eral Manager of issuing a publication
oftener than once a year is the thing
to do; I am in favor of it.

Mr. Kimball — Mr. Palmer has said
practically what I had in mind, and
what has been said by Dr. Leonard.
I believe in an abridged form of
Report, and as' our General Manager
has suggested, instead of it being an
Annual Report, which will require so
much postage, that it be issued
monthly or quarterly, and also, prob-
ably with our change of constitution,
much more printed matter will be

cessary to send to the different
members of the Association under the
new organization, and this can be
placed in this periodical. As has
been suggested, this more frequent
communication between the National
organization and its members is go-
ing to brinig us closer together and
create a greater Interest in our or-
ganization and help to make it much
more effective.

174

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Dr. Phillips — The fact that the Pres-
ident and Secretary are both editors
■ of bee journals, they cannot say what
they think. I don't think the Na-
tional Bee-Keepers' Association ought
to run into the lines of a bee journal;
and if this plan of sending out month-
ly or quarterly publications were to
go through, it mouM practically con-
stitute a bee journal.

If this organization gets- powerful
enough some time, and gets financial
backing sufficient, it may be that we
can start an official organ, and it
might be worth while; at the present
time I should be opposed to that;
nothing could be gotten out, with the
present funds, which would be a
credit to this Association. We don't
want to go into any more publicity
work until Tve can do it right.

There are organizations in this coun-
try which on a dollar membership are
sending out a magazine, monthly or
quarterly, and a book of proceedings
at the end of the year; but this Asso-
ciation has not enough members to do
that yet, and I should be very much
opposed to anything which would make
it appear that the National is going to
start a cheap little bee-journal.

W. E. Krause — I consider the report
worth $1.00 to me. This is the first
time I have been to a National con-
vention and I always read the Report;
it is a fine thing for those who cannot
come. I ^vould like to have a full re-
port; and I don't believe in cutting it
d'owrn at all; and if we cannot have the
Report for what we are paying now,
let us pay more dues.

Pres. York — I don't think it is an
easy matter to edit a Report; if you
cut out what one man says, and leave
in what another says, some one is
bound to feel offended. It is difficult
sometimes to know just what to leave
out; that really takes some work, and
a person cannot afford to give the time
to it; it would take a number of days;
in fact, some of the paragraphs should
be re-written.

In sending quarterly reports, if you
send the same quantity of report, you
would have about the same amount of
postage — in fact you would have more
postage.

M. M. Rice (Wisconsin) — I believe
we would have a better attendance at
our cenventions if this Report was not
sent out; a good many think they can

remain at home and read the Report
when it is sent to them.

L. v. Rodecker (Minnesota) — Would
it nat cosit a good deal more money to
have four reports sent out, in the way
of binding, than to put it under one
cover?

Sec. Tyrrell — Let us take a vote and
see how many want the Report — how
much we value it. How many, first,
are members of the National Associa-
tion?

(Practically all.)

How many were in attendance at the
last National Association?

(Six.)

Of the balance, how many of you
read all of the last Report clear
through ?

(Mostly all.)

Mr. Hoffman — I am a subscriber to
nearly all the bee-journals, yet there is
a great deal being said in the National
convention that, could I not be present,
I would like to get; I think it is possi-
ble to raise the dues and get out an
Annual Report.

Fred A. Krause — I think if we can-
not afford a Report out of the funds we
have, we would better raise our dues.
If we can't do that we might as well
quit. I consider that a Report is worth
$1.00 to me, because this is the first
well quit. I consider a Report is worth
time I have been to a National con-
vention, and other years when the con-
vention was at a distance, I could
hardly afford to go, and I was anxious
to get the Report because I felt it was
nearlj' as good as being there, to read
the Report, and I would be walling, for
one, to pay more dues if it were neces-
sary. I think our dues are little
enough.

Mr. Dadant — The intention is to
make a change what we think would
be an improvement in the constitution.
We expect to become of more import-
ance to the bee-keeping public. It
seems to me the Report will alwaj-s be
of more or less value. I could not raise
my hand when you asked those to raise
their hands who had read all the last
Report, because I did not read it all
the way through, and yet I do want
to run through the Report and see
what has been done; read the mes-
sages that would seem to be of inter-
est. If there were no Report I should
think a great many of our members
would think the National convention is

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

175

dead. I think there ought to be a Re-
port, and if we get into the business
more extensively we will need a Report
much more than we do today.

Sec. Tyrrell — I think we are all
agreed that we want a Report; it is not
a question whether or not we have a
Report — but is there any change de-
sirable? Are we not getting too much
in our Reports? Can we not boil down
some of it?

E. E. Townsend (Iowa) — ^Are not
these reports published in the bee-
journals?

■ Pres. York — No; the bee-papers
would not have room for them. The
American Bee Journal used to publish
them in full.

P. B. Ramer (Minnesota) — As Sec-
retary of our Fillmore County Associa-
tion, in soliciting members I And that
this Report helps us to get members,
and I know of a good many members
that depend on the Report, and when
it comes to doing away with it in order
to force the people to come here, we
cannot do it; a good many men are
busy; I expected to meet two or three
persons here, but they are not here. Tou
cannot always be here, but If we can
promise a Report of something of in-
terest, I know these Reports are read;
I have friends, bee-keepers, who read
them and are interested in them. I
don't exactly agree with one of the
members that the monthly report will
tell us something seasonable to do, and
is therefore of value; if this Report
can be mailed by the Secretary quar-
terly, cheaper, all right; but I would
not be in favor of doing away with the
Report.

Mr. Wilcox — I wanted to ask Dr.
Phillips, particularly, if there is any
way by which portions of the pro-
ceedings, it being a National associa-
tion, could be incorporated in publica-
tions of the Agricultural Department
at the expense of the government.

Dr. Phillips — That has been done in
certain associations in the past, but
discontinued for all associations ex-
cepting the Association of the Official
Agricultural Chemists, and since their
work is so clearly related to the drug-
gists that has been continued.

Mr. Kimball — Could not this be bet-
ter settled after the passage of the
Constitution?

E. E. Townsend — Why would it not
be a good plan to have it arranged in

this way, so that every member wish-
ing this Report could notify the Sec-
retary early enough so that a certain
amount of printing would not be nec-
essary; only printing the number of
copies desired by the members?

Pres. York — How many here appre-
ciate the Report? Raise your hands.
That is almost unanimous. Supposing
this to be a fair representation of the
membership of the Association, they
would practically all want it.

Mr. Muth — If the Minnesota State
Bee-Keepers' Association dues are
$1.25. and the National Bee-Keepers'
Association's dues are $1.00, and we
know that the Association cannot give
us a Report, because they cannot
afford to, why not raise the dues to
$2.00? That is not much; and then
you get something worth while. Our
reports are fine, and $2.00 is liot much
for a National Association, when you
are going to enjoy the benefit such as
are promised — why, $2.00 is cheap!

Mr. Rodecker — The annual dues of
our Minnesota Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion are $1.25; 50 cents goes to us; 50
cents to the National, and 25 cents
apiece is our annual dues for the Min-
nesota State Agricultural and Horti-
cultural Society; we get monthly re-
ports from the latter organization, and
also their annual report.

Pres. York — A lot of this discussion
would come up under the Constitution.

Mr. B. T. Thompson (Wisconsin) — ^I
wanted to say that we are trying to
get something for nothing. I am with
the rest of them.

National Association Bulletins.

Pres York — The next on the program
is No. 7, "National Association Bulle-
tins; What They Have Accomplished."

Sec. Tyrrell — I think I will have to
call on Mr. France, for he is really the
only man who knows what has been
done. I think he has, in a measure,
answered that question.

Mr. France — It is pretty hard to say
what they have accomplished. I have
had many letters from members who
said that the Report was worth more
than the dues. In that case it has
accomplished its objects; many of the
State libraries have asked for copies
of the Report. But how much the pub-
lication of the Report has accom-
plished, you know perhaps as well as
I do.

Pres. York — ^What benefit have the
bulletins been to you?

176

ELEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

Mr Kimball — I can give an indi-
vidual experience. I have received
some of those bulletins, giving me the
firm names of some firms of whom I
could purchase tin cans, and the name
of an Illinois Glass Company, where I
could get glass jars, and I found the
information was just w^hat I needed. I
have continued throughout the year to
buy from some of these parties.

G. E. Bacon (Wisconsin) — I think
the bulletins are a fine thing. Almost
every day we (G. B. Lewis Co.) have
requests from our customers as to
who has honey to sell, who wants to
buy honey, and who has bees for sale,
and who would like to buy bees.
These bulletins are a splendid thing,
not only for us at "Watertown, but for
the individual bee-keepers. It is a
splendid thing for us; these bulletins
put a buyer in touch with the seller.
Lots of times I don't know who has
bees for sale, or who wants to buy; so
by means of these bulletins I can put
these parties in touch with each other.

Mr. Ramer (Minnesota) — I appreci-
ate them. I notice everything there is
in them; they have been quite valua-
ble to me. I think in the future I will
appreciate them even more.

Pres. York — The Secretary has some
letters to read.

Sec. Tyrrell — I have a letter from
Facey, of Minnesota, to Pres. George
W. York, as follows:

Letter from Mr. Facey.

Preston, Minn., Aug. 22, 1911.

Mr. George "W. York, President, Chi-
cago, 111.
My Dear Mr. York: — The time of our
National Convention is nearly at hand.
I have promised myself that I would
most surely be there, but it almost
seems now as if I cannot be present.
I notice by the program that some
questions of far-reaching importance
will be taken up. In the consideration
of these questions the field of the
National, as well as its relation to bee-
keepers, should be considered. The
National Bee-Keepers' Association of
the past has a proud record. The per-
fection of their union; their absolute
sense of justice; their fidelity in up-
holding the rights of bee-keepers, have
repeatedly safeguarded their rights,
and enforced the respect of the courts
of our land. It is this moral strength
combined with the absolute fidelity of

our ofl!icers that have constituted our
strength.

This is an age of progress. "We
either have to go forward or fall be-
hind our times, but progress cannot be
secure of the expense of the foundation.
Are we in danger of this? Generally,
no, but if engaged in the honey-busi-
ness, I would say, yes.

For the National Association to
enter into the honey-business, co-op-
eratively or otherwise, would be to
weaken their moral strength, and to
that extent lessen their effectiveness
in safeguarding the rights and inter-
ests of their members in particular, as
well as that of the entire body of bee-
keepers of our country.

Our oflScers in the past have been
exceptionally worthy and faithful; but,
in spite of that fact, we ibee-keepers
are human, and sooner or later men
might be placed in power who might
do our Association irretrievable injury.
Can we do nothing to promote our
sales? To this I would answer, •■ yes,
emphatically so. In this line the Na-
tional Association Bulletins have done
good work by getting buyer and seller
together. My observation has been
that they secure prompt sales at good
prices. The way is also open for a
great work in the way of a National
campaign of education concerning the
value and use of honey. Nearly all
journals and publications welcome
such contributions, if written for the
information of their readers, and not
for advertisement. Information of this
kind is advertising of the most effec-
tive kind, but it is, and should be, for
the bee-keepers in general, and not for
the writer. "We also need a campaign
amongst bee-keepers for some market-
ing.

In the program following the Secre-
tary's report the question is asked,
"Shall the National be one separate
organization, or an aggregation of
smaller ones?" It seems to me that
for Ihe National to be an aggregation
of smaller ones would be to weaken
the unity of their action. Four thou-
sand and more members working as
one body have a much greater effec-
tiveness than a hundred thousand with
less unity. These aggregated ^bodies
would sometimes lack cohesion, and
would at no time have the unified force
of the National. However, a great deal
of good may be effected by a campaign
for the extension of the National.

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

177

With best wishes that the Conven-
tion may be a great success, I remain,

Tours truly,

M. V. FACET.

Sec. Tyrrell — By way of explanation.
Unfortunately I did not make myself
clear in that division just mentioned,
"Shall the National Association be one
separate association, or an aggregation
of smaller ones?" Mr. Facey has re-
plied in the affirmative. The idea was,
not that this aggregation would be an
aggregation of separate bodies, but
simply one association with Its various
branches, and with their delegated
power coming through the National to
transact business. Just now we are no
different from any other association,
but, with an aggregation, we would
have branches all over the country,
and I did not make my meaning clear,
unfortunately.

Next Place of Meeting.

Pres. Tork — This is the business
session, and here would properly come
our invitations for the next meeting.
We might consider invitations now
from any of the States for our next
meeting.

Sec. Tyrrell then read two letters
inviting the National to Cincinnati for
its next meeting.

Mr. France — There is a telegram
here from the Chicago Association of
Commerce, cordially inviting the next
annual meeting in Chicago. And, also,
there are three letters from Canada,
asking for the annual meeting to be at
Toronto during the time of their great
exposition.

Mr. Muth — I hope you will give Cin-
cinnati's invitation consideration. We
need the National Convention down
towards Kentucky and Tennessee:
there are a number of bee-men in that
part of the country. For Instance, if
we had the Convention in Cincinnati,
I will guarantee you will have more in
any one of your Convention meetings
than you have here this morning. The
people in Tennessee are anxious that
the Convention be held in the South;
in fact, they are very much disap-
pointed because they have been "turned
down" for another meeting up North,
and they feel as if you did not care for
the members down South. For that
reason I appeal to the Executive Com-
mittee to give the South your consid-
eration; even though they have not so

—12

many members, it pays to cultivate
those members down there; and you
will get more new members than up
around Canada.

They are telling me down in Cin-
"cinnati, the Commercial Association of
real business men — bankers, and push-
ers — that they will furnisli us the
finest auditorium to hold our Conven-
tion in, and say, it is the best outside
of New Tork and Philadelphia — all
free — ^and trolley rides, and everything
to give us a good time.

Mr. Kimball — If it be in order, I
would move that we recommend to the
Executive Committee — Cincinnati as
the place for our meeting for 1912.

Harry Lathrop (Wisconsin) — I sec-
ond that; I had the pleasure of going
to Cincinnati on April 1st.

The motion was put, and unani-
mously carried.

Pres. Tork — The Question Box is in
order now. Are there any questions
you would like to ask?

Helping the National Grow.

Mr. Bacon — It occurred to me this
morning that the best way to put the
National Bee-Keepers' Association on
a better financial basis, and to make
this work more effective, as our
Secretary says, we must increase our
members; that is the only way to do
it; that is going to make the expense
per capita less, and it is the only way
t^at the Association will ever be a
great power in the United States. I
have a plan by which I think the Sec-
retary of the National Bee-Keepers'
Association can reach every possible
bee-keeper in the United States with-
out a cent of expense, as far as the
mailing is concerned. Of course, the
expense attendant to getting out the
literature would be something, but it
would be very little compared with the
expense of the mailing of this litera-
ture through the regular channels.

I think that every bee-supply dealer,
every honey-dealer, and every queen-
breeder, would be glad to co-operate
with the National Bee -Keepers' Asso-
ciation — and why? Because we are all
one brotherhood, and, as a representa-
tive of the bee-supply manufacturing
concerns, we realize your interests are
ours. We want to help you while we
are helping ourselves, and by co-oper-
ation we can all help the National As-
sociation.

Now, I think every one of these

178

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

people whom I mentioned a few min-
utes ago would be very glad to enclose,
with their annual catalogue, or with
their price lists, a strong letter gotten
out to the individual bee-keeper. There
are nearly a million bee-keepers in the
United States, and, just think, this is
a National Convention, and it is all
you can do to get three hundred mem-
bers out of the membership; that
shows . that there are bee-keepers in
the United States who do not know
about this Association.

If you bring before them a strong
letter showing what they are going to
get for their money, and that it is to
their interest to join this Association,
they are going to come in here, and
we will be put on a better financial
basis, and in a general way the
Association will become more effec-
tive.

Now with the help of our distribu-
tors, as manufacturers' I can guarantee
that we will reach over 100,000 people
by that letter. We have said repeated-
ly to the Wisconsin State Association
that we would send out any literature
with our mailing list, if the postage on
our catalog would take that literature.

I don't know of any bee-keepers'
supply man, or manufacturer, who
would not be glad to co-operate in this
way.

Pres. York — I am sure every manu-
facturer and dealer would be vei-y
glad' to put in a letter from this organ-
ization telling about its advantages, as
soon as we have some more advanta-
ges to offer; that would help to adver-
tise the Association and increase the
membership.

Resolutions, I believe, are now ready.

Dr. Gates — Mr. President, the Com-
mittee on Resolutions reports:

RESOLVED, That we express to
the local bee-keepers and to the city '
authorities of this city our apprecia-
tion of their efforts to make our stay
in this city pleasant.

Resolved, That in the death of Mr.
W. Z. Hutchinson and Mr. George E.
Hilton, former officers of this Associa-
tion, the organization has lost two men
whose efforts have been invaluable to
the members of the Association and
to bee-keepersi a.t large; and

Resolved, That we tender to the
families of these men our sincere
sympathy and express to them our
feeling of great loss in the death of
these former officers.

Resolved, That this Convention of
the National Bee-Keepers' Association
congratulate Dr. C. C. Miller on com-
pleting his 80 th year, and express to
him their appreciation of the great
good which we have received' from
his efforts, and the inspiration which
we have experienced from his writing.

Resolved, That the thanks of the
Association be tendered to the General
Manager, Mr. N. E. France, for his
indefatigable efforts on behalf of the
members.

Resolved, That this Convention of
the National Bee-Keepers' Association
send greeting to the International
Congress of Apiculture to be held in
Turpin, Italy, in September, and that
the Secretary is requested to express
to the Congress our wishes that the
coming congress be a pleasant and
profitable one.

Resolved, That it is the sense of
this Convention that there should be a
Federal law governing the interstate
shipments of diseased colonies of bees
and bee-products, similar to their Fed-
eral control of live stock diseases.

Resolved, That the appropriation for
the bee-keeping work in the National
Bureau of Entomology should be in-
creased so that a more thorough cam-
paign may be conducted against the
brood-diseases of bees, and for other
much needed work for the benefit of
the industry.

Resolved, That the committee of
three be appointed by the President
to act as a National Legislation
Committee, to present these ' matters
to the National Congress, and to urge
that proper legislation be enacted to
carry out the spirit of these resolu-
tions.

Resolved', That the Board of Direc-
tors be requested to have the Secre-
tary write each member of the
National House of Representatives
informing him where in his district
brood-diseases have been found by the
Bureau of Entomology, and requesting
him to send each bee-keeper in the
infected area a copy of Farmers'
Bulletin 442 of the United States
Department of Agriculture, and anj-
other available publications of benefit
to bee-keepers.

Resolved, That the Board of Di-
rectors of this Association be requested
to prepare and send out posters to the
post-office in the territory where
brood-diseases have been located by

ILIilNOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' • ASSOCIATION

179

the National bureau of Entomology,
calling attention to the presence of
diseases, and urging bee-keepers to
send' to the proper State and National
officers for information on the subject.
In this notice the aim of this Associa-
tion should be stated and all bee-keep-
ers be urged' to join.

Resolved, That the Board of Direc-
tors be asked to take steps to have
Departments relating to bee-keeping
instituted in the various agricultural
papers of the United States and
Canada, so that the thousands of bee-
keepers who do not read the estab-
lished bee-keepers may be informed
concerning the recent developments
in bee-keeping, and that an effort be
made to have these departments con-
ducted by well-informed bee-keepers.

Resolved, That the Agricultural
Colleges, Experiment Stations and
management of Farmers' Institutes
be urged to aid in the spread of infor-
n^ation concerning improved bee-keep-
ing methods and that the Board of
Directors of this Association is asked
to communicate with these agencies
on this subject.

Respectfully submitted.

Committee on Resolutions,
B. N. GATES, Chairman.

It wasi moved and seconded that the
Resolutions as read by the Chairman
of the Committee be adopted as read.
Carried.

Pres. York — I would suggest that
the Committee on Nominations have
a meeting at once so that they may be
able to report this afternoon.

Pres. York — I will appoint on that
Committee, also, Mr. L. A. Syveraud,
of S. Dakota. "We will continue the
business session into the afternoon.
Are there any other matters you would
like to bring up at this morning's ses-
sion?

Adulteration of Honey.

Mr. Kimball-r-I would suggest that
the topic on the program for this aft-
ernoon, "Adoilteration of Honey. To
what extent it iS' being practiced?
What can be done to stop it?" — might
be considered at this time.

Sec. Tyrrell — I would not have put
that topic in, only from the fact
that I received a letter from one of
our members saying that there was a
great deal of adulteration in his terri-

tory. I forgot now the State he was
from; I expected he would be here to
take that up, but unfortunately he is
not. I didn't know that there was
much adulteration being done.

Pres. York — I might say I think
that the pure food' law is being en-
forced so well in Illinois, that there is
practically no adulterated honey on
the Chicago market.

Sec. Tyrrell — We don't find any in
Detroit any more.

Pres. York — Some years ago, when
we had' a test case in Chicago the
Association helped us to find that out
of thirty samples, 2-3 were adulter-
ated; but that was some ten years ago.

Mr. Rodecker — I was just going to
say that I happened to notice in a store
in St. Paul, some honey on the shelf
which looked very attractive, which
was marked "Adulterated." It was
sold under those conditions; and the
same party had pure honey which he
sold for 5 cents more than the adul-
terated.

Pres. York — I suppose that was all
right, if it was properly labeled; if any
one wanted to buy adulterated honey
he could do so, knowing what kind of
an article he was receiving.

Mr. Kimball — The question occurs
to me, then, if people will buy adiul-
terated honey, why not put out on the
market sugar and honey mixed, and
so state; perhaps it would be sold as
readily as honey is sold.

Mr. Rodecker — I suppose in labeling
it "Adulterated," it comes under the
pure food law, and, you cannot do
anything with them. What can be
done to stop putting adulterated
honey on the market instead of the
real article, and in place of honey?

Mr. Prance — If you have any sus-
picions to that effect, make it known
to the Pure Food commission. You
must label anything that' is not pure
honey; it must be labeled, what it is.

Mr. Kimball — What would you call
honey — would honey- dew be called
honey?

■Mr. Rodecker — Would honey-dew
come under the pure food law as pure
honey ?

Mr. France — Honey-dew does not
come up to the test of pure honey
under chemical analysis, a small
per cent is not noticeable, but it is a
risky proposition to sell it as pure hon-
ey.

Mr. Heuring (Minnesota) — How

180

ELEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

would a bee-keeper know whether
there was enough honey-dew in it to
make it adulterated?

Pres. York — Have a chemist analyze
it.

Mr. Rodecker — What would a per-
son do if his sections were capped
over and filled with honey-dew?

Mr. France — It would have to be an-
alyzed; that would be the only way to
prove it.

Mr. Heuringr — Would it not be prob-
able that one section would show more
honey-de-w than another?

Pres. York — I think our pure food
laws are doing' good work. The pass-
age and the enactment of the pure food
laws have helped bee-keepers, I am
sure.

Mr. Kimball — The question has often
occurred to me^ and perhaps it has to
some others here, and they may know
how to solve it. After honey-dew has
once candied and we reliquefy it, we
notice quite a froth or scum rises to
the surface; I would like to know in
this reheating and raising to the sur-
face of this froth, if there is a chemical
change in the honey. I notice the
flavor changes somewhat. Some have
complained of extracted honey that
they don't like it because it is too
sweet. They might mix it with water
if they wanted it for their own use;
but the question in regard to whether
there is a chemical change I would
like to know about.

On motion, the convention adjourned
to meet at 1:30 p. m.

SECOND DAY— AFTERNOON SES-
SION.

Pres. York — I think we are ready
now to listen again to the Committee
on Constitution and Resolutions; we
had the resolutions before dinner, and
are to take up now the report on Con-
stitution.

Dr. Gates, Chairman of the com-
mittee, then read the following pro-
posed new constitution:

CONSTITUTION OF THE NATIONAL
BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

ARTICLE L— Name.

This organization shall be known as
the National Bee-Keepers' Association.

ARTICLE II.— Object.

The object of this association shall
be to aid its members in the business
of bee-keeping; to help in the sale of
their honey and beeswax, and to pro-
mote the interest of bee-keepers in
any other direction decided upon by
the Board of Directors.

ARTICLE III. — Plan of Organization;

This organization shall consist of one
central organization with its various
branches. These branches may be in
any locality where twenty-five or more
members of the National Association
decide to form a branch.

ARTICILE IV.— Membership.

Section 1. — Membership shall be ex-
tended to any person interested in bee-
keeping, and who is in accord with the
purposes and aims of this association.
The annual membership fee shall be
$1.50; one-third, or fifty cents, of which
shall go into the fund' of the local
treasury where such a branch is main-
tained.

Sec. 2. — Whenever a local bee-keep-
ers' association shall decide to unite
with this association, it will be received
upon payment by the local secretary
of one dollar ($1.00) per member per
annum to the secretary; but all active
memb^ers of such local association must
become members in order to take ad-
vantage of this provision.

Sec. 3. — Membership in the National
Association will begin January 1st,
each year. Those joining previous to
September 1st, will be credited paid
to January 1st, following. Those unit-
ing after September 1st will be credited
paid to one year from January 1st, fol-
lowing.

ARTICLE v.— National Meeting.

Sec. 1. — The National meeting shall
consist of delegates duly elected by the
various 'branches. These meetings
shall occur during the month of Feb-
ruary, the exact date and place to be
decided by the Board of Directors.

Sec. 2. — Each Branch shall be en-
titled to elect one delegate to attend
the National meeting, w'ho shall pre-
sent proper credentials, and, if correct,
such delegate shall be entitled to one
vote for every fifty member^ or frac-
tion thereof in his local branch.

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

181

Sec. 3. — At the annual meeting the
delegates may hold one or more ses-
sions open to bee-keepers for the con-
sideration of such special or general
topics as the Board of Directors may
decide upon.

ARTICLE VI.— Officers and Duties.

Section 1. — The officers of this as-
sociation shall be a President, Vice-
President, Secretary, and Treasurer,
General Manager. These officers shall
be elected at each annual meeting of
delegates and serve for one year, or
until their successors are elected and
qualified.

Sec. 2. — The President shall preside
at each annual meeting of delegates,
and at any special meetings which may
be called. He shall also preside at all
meetings of Directors and perform any
other duties which may devolve upon
the presiding officer.

Sec. 3. — The Vice-President shall
perform the President's duties in his
absence.

Sec. 4. — The Secretary shall keep a
record of the proceedings of the annual
meeting; maintain a list of all mem-
bers of the association, with their ad-
dresses; collect, receipt and pay over
to the Treasurer-General Manager all
dues and membership fees; keep a
proper record of all business trans-
actions, and perform such other duties
as may be required of him by the As-
sociation or Directors.

Sec. 5. — The Treasurer -General Man-
ager shall care for the funds of the
association, depositing the same in
such depository as may be approved by
the Directors. He shall also paj' such
orders coming to him as may bear the
signature of the one authorized by the
Directors to draw orders.

ARTICLE VII. — Board of Directors
and Their Duties.

Section I'. — At each annual meeting
of delegates, in addition to the officers
named in Article VI., there shall be
elected a Board of five Directors. (For
the year 1912, the Officers and Board
of Directors shall be elected at the
regular ballot election of the Associa-
tion, to serve until their successors are
elected by a meeting of delegates.)

Sec. 2. — These Directors shaJl care
for the business of the Association be-

tween the annual meetings. They shall
have full supervision of the work of
the officers elected, and shall have
power to remove from office any Of-
ficer or Director not acting in accord-
ance with the Constitution and By-
Laws of the Association.

Sec. 3. — The Board of Directors shall
decide upon the compensation of the
various officers, authorizing the
amounts so decided upon to be paid
from the general treasury.

Sec. 4. — The Board of Directors shall
have power to elect a General Organ-
izer whose duty it shall be to promote
the organization of branches through-
out the United States and Canada.
They shall also decide as to his com-
pensation.

ARTICLE VIIL— Organization of
Branches.

Section 1. — Local branches may be
established in any locality, but not in-
terfering with a branch already estab-
lished, whenever the membership in
that locality so desires.

•Sec. 2. — A local branch shall consist
of not less than twenty-five members.

Sec. 3. — A local Bee-Keepers' Asso-
ciation already established, mg^^ be-
come a branch by a majority vote of
its members, either by mail or at a
meeting, and accepting the Constitu-
tion and By-Laws of this Association.

ARTICLE IX. — Amendments.

Section 1. This Constitution may be
amended at any regular meeting of
Delegates by a two -thirds vote of the
delegates present and voting, provided
that at least ninety days' notice of the
proposed amendment be given to the
secretaries of the branches.

ARTICLE X.— Rules of Order.

Roberts' Rules of Order shall govern
all meetings of both the National and
Branch organizations.

Pres. York — You have heard the
reading of the proposed constitutions
as read by the Chairman of the Com-
mittee on Constitution. What method
will you proceed with to act upon it?

Mr. Palmer — I move that Dr. Gates
read the Constitution section by sec-
tion, explaining any. differences which
he regards as material changes, and
that the chairman call for objections.

182

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

and if none are offered, we proceed
with the next section, and if no objec-
tions are made as the sections are
read, that a vote at the end of the
entire reading be taken on a whole.

Pres. York — ^We understand, of
course, at the start, that we are not
adopting this Constitution — we are
simply recommending it, or approving
it for recommendation to the whole
membership by mail during the month
of November; our present Constitution
provides that we must make a move
for amendment forty-five days before
the month of election; that is the rea-
son we are doing it at this time. If
the chairman will read the new con-
stitution, article by article, and sec-
tion by section, we will take a vote
upon it as we go along.

Dr. Gates then read Articles I. and
II. and no objection being offered
they were declared approved.

ARTICLE III.— Plan of Organization.

This organization shall consist of
one central organization with its' var-
ious Branches. These Branches may
be in any locality where twenty-five
or more members of the National
Association decide to form a Branch.

Mr. Ramer — I am the secretary of
an organization we have in our coun-
ty; we have as high as 35 members,
yearly dues $1.00; half goes to the Na-
tional; and if a man does not keep
his dues paid up he is not considered
a member. Some years, when the
weather has been bad, our member-
ship has run down to less than twen-
ty; it seems to me that limit of 25
is a little high. For instance in
many localities there are not enough
bee-keepers' interested sufficiently to
have an organization, but if you have
to have 25 to start with you might
not get that number. I just throw
that out as something to be considered,
whether or not that number is a little
high or not.

W. E. Krause — I think the same
way; in some places we have only a
few bee-keepers. I think I would
amend that.

Pres. York — ^What number would you
suggest?

Mr. Krause — I would suggest twelve.

Sec. Tyrrell — The object in putting
it to 25 is simply this: If you don't
have enough members in your local
branch so that when you have a meet-

ing there will be a goodly number
present, the branch will be a baby to
take care of instead of a builder;
however, that does not prevent mem-
bers of that locality becoming mem-
bers of the National. But if I can
get 25 with me, then we can have a
Branch under our Association. It
seems to me that would not prevent
any one from becoming a member of
the National, but would make those
fellows hustle and get the 25; then
they have enough in their meeting to
create enthusiasm.

W. E. Krause — The way I under-
stand it, we have no representation
in the National unless we have 25
members. I am in a part of the coun-
try where there are only a few bee-
• keepers, and unless we get that 25
together we cannot have an organiza-
tion and have any voice in the Na-
tional.

Pres. York — You can be members of
the National, but not of a Branch.

W. E. Krause — But we can't send
delegates?

Mr. York — Pretty small organization
to send a delegate for twelve.

Sec. Tyrrell — I have had enough ex-
perience in taking care of little weak,
organizations' through fraternal lines
to know what it means; they don't do
anything, just have a few members;
they are dead. You have to send
some one over there to stir them up
and keep them going, and it would
thus work out to a large extent in
your bee-keepers' organization; you
can't have much of an organization if
you don't have at least 25 members,
because you can't get all the 25 to
your meetings; it seems to me that
25 is a small enough number. How-
ever, that is "up to" the members.

Mr. Dadant — I would suggest to the
membersi who feel that they will noi,
be represented, that if they will join
the National direct they will have a
consulting voice in the meetings; they
can have their say; if they have not
enough near them to form a Branch,
nothing prevents them from joining
the nearest Branch, and they may
have a voice in that Branch. It is
difllcult for a country as large as the
United States to make laws for the dif-
ferent conditions existing from Cali-
fornia to Maine, so we have to put up
with some difficulties. Twenty-five I
would suggest is a small enoug<h num-
ber; those who wish to have a voice

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATIOX

183

should join the nearest possible
Branch.

Pres. York— We are glad to have
any suggestions, but the majority
rules. If you feel that you would like
to have things changed, don't hesitate
to say so.

Are there any other remarks? If
not, all who approve this section say
aye. Opposed, no.

The ayes were unanimous.

Mr. Kimball — Is it clearly under-
stood the position of the member who
pays into the National organization,
or one who has a membership through
an auxiliary organization? Does an
individual member sending his fee and
becoming a member, is he an active
member in the sense of voting?

Pres. York — No, not Im the sense of
voting.

Mr. Kimball — He is something ' like
an associated member, but has the
advantage of speech.

Pres. York — The object of this re-
organized Association is to have a
delegated body; every local Branch
has a delegate. If you have an organ-
ization of 25, that delegate would have
one vote; if you have a membership of
80 or 10 0, he wouM have more votes;
that suggestion of Mr. Dadant to join
the nearest Branch would be a good
way to work it.

ARTICLE IV.— Membership.

Section 1. Membership shall be ex-
tended to any person interested in
bee-keeping and who is in accord with
the purposes and aims of this Associa-
tion. The annual membership fee
shall be $1.50, one-third, or fifty cents,
of which shall go into the fund of
the local treasury where such a
Branch is maintained.

Pres. York — Is there any objection
to the method of membership?

W. E. Krause — Then if the diues are
$1.50, and if I belong to a local or-
ganization, why, that half dollar goes
to the local organization; and' if we
can't get a local organization, then
we are simply out 50 cents.

Pres. York — Tihe $1.50 would go to
the National straight.

W. E. Krause — If It goes to the Na-
tional, I would not care.

Mr. Palmer — There is only one diffi-
culty that comes up there. It is ilUus-
trated by the situation here in
Minnesota; we aflaiiated with the hor-

ticultural societies, pay them 25 cents
insitead of $1.00 for each one of our
members.

Pres. York — We had the same thing
in Illinois at one time.

Mr. Palmer — Suppose some one from
Minnesota sends in $1.50 to the Sec-
retary of the National, and he remits
to me as treasurer of the home soc-
iety 50 cents^I need' 75 cents.

Pres. York — You should write to
your State members and ask him to
sent 25 cents more in order to be-
come a member of the Horticultural
Society, If he so desires.

Mr. Palmer — I wish we could pay
dues to the National through the aux-
iliary society.

Sec. Tyrrell — ^The reason that was
put in that way was because we don't
want to load' down the local secre-
taries with work they don't want to
take voluntarily; they will object to
being bothered with dues and re-
ceipts; wherever a local branch will
do that, it will be the plan to have
the fees paid to the local secretary,
and the secretary make a remittance,
keeping 50 cents for the local Branch.
Supposing one of the members of
your local Blranch remitted $1.50 to
Detroit, if I were National secretary,
then 50 cents would be turned back
to you for your fee. There is nothing
to hinder changing the constitution
later if it does not work satisfactor-
ily. You will find that whatever you
adopt will require some changes; if
it doesn't work one way, why, change
it to another. We are trying to make
it as easy as we can for all.

Pres. York — If you put in the
words, "50 cents of which shall be
retained by the local treasurer," then
you will have it paid tO' the local
Branch.

Mr. Palmer — Could this be done?
The dues shall be $1.50, but when
paid by a local Branch, $1.00' is suffi-
cient; .$1.00 -received from a Branch
pays the dues for a member.

Sec. TjTrell — ^I can join for $1.00 if
I join through your local Branch.

Mr. Palmer — No, it would' be as it
is now — 50 cents of the money I re-
ceive as treasurer goes to the Na-
tional.

Pres. York — If this goes through, it
will be $1.00. The National dues are
$1.50 when joining direct.

Mr. Palmer — But when received

184

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OP THE

from the treasurer of a Branch, they
are $1.00.

Sec. Tyrrell — Understand, that
Branch is a part of the National.

Mr. Prinzing — I belong to an as-
sociation in Fillmore County; as I
understand it, we have 20,000 bee-
keepers, or persons who keep bees, in
the State of Minnesota, and we have
hardly four score active members in
Fillmore county. The reason why I
voted '"no" to the section just read is,
that unless I may form an organiza-
tion of at least 25 bee-keepers, I cannot
be represented in the National Asso-
ciation by a delegate; I would have to
join some other branch in order to se-
cure representation in the National.

If I form an organization of less
than 25 bee-keepers, it would cost me
$1.50 to join the National, besides the
dues to the local branch. I believe
that any organization should be pro-
gressive — constructive, and not ob-
structive; but this looks to me as if it
were discriminating against those bee-
keepers who are located in a sparsely
settled district. We have whole coun-
ties where, perhaps, there are not 25
bee-keepers, and if I belong to one of
these small organizations, I have no
representation in the National. How-
ever, it costs me more if I belong to a
smaller community than a larger, and
it looks to me sort of like a discrimina-
tion against the little fellow.

I think this Association ought to
stand for organization among bee-
keepers. We ought to have 10,000
members in our Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion in Minnesota. The bee-keeping
business has not been touched in this
State. We have thousands of acres
that are overflowing with nectar, that
is going to waste simply because the
bee-keepers are not associated with
the local Bee-Keepers' Association and
the National.

Pres. York — You will have to get
them educated; it ought to be easy to
get 25, if you have 20,000.

On motion the section was ap-
proved.

Section 2 — Whenever a local Bee-
Keepers' Association shall decide to
unite with this Association, it will be
received, upon payment by the local
Secretary of one dollar ($1.00) per
member per annum to the Secretary;
but all active members of such local
association must become members in

order to take advantage of this pro-
vision.

No objections being offered to Sec-
tion 2, it was declared approved.

Section 3— Membership of the Na-
tional Association will begin January
1st, each year. Those joining previous
to September 1st, -will be credited paid
to January 1st, following. Those
uniting after September 1st, will be
credited paid up one year from Jan-
uary 1st, following.

Mr. York— I think that is the plan
the Michigan Association uses now; it
works very well; if there is no ob-
jections, it will be approved. It is ap-
proved.

Sec. Tyrrell — The idea is to have all
memberships expire at the same time.

ARTICLE v.— National Meeting.

Section 1. — The National meeting
shall consist of delegates duly elected
by the various branches. These meet-
ings shall occur during the month of
February, the exact date and place to
be decided by the Board of Directors.

Section 2 — Each branch shall be en-
titled to elect one delegate to attend
the National meeting, who shall present
proper credentials; and, if correct,
such delegate shall be entitled to one
vote for every 50 members or fraction
thereof in his local 'branch.

Section 3 — At the annual meeting
the delegates may hold one or more
sessions open to bee-keepers for the
consideration of such special or gene-
ral topics as the Board of Directors
may decide upon.

Pres. York — Are there any objections
to the Sections 1, 2 and 3 of this
Article?

Mr. Wilcox — There is an objection,
but there is also an argument in favor
of it, February is rather a cold month
' for conventions; we have tried it in
Wisconsin; it makes long-distance
travel rather unpleasant, and there
is no opportunity for seeing the city
or friends around about. I -^Yould
rather prefer, if possible, to hold the
conventions in October; but the objec-
tions to holding it then are that the
officers of the National are just going
out of existence, and the new ones
have not come in yet.

Pres. York — This annual convention
would be made up of delegates here-
after; but all members can attend.

Mr. Wilcox — If we contemplate the

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

185

delegates attending only as delegates
we will have a small convention.

Pres. York — The object of holding it
in February is because it is the best
time of the year, and people can get
away; bee-keepers are not busy then
while there are always objections to
holding national conventions in Octo-
ber or earlier.

Sec. Tyrrell — There is one other
fact in its favor. We must not lose
sight of the fact that all of these
Branches have conventions, and we
must give them an opportunity to have
their conventions at seasonable times
of the year, or you won't get your
delegation.

Mr. Dadant — I object to the state-
ment Mr. Wilcox has made, that the
convention, if a convention of dele-
gates, will be small. If you look at
our crowd here outside of Minnesota
how many members have we? The
members do not come. We expect to
make progress; we should not judge
the future — but the past; if we went
back 30' years we would' see a very
poor association. The trouble is we
older men cannot get ourselves into
a realization of the possible future of
this Association; it anticipates a larger
membership than we have ever had.
We ought to have something like 75
delegates from different parts of the
United States, where we now have
ten or twelve.

Some go because their interests are
there, and not so much for bee-culture:
but if they go representing the bee-
people of their part of the country we
will have a much better delegation.

The average bee-keeper can then get
as much pleasure and information as
todaj-, even if he does not have a voice
in active voting on the results that
will be passed upon.

Mr. Wiloox — I think I said if this
convention is to be composed "only of
delegates"; but if it is to be composed
of all who attend, then the objections
to- the date I mentioned will apply.

Mr. Dadant — I understood correctly;
I objected to that part of the state-
ment that if it were composed only of
delegates it would be small; if today
there was only one delegate from
Minnesota we would have a small con-
vention. That is why I think in the
future we will gain by delegates. As
to the time, I believe that February
is the time when the bee-keepers have
the most leisure; they have sold their

honey; the bees are in winter quarters;
they are not ready for spring work;
October is the time for us to sell; at
this time the bees' are still storing
honey, and most of us can hardly
attend.

On motion the Section w-as approved.

Section 2 — Each branch shall be
entitled to elect one delegate to attend
the National Meeting, who shall pres-
ent proper credentials, and, if correct,
such delegate shall be entitled to one
vote for every fifty members or frac-
tion thereof in his branch.

Mr. Palmer — If they have five times
as many members, why should they
not have five times as many delegates?
Their interests ought to be measured
a little by the number of delegates;
they have ten times as many votes,
they should have ten times as much
interest as if they had one.

Pres. York — By the time we have
a larger membership this probably
will be changed; the memberships
are all small now, and in two or three
years, if a Branch has 500 members
they will, I think, change it at that
time.

Mr. Palmer — It is a question whether
I want to be in convention and have
one vote, and my neighbor in the next
State have five votes to my one.

W. E. Krause — I think if we are
going to take each article and pull it
to pieces, we will never accomplish
anything; there will be time to do this
later,-and those things can be changed
if necessary.

Sec. Tyrrell — If you put money in a
stock company you would have votes
according to the number of shares
you own.

Mr. Dadant — It struck me that
where they had more than 5 mem-
bers they might have two delegates
instead of one; but there is this objec-
tion: You can instruct one man who
has (good! brains and knows what you
want; if you instruct two or three,
they may not all understand; if a
Branch knows' just how many votes
they have they can direct one man
and he will do what they desire; if
you have 50 shares in the bank you
have got 50 times as many votes as
the man who has one share — you
have 50 times as much interest. It
would not do at all for a Branch that
has only two members to have as
much voice as one that has 100 mem-

186

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

bers; I think that under the present
conditions, this is as good as we can
expect,

Mr. Palmer — •! think I will offer a
motion in order to give a chance for
expression of opinions. I move that
instead of the article, as read, it shall
read "one delegate for each 50 mem-
bers 'Or fraction thereof."

The motion was seconded.

Mr. Dadant — Suppose in) Maine you
elect three delegates; you will have
three times as much expense to go
to Chicago, for instance, if there are
three delegates than if there were one.
Therefore, I believe it is 'better to put
one man in charge of all the votes of
the branch; that will not deter the
others from coming if they choose, and
can afford to pay; but I think it is
better for us to arrange it so that the
branches will not have to pay for more
than one delegate.

A vote being taken, Mr. Palmer's
motion was lost. Then the motion
passed as it read in the first instance.

Sec. 3. — At the annual meeting the
delegates may hold one or more ses-
sions open to bee-keepers for the con-
sideration of such special or general
topics as the Board of Directors may
decide upon.

No objections being offered this sec-
tion was declared approved.

ARTICLE VI. — Officers and Duties.

Section 1. — The officers of this As-
sociation shall be a President, Vice
President, Secretary and Treasurer-
General Manager. These officers shall
be elected at each annual meeting of
delegates, and serve for one year, or
until their successors are elected and
qualified.

Mr. Kimball — I would like to inquire
the duties of the compound office of
Treasurer- General Manager.

Pres. York — They are given further
on — in Section 5 — which Mr. Gates
will please read.

Sec. 5. — The Treasurer- General Man-
ager shall care for the funds of the
Association, depositing the same in
sucR\depository as may be approved
by the Directors. He shall also pay
such orders coming to him as may
bear the signature of the one author-
ized by the Directors to draw orders.

Mr. Kimball — I don't thimki there is
any "managing" there, any more than
belongs to the office of treasurer, there-

fore I would object to the title; I would
have it read "treasurer."

Sec. Tyrrell — We have in our office
as general manager a man who has
done a world of good for this organ-
ization — Mr. N. E. France. We are
making a change that is going out be-
fore the members without their hav-
ing a chance to discuss it; if we should
say we are abolishing Mr. Frances
office, in other words, "our general
manager is dropped," and call his of-
fice that of treasurer, you don't know
what the effect might be; while the
title, "general manager," does not con-
vey a great deal, yet it leaves the office
as near like what they were before
accustomed to as it is possible to make
it. That was brought up before the
committee, and it was thoroughly dis-
cussed by the committee who .had it
in charge, and their arguments were
good. There is one thing that we must
not forget, and that is the work that
has been done by our present general
manager, and his influence, and what
it means to this Association; and it
seems to me for the present, at least,
we would better leave it just as it is;
the name means something, anyway.

Mr. Dadant — I wish to say in draw-
ing a constitution you can never cover
all the ground; there are many things
that you can't cover. Mr. France has
been doing a great deal of work, as
he has reported to you, in giving in-
formation, in helping people who were
in trouble, in helpii^g some people who
wanted to sell bees, and people who
wanted to buy honey; all this can still
be done by the general manager, and
is better in his hands. I do believe
that the name of general manager is
still good, and we will probably keep
that part of the work in the hands of
the same man as before. We have the
best man it is possible to find for that
office, and we don't want to give the
impression to our folks that we do not
want him, because we do.-

Mr. Kimball — With that explanation
I should not object. Only it seemed .
to me it was letting Mr. France down
a little too easy; we know what good
-w^ork he has done in the past, and ex-
pect him to continue it; we don't want
to "clip his wings."

Mr. Wilcox — This idea that occurs
to me: If we have a Treasurer-Gen-
eral Manager who receives all the
funds that pass through his hands, the
constitution does not provide that he

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

187

shall give any bond for the safe keep-
ing, or safe deposit, of that money.

Pres. York — That comes later.

Pres. York — If there is no objection
to this Section we will pass on.

Sec. 2. — The President shall pre-
side at each annual meeting of dele-
gates, and at any special meetings
which may be called. He shall also
preside at all meetings of Directors
and perform any other duties which
may devolve upon the presiding of-
ficer.

Pres. York — Any objection?

W. E. Krause — It says he "shall;"
he may be siaki.

Pres. York — Any further objection?
If not, we will pass on to the next.

Mr. Palmer — Is the president a mem-
ber of the Board of Directors? If he
is not, is it desirable that he shall pre-
side at meetings?

Pres. York — The Directors do the
voting; the President has no vote ex-
cept in case of a tie; and if all the
Directors are present there could be
no tie, as there are five Directors.

Sec. . 3. — The Vice President shall
perform the President's duties in his
absence.

Sec. 4. — The Secretary shall keep a
record of the proceedings of the annual
meeting; maintain a list of all mem-
bers of the Association, with their ad-
dresses; collect, receipt and pay over
to the Treasurer-General Manager all
dues and membership fees; keep a
proper record of all business trans-
actions; and perform such other duties
as may be required of him by the As-
sociation or Directors.

Pres. York — Would anybody like to
have him do more than that? I think
we approve of those two sections.

Sec. 5. — The Secretary- General Man-
ager shall care for the funds of the
Association, depositing the same in
such depository as may be approved by
the Directors. He shall also pay such
orders coming to him as may bear the
signature of the one authorized by the
Directors to draw orders.

Pres. York — If no objection, that
section is approved.

ARTICLE vn.— Board Of Directors
and Their Duties.

Section 1. — At each annual meeting
of delegates, in addition to the officers
named in Article VI., there shall be
elected a Board of five Directors. (For

the year 1912, the Ofiicers and Board
of Directors shall he elected at the
regular ballot election of the Associa-
tion, to serve until their successors are
elected by a meeting of delegates).

Mr. Dadant — As the nominations
have been made, there are five direc-
tors contemplated; if we continue to
Tvork under the old constitution, of
those five we have nominated two
'Who are now directors, so if five were
voted upon the other three would
naturally become directors, so you can
have five in this way, and three by the
old way.

W. E. Krause — Are those five direc-
tors elected one year, and the next year
five new ones again?

Pres. York — They are all elected an-
nually.

W. E. Krause — It seems to me that
would be poor policy; there ought to
be some directors held over.

Pres. York — You can re-elect them,
if desired.

Mr. Prance — I was wondering as to
the present conditions; whether direc-
tors who have been elected until the
end of 1914 — how are you going to
dispose of them?

Dr. Phillips — They were elected un-
der the old" constitution.

Mr. Dadant — They would be no long- \^
er under that constitution, if this new
one is adopted.

Pres. York — If the United States
were to adopt a new constitution, and s,
elect new officers, I think President
T'aft would be out.

Section was approved.

Section 2 — These Directors shall care
for the business of the Association
between the annual meetings. They
shall have full supervision of the
work of the officers elected, and shall
have power to remove from office any
officer or directors not acting in ac-
cordance with the Constitution and By-
Laws of the Association.

Sec. 3. — ^The Board of Directors
shall decide upon the compensation of
the various officers, authorizing the
amounts so decided' upon to be paid
from the general treasury.

Sec. 4. — The Board of Directors
shall have power to elect a General
Organizer whose dutj-- it shall be to
promote the organization of Branches
through the United States and Can-
ada. They shall also decide as to his
compensation.

No objections being offered to Sec-

188

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OP THE

tions 2, 3 and 4, thej- were declared
approved.

ARTICLE VIII.— Organization of
Branches.

Section 1. — Local Branches may be
established in any locality, but not
interfering with a Branch already es-
tablished, whenever the membership in
that locality so desires.

Mr. "Wilcox — I have a suggestion on
that; if we pay back 50 cents of the
fee to the local Branches, they dis-
banding, going out of existence, would
it not be well to incorporate that the
different property or funds may re-
vert to this Association?

Sec. Tyrrell — The suggestion is
good, but I am afraid the moral effect
it would have would be bad; the little
Branches would be afraid to come in;
I am afraid to tack that on just now.

Mr. Dadant — There is' another ob-
jection to putting anything like that
in — you will keep out some State or-
ganizations. The Illinois State As.
sociation gets an appropriation from
the State of Illinois; there are regula-
tions in regard to the use of that fund.
They will do-ubtless become a Branch,
provided they are not handicapped in
the use of their funds.

Pres. York — The State of Illinois
turns over to the State Association
$1,000 a year; if such Branch dis-
'banded I don't think the State of
Illinois would stand for turning that
$1,000 a year over to this Associa-
tion.

Section 1 was then approved.

Sec. 2. — A local Branch shall con-
sist of not less than 25 members.

Sec. 3. — ^A local bee-keepers' associa-
tion already established may become
a branch by a majority vote of its
members, either by mail or at a
meeting, and accepting the Constitu-
tion and By-Laws of this Associa-
tion.

Pres. York — There is bne thing I
would like to suggest regarding the
by-laws; as we have no by-laws why
could it not read "Accepting the con-
stitution of this Association?"

Sec. Tyrrell — We may have by-lawa
in the future.

Sections 2 and 3 were approved as
read.

ARTICLE IX. — Amendments.

This Constitution may be amended
at any regular meeting of delegates

by a two-thirds vote of the delegates
present and voting, provided that at
least ninety days' notice of the pro-
posed amendment be given to the sec-
retaries of the Branches.

Pres. York — It goes back to the
Branches before they can make any
change in this constitution, and you
can instruct your delegate before he
goes to the meeting as to what you
wish done.

W. E. Krause— I think that is a
pretty large majority — two-thirds vote
to make an amendment, — because it
might be bad weather, and people
could not rget there.

Pres. York — It says two-thirds of
those present at the meeting.

The Article was then approved.

ARTICLE X.— Rules of Order.

"Robert's Rules of Order" shall
govern all meetings of both the Na-
tional and Branch organization.

Mr. Rodecker — I would omit that
last clause; some local association
may have "Cushing's Manual."

Sec. Tyrrell — If there is any ques-
tion of parliamentary law coming up
at any time you want to have uni-
form authority; where it comes to a
case of settlement, parliamentary law-
should be of recognized authority.

Mr. Palmer — That point is all right;
I should think it would be covered if
you omit that anyhow; any question
coming up in the National it would
be settled by Robert's Rules of Or-
der. To our local Branches, by that,
it would sound as though you would
have to have Robert's Rules of Order.

Mr. Dad'ant — It seems to me that if
the National has a certain "Rules of
Order" the different Branches that
have to do with the National should
go by the same Rilles of Order; in
their own meetings they can go by
different rules if they want to, but
when they deal with the headquarters
they ought to go by the same rules as
the National.

Sec. Tyrrell — Suppose you have a
squabble in your Minnesota Branch
over some ruling and you can't set-
tle it among yourselves, you want
to take it up with the National;
what is the position for you to take?
You have to get it before your direc-
tors, for instance, they are the su-
preme authority on these things when
it comes to settlement. If you are

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

189

allowed tc have Gushing, how are
they going' to decide unless they know
what rules govern? If it comes to a
point of settlement it has to be set-
tled by supreme officers, and then
they have to know what the rules are
to settle that dispute; if you are not
governed by Hoibert's Rules, they
would say to the National, "That is
not what we are working under at
all." You have to have uniform
recognized authority on parliamentaiy
laws or else your officers are not in
position to d'ecidie the questions tha.t
come up. But it is something that
may not come up for a hundred
years. This isays Robert's Rules of
Otder shall govern; what do you want
another for; what is the matter with
Robert's ?

Mr. Palmer — Supposing some organ-
ization has some other and does not
want to change. I don't believe the
National should interfere. I believe
in Robert's Rules of Order, and I
would hate to have the National say,
."You have to use Gushing."

Sec. Tyrrell — You have to have
some particular rule to work by; if
the State associations are going to
co-operate with the National, they
must be willing to adopt those things
that are necessary to make things
work harmoniously.

Mr. Kimball — I don't like the sound
of it; we might just as well have the
National make the constitution for
the auxiliary society, as to say you
should have such a manual in your
meetings; for the National to dictate
what Rules of Order shall be used it
seems to me it is' un-American. I
move that tthe last few wordls there
referring to our local branches be
omitted; simply state "Robert's Rules
of Order shall apply to the National
organization."

The motion was seconded.

Mr. Dadant — If you vote for it that
way, as long as the local Branches
accept jx)ur constitution, they accept
it.

Mr. Kimball — The local Branches
accept the constitution, but it doesn't
mean the local is to accept in its
meetings Robert's Rules of Order ex-
actly as the National does.

The motion was put, and lost.

A motion to leave the words in as
originally read was carried.

A motion was then made and car-
ried, that "this constitltion as finally

approved, section by section, be ap-
proved and balloted upon in Novem-
ber."

Pres. York — ^We are now ready for
a report of the Nominating Gommit-
tee composed of one from each State
represented at this meeting.

Mr. Dadant — Your committee has
decided to recommend the folio-wing
nominations ; this is like the Constitu-
tion, we are not to elect these nomi-
nees here, but simply to recommend
them to the membership to be voted
on in November.

President — George W. York, of Illi-
nois.

Vice-President — • Morley Pettit, of
Canada.

Secretary— E. B. Tyrrell, of Mich-
igan.

Treasurer and General Manager — N.
E. France, of Wisconsin.

For five Directors, two of whom are
already directors; three others to be-
come elected if the constitution is
changed: E, B. Townsend, of Mich-
igan; Wesley Foster, of Colorado; F.
Wilcox, of Wiscons-in; J. E. Crane, of
Vermont; J. M. Buchanan, of Tennes-
see.

Pres. York — You have all heard the
selections of the nominating commit-
tee; what will you do with the nom-
inations ?

Mr. Palmer — I move that the re-
port be approved.

The motion was seconded and
passed. .

Queen- Mating Stations.

Pres. York — ^We will now proceed
with our program. "Mating Stations
Conducted by the Government; Would
They be Practical?"

Sec. Tyrrell — In one of the late is-
sues of the "Bee-Keepers' Review"
there was an article concerning
queen -mating stations, and I was in
hopes the gentleman would be here,
but he did not show up. You have
undoubtedly thought of this, the idea
being to have conducted in this coun-
try a place where queens could be
sent for pure mating, this place being
condxicted by the Government and
open to any bee-keeper to insure
pure matixiig of queens. As I under-
stand it, it would be necessary to
have enough of those different sta-
tions to care for the different races of
bees — the Carniolans, the Italians, the

190

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Caucasians, or whatever they might be
— to provide for a way of getting purely
mated queens at Government expense;
they have them, I believe, in Switzer-
land. Do you want them in the United
States?

W. E. Krause — Of course we want it,
but we can't get it. "We can't get
money enough to keep up our associa-
tions.

Sec. Tyrrell — This is the Govern-
ment — the National Government. I
think the Government would better
spend the money somewhere else — in
curing foul brood — is my idea.

Mr. Wilcox — I think the professional
queen-breeders should establish these
mating stations where necessary; the
Government can better use their
money in the supervision of contagious
diseases.

Mr. Dadant — 'Such a thing is in ex-
istence in Switzerland, and I know of
people who are poking fun at them,
saying they are wasting the people's
money.

Pres. York — It does not seem to be
very much favored in this Convention,
to have Government mating stations.

Uncapping Melters or Machines.

Pres. York — The next topic is, "Un-
capping Melters. Are they Being
Used Extensively?" Is there any one
here who has had experience with un-
capping melters?

Sec. Tyrrell — I meant uncapping
machines — steam-heated uncapping
knives; are they practical?

Mr. Wilcox — I believe they are very
practical; a decidedly good thing.

Mr. Murray — Practical, but not nec-
essary.

Mr. France — I would rather take ex-
ception to that last word. There are
times when our honey is very thick;
take a cool night and a cool day, and
you will find either the thin uncapping
knife or the beveled-edge Bingham
knife quite necessary. One of the
great advantages of a steam-heated
knife is, you can cut the whole length
of the comlb; it works so much faster,
that last year, for 2 cents a day for
kerosene oil, under a little oil stove, it
kept our uncapping-knife going all
day. I had two of them this year for
fear that one might give out, and I
would have the other ready. One thing
we found, that it makes additional
heat in the room, which was an ob-

jection. My son said to me, "Pa, that
is a good thing, but it is pretty hot."
But he afterwards overcame that
difficulty. He made a little box, and
put that outside the building, and put
the oil stove in it. and bored a hole
through the wall just big enough to
run the hose through, and it worked-
fine. The same outfit goes in my out
apiary extracting houses.

Mr. Hoffman — I have a steam -
heated knife I used one season, and I
would not do without it; as to produc-
ing moisture, there might be a little,
but not enough to do any damage
whatever to the honey.

Mr. Murray — They would be a good
thing in cool weather, certainly, but I
would feel' like amending my answer
and saying, "Practical, but not neces-
sary generally."

Sec. Tyrrell — The point is, is it a
thing we want to adopt? Is it worth
its cost? How is it, Mr. France?

Mr. France — I w^ould not be without
it if I had to pay more; these steam-
heated unfeapping kniveg can be had
for $5.00.

Pres. York — There is the second part
of the question, "Uncapping machines
— are they being used extensively?"
Raise your hands, all who have tried
them.

Mr. France — How many have seen it
work? (Three.)

Pres. York — I saw the Ferguson un-
capping machine, which uncapped six
combs in one minute, both sides, and
the combs were very even; so it was
very nicely done on both sides. Mr.
Ferguson is working on the machine
yet. I think Mr. Prance can say
something about that.

Mr. France — It is the nearest to per-
fection of any that I have seen up to
the present time. There is one other
pattern that has not been given to the
general public, and I question if it ever
comes to the front; it takes a long
time to get the combs to the umiform
thickness required. My bees won't
learn to keep a uniform thickness.

Pres. York — Educate them!

Mr. Dadant — Mr. Ferguson, when he
made his invention, asked us to come
to his house and see the machine. We
had to select two fine combs; if we
took very thick combs, it took out a
part, and if we took thin combs, parts
would not be uncapped. I suggested
to him that the machine would not be

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS* ASSOCIATION

191

perfect until he had some sort of an
arrangement that would allow the
knife to follow irregularities of the
comb, but he seemed to think it would
be better to trim all the combs alike.
I could see he was not very enthusias-
tic' over my opinion, because he didn't
send a machine, and I think it was
because of the objections I raised that
he didn't. I don't believe we would
want to use it under the present cir-
cumstances; but I believe they can be
improved so as to be practical.

Sec. Tyrrell — Mr. Ferguson, in his
letter to me, said that he had been
working on the machine. Mr. Town-
send, of Michigan, has used the ma-
chine to some extent, and I think he
endorses it, but I don't wish to say so
positively.

Pres, York — There are several
things I feel like saying this afternoon.
I have attended our National Conven-
tion for the past seventeen years with-
out missing one, and I am pretty sure
I am* correct in saying that this has
been the most orderly of any of them.
There has been the least trouble in
having members take their seats after
recess, and in the general order during
discussions. It seems to me every-
thing has goneso smoothly, and it has
been a pleasure for me to preside. I
want to thank you for your help, as I
know you would help me.

Mr. Dadant — Our President is so
happy to think we have renominated
him, that he is paying us compliments!
(Laughter.) .

Uniform Shipping-Cases.

Pres. York — We have now gotten
down to the sixth number of the mis-
cellaneous program, "Uniform Ship-
ping-Oases."

Sec. Tyrrell — There is one man in
the United States who has been ad-
vertising, strenuously, uniform ship-
ping-cases — Mr. Frank Rauchfuss, of
Colorado. I asked him to be present
and take up this matter, but he could
not come. I think Mr. Rauchfuss has
brought out some splendid points,
showing what the Colorado Association
is doing with reference to using uni-
form shipping- cases; there is an ar-
ticle that he has enclosed that ap-
peared in the bee-papers, and I don't
know whether you want It read or not,
or whether you want to take up the
question of uniform shipping-cases.

Can " we have uniform shipping-
cases? If adopted, what size should
they be? And why? When you use
different size shipping- cases, and try to
put them in one car, you have a prop-
osition on your hands. A uniform case
— why is it not as good to use? The
article referred to reads as follows:

Uniform Shipping-Cases for Comb
Honey.

Uniformity of grading and uniform-
ity of packages of all commodities
produced in rural districts and after-
wards brought together to be shipped
in straight car-load lots to distant
market is now being recognized ^by all
shippers, whether individuals or asso-
ciations, as a matter of prime im-
portance.

In fact, the business in some of these
commodities could not possibly have
assumed the gigantic proportions that
it has, without proper standards of
grading and packing that are generally
understood by the trade throughout
the country. Oranges and lemons are
packed in standard size boxes, with
grade and size indicated on the end
of the box. Apples, cantaloupes, dried
fruits, nuts, etc., are all packed in uni-
form packages, if coming from locali-
ties where their production is a matter
of some consequence.

It is now only in localities where
these commodities are produced in a
small way, as a side-line to farming,
and considered of little or no conse-
quence, that the matter of grading and
packing does not receive the attention
that it should.

Bee-culture in Colorado has devel-
oped to such a stage that the bulk of
the comb honey crop is now marketed
in a fairly satigfactory manner; but
there is still room for improvement
in many quarters as regards proper
grading. However, this is a subject
outside of the scope of this paper, and
r shall confine myself to the matter of
packages.

Comb honey is an article that sells
much on itsi appearance, no matter
how fine it may be in flavor and body.
If stored' in poorly made or discolored,
sections! and packed in unattractive
cases. It will not bring nearly so
good a -price as an article of inferior
quality but properly handled and
packed.

Most of our cropi must find an out-

192

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

let in the States east of us, and can
only be marketed to advantage in car-
load lots.

In my capacity as manager of a co-
operative association of bee-keepers
for the past 12 years, I have had un-
usual opportunities to study the mar-
keting question from all sides, and
have come to the conclusion that the
policy of manufacturers of bee-sup-
plies in catering to the whims of
individuals for new styles of sections
and special cases for the same is ill-
advised, and works a hardship on the
car-load shipper at the paint of pro-
duction, as well as on the jobber and
retailer at its final destination.

What the car-load buyer of comb
honey is interested in, principally, is
to secure stock that is carefully and
conscientiously graded, and packed in
attractive cases of uniform size.

Any buyer of experience will glad-
ly pay a, little more for such than to
take goods of like quality but packed
in a number of different sizes of sec-
tions' and shipping-cases. The rea-
son for this is that it requires less
time in loading the car (if bought f.
o. b. shipping-point), less risk of dam-
age while in transit, less time to un-
load at destination, less room occu-
pied in the warehouse, and, last but
not least, less trouble in making
sales, and better satisfaction to his
trade.

A car of comb honey packed in
cases of exactly the same outside
dimensions (not necessarily of the
same manufacture) can be loaded in
less than half the time of a car com-
posed of different sizes of cases. If
honey is brought in from the apiaries
and first stored in a ware-house be-
fore being loaded in the car, then the
trouble will be aggravated, as differ-
ent styles of cases must be placed in
separate piles.

In order to see if the manufacturers
of bee-supplies would be willing to
recognize these difficulties, I wrote
last fall to several of the largest
firms, and am glad to report that they
all have shown a desire to come to-
gether on a standard outside dimen-
sion for 24-section double-tier ship-
ping-cases for 4%x4i4 1% sections, as
well as for 24-sections single-tier
cases. It is hoped that cases for the
coming season's crop will be of uni-

form outside dimensions. The follow-
ing measurements were suggested:

Specifications for Double-Tier Cases.

Outside dimensions for standard
double-cases for 4i4x4%xl% bee-way
sections —

13% inches long, 914 high, 8% wide.

Full half-inch lumber for ends.

Full quarter -inch lumber for tops,
bottoms and' backs. Full %-inch lum-
ber for grooved cleats.

3 sheets corrugated paste-board for
each case.

2 sheets plain paper for drip-pans.

Plain 2d' fine wire nails for nailing
covers.

Cement-coated wire nails for bal-
ance of case.

Covers printed — "Glass! This Side
Up!"

Packed in re-'shipping crates.

Specifications for Single-Tier Cases.

Outside dimensions for standard
single-tier cases for 4%x4i4xl% bee-
way sections^ —

18% inches long, 12 wide, 5% deep.

Full half-inch lumber for ends.

Full quarter- inch lumber for top,
bottom and back.

Full %-inch lumber for grooved
cleats.

2 sheets corrugated pasteboard for
each case.

1 sheet plain paper for drip-pan.

Plain 2d fine wire nails for nailing
covers.

Cement-coated nails for balance of
case.

Covers printed' — "Glass! This Side
Up."

Packed in re-shipping cases.

If a discussion on the above stan-
dards could be arranged for this con-
vention it might be the means of
bringing out some valuable informa-
tion. FRANK RAUCHETTSS.

Denver, Colo.

There are a number of questions
in connection with uniform shipping-
cases. How many ship comb honey —
raise your hands. Perhaps a dozen.
What do you think about uniform
shipping-cases? Do you think it would
be a good thing, or not?

Mr. Townsend (Iowa) — It strikes
me that to have a uniform shipping-
case you will • have to use uniform
sections.

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

193

Pres. York— Would that not be a
good thing?

Mr. Townsend — Consequently we
would have to adopt a uniform size
section as well as a case, as I under-
stand it.

Sec. Tyrrell — Mr. Muth is a man
who handles considerable honey, and
ought to be able to add something
here.

Mr. Muth — If uniform shipping
cases, are the right size they are all
right; the case that tlie Colorado
people use is the best shipping-case
on the market. Of course, if you are
using plain sections your" cases will
be small; some people have 4x5 sec-
tions; some people have ideal sec-
tions, 3 5-8x5, but if the bee-keepers
could only know that the 4i4x4%x
1% beeway sections is a standard
section, then you can get a uniform
shipping-case that every one likes.
For instance, I received a cariot of
comb honey from the west last year,
and some were in double-tier ship-
ping-cases holding the 4i4x4%xl%
sections; some were single-tier ship-
ping-cases, 4%x4%xl% sections,
and about half a carload of the cases
were 414x414 xl% plain section.

The other day, quite a number of
shipments of honey that I sent out
came back', and they said, "Our cus-
tomers don't want such small cases
of honey; they want big double -tier
shipping-cases, as adopted by the Colo-
rado Bee-Keepers' Association; they
stand shipment better; are easier to
handle, and people like them."

Fred A. Elrause — How many sec-
tions, 24 or 48?

Mr. Muth — Twenty-four, no larger
or smaller.

Mr. Rodecker^I run entirely to
comb honey, some of my customers
want honey put up in the 12 -section
cases, and some in the 24, but wher-
ever I can sell it I shove on the 30-
section case, double-tier, 15 sections
on the bottom and 15 on top; these
30 in a case, set up on a grocer's
counter, make a very attractive case,
and that is what I would recommend,
— 24 or 30 section case, double-tier.

Sec. TjTrell — That question is more
important than at first would appear.
When a man begins to handle honey
by carlots, it becomes evident that
7^ of an inch on one case does not
make much difference, but eight put
along together is an inch. The testi-

—13

mony of such a man as Mr. Muth,
who is handling this honey, would
mean something to us. It seems to
me it might be well for this conven-
tion to adopt — ^to recommend the adop-
tion, rather — of a standard shipping-
case such as is now being used by the
Colorado Association.

Mr. Wilcox — There Is a difficulty in
the way. Now I have produced and
shipped a great deal of comb honey;
we have quite a variety of sections,
sizes and shapes; if we adopt a uni-
form section we must commence back
at the hive and use the same kind of
sections; we can't have uniformity of
cases if we do not have uniformity of
sections to put in them, because they
will have to be all of the same size
and shape; there is where the difH-
culty comes in. It would be a good
thing if we could make some im-
provement, but the question is — How
long will it take to accomplish it if
we undertake it? We can recommend
something and that 'is all we can do.
The 24 double-tier case is a good one;
when I was producing 5 to 15 tons of
comb honey per year, I had three sizes
— 24, 48 and 12; 12 for family use was
ajbout right; the (grocer didn't like it
for fear we would sell direct to fami-
lies.

Pres. York. — Were the 48 double-
tier?

Mr. Wilcox — Double-tier,

Pres. York — ^A pretty heavy case.

Mr. Wilcox — Bxit it shipped just as
safely, when properly put up.

Sec. Tyrrell— It would not be un-
derstood that this change would be
compulsory, or made in a minute. To-
day we have no recognized standard'.
If we would say to . a new person
starting, that the National Conven-
tion recommended the adoption of the
24-size shipping-cases, such, as are
used in Colorado Association, don't
you see, you have a certain sized sec-
tion, and the other States can finally
fall in line, and; aifter a w^hile, all the
State could fall in line.

Mr. Wilcox — ^You are right about the
24 -section case.

It was moved' and seconded that
this Association reconmiend' the adop-
tion of a uniform shipping- case of a
double-tier or 24 sections.

Mr. Muth — I offer an amendment.
The most practical section for that
24-section case Is the 4r%x4i4xl% bee-

194

ELEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

way section. I offer that because
amateurs will go wrong in their selec-
tion when they "begin, if you do not
designate this. If you get started
right, then you are on the right track,
and it will not be so costly.

Mr. Wilcox — ^He has described the
section; I did not; I carefully avoided
that.

Pres. York — ^Would you be willing to
accept that?

Mr. Wilcox — I accept it.

Pres. York — That is an addition; it
would hardly be an amendment. I
think you had better keep that as a
second motion.

Pres. York — It is moved and sec-
onded that we recommend the 24-sec-
tion double-tier shipping-case as the
standard shipping-case.

Mr. Syverud — I would also add that
we have the same size as the Colorado
Association are using.

Mr. Rodecker — I want to know why
Mr. Muth says the bee-way section is
preferable.

Mr. Muth — I will meet you outside!

Frank Howard — I have been shipping
honey for 15 years, and I use 12-lb.
shipping- cases. If this motion should
be passed, would it bar a man from
using any other?

Pres. York — No; we just recommend.

The motion was put and passed,

A Standard Section.

Mr. Muth — I move that the National
Bee-Keepers' Association recommend
as a standard the 1-lb. section,
4i4x4%xl% bee-way section, using
separators, and top and bottom start-
ers.

The motion was seconded.

Mr. Muth — ^^There is logic in my mad-
ness, if you will accept my explanation.
I say bottom starters for the reason
that it will stand transportation if it
is packed right.

Fred A. Krause — I thought we were
talking about sections now, and not
foundation and starters!

Mr. Rodecker — I have never used a
bee-way section, because I don't think
it shows up as well as the plain sec-
tion.

F. A. Krause — I would like to have
Mr. Muth explain why he recommends
that section.

Mr. Muth — I am looking towards
satisfying the buyer. Suppose you
were going into a zoological garden

where there were a lot of monkeys;
outside there is a man selling pea-
nuts ; one has a small bag and the
other a large bag — ^you would buy the
big bag. The 1% sections require
larger size cases, and the retail grocer
or consumer always picks the biggest
for the least money.

Mr. Rodecker — Then why not recom-
mend the 4x5 section?

Mr. Otto — Does Mr. Muth sell his
honey by the case or by the pound?
Mr. Muth — ^Either way.
Mr. Otto — Do you find any difficulty
in selling a small case?

Mr. Muth — Just in the last year or
so we have gotten in the habit of sell-
ing according to the man we see. We
say $4.00 a case, and if he buys by the
pound, we tell him so much a pound;
We sell him anyway; and in the same
way we buy honey — by the gallon
some times; by the can some times;
by the pound some times.

Mr. Otto — As far as I am concerned,
I object to this Association adopting
a certain size section. When I started
in the bee-business, I used the bee-
way section, but I changed to the plain
section. I am now using the 4%x4%xl%
plain section. Suppose this Association
goes on record as recommending the
adoption of the 4%x4%xl% — what
would it amount to in the apiaries — to
be obliged to use the section the Asso-
ciation recommends in order to have a
standard section?

Mr. Fred H. Krause — ^We have one
honey merchant here — Mr. Muth — and
I think what he says has considerable
weight; although there are quite a few
other honey producers in the United
States, he is the only one here whose
opinion has been given. A number of
years ago, when I started into bee-
keeping, I expected to make It my
business for future years. I have been
studying the bee-business ever since I
was 17 years old. I finally said I was»
going to have the best when I started
in. Some company was boosting the
plain sections — different sizes — but they
seemed to recommend the 4x5 plain
sections, so I wrote to four or five ,
merchants in Minneapolis, Chicago,
and Duluth, and asked them what size
sold the best, and whether the 4x5
plain section was sold more than the
4% bee- way section, and if they would
rather have them. They all replied;
some said that it didn't make any
difference; some said they would a

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

195

little rather have the 4x5; that the
4x5 looked the nicest, and I used the
4x5.

Geo. A. Boyum (Minnesota) — I can
get more for my honey in the 4x5 sec-
tions; I don't see any reason why the
National Association should dictate
what sort of sections we shall use.

Sec. Tyrrell — The National Associa-
tion is studying the question to get
the "best results. In using the 4x5
sections, you and I, as bee-keepers, !n
picking up that section of honey, will
pick it up and not damage it; hut the
average clerk in a grocery store will
shove his fingers right into the comb.

Mr. Muth — ^That is not the greatest
objection. Place 24 double-tier sec-
tions of that size in a case, and then
you place 24 4%x4%xl%, and take
thig little girl here, and say to her,
"What box of honey do you want?"
Will she grab the smallest one? No,
sir. If you want to increase your sales
of honey, and the price of honey — we
are giving you the benefit of practical
experience.

I know, of course, if you have plain
sections, you are going to keep them —
you have started wrong; the plain
sections and fences and separators
were made wholly for one reason —
that the manufacturer could get more
money from you. The manufacturer
has you on the wrong track; "but we
are trying to get you right.

Mr. Boyum — I understand Mr. Muth
is a honey- dealer; we are not produc-
ing honey for the honey- dealers; we
are producing honey for the consum-
ers, and that is a more attractive pack-
age; the 4x5 looks dainty, and it is not
so thick. I have been told the 4x5
looks bigger than the other kind.

Mr. Muth — Put them in a case for
shipping.

Mr. Boyum — For shipping; I agree
they will ship better.

Mr. Muth — I am looking for the same
man you are looking for — the con-
sumer. That section (meaning section
that is shown at Convention by a
member, 4x5 ) was brought into promi-
nence by a man that thought he in-
vented it, and that man paraded
around the country and said, "The
Danzenbaker section will bring 2 cents
a pound more than the other sections,"
and he made a whole lot of fellows be-
lieve it.

Mr. Boyum — It proves itself true. I

am getting 25 cents; the other kind*
are selling for a shilling; for 15 cents.

Mr. Muth — ^Because you demand it;
they don't know any hetter.

Pres. Tork — ^Tou can't get that 25
cents on South Water street, in Chi-
cago. We are talking about uniform
shipping-cases for shipping honey in
car-lots, by freight.

Mr. Wilcox — The reason why that
section looks nicer than the 4% is
not because of its extra height, but
the narrower width. Take the 4%
and make it a little narrower with
fence separator, and set it up beside
that, and it will look just as nice, and
be thick enough to weigh just as
much. That looks nicer, because it is
built with those fence separators; but
when you come to handle it in the re-
tail trade, there is much more liability
of leakage; hence, the other may not
look as nice, but it ships better.

Pres. -Tork — We are talking about
adopting a standard section.

Mr. Otto — ^I think it is true, as Mr.
Muth says, the market of Cincinnati
may demand that section, but the
market of Chicago demands 4i4x4
%xl% plain section. Mr. York knows
that size section goes best in Chicago.

Pres. Tork — iSo far as I have seen it,
it does not make a bit of difference in
Chicago.

Fred A, Krause — If I had it to do
over again, I would stick to the
4%x4% bee-way section; some local
markets may want the 4x5; we must
go by what the markets want. If the
commission men want a certain kind
of section, we want to furnish it, be-
cause we want to sell our honey.

Frank Gessner (Minnesota^ — I think
one of the best sections we have is the
4%x4%xl%.

Pres. York — It has been moved and
seconded that this Convention recom-
mend as a standard section, the
4i4x4%xl% bee-way — all rise who rec-
ommend its adoption. — Twenty- six. All
opposed, rise. — Sixteen. The motion is
cari;ied.

Mr. Townsend— I want to ask
if all these men who voted for the
4%x4%xl% are all comb honey men, or
extracted honey men,

Mr. Dadant — I am an extracted
honey man, but what is more, we sell
sections; we handle them but don't
make them. When a man comes to
me and wants an odd sized section I

^^^m.

196

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

can't always sell it; if he wants to
exchange sections, and you have the
same size you are all right.

I believe the less difference we have
the better off we are; that is the only
reason why I voted for the 4%x4i4
section.

Mr. Wilcox — I ask that the record
show that the vote was' 26 to 16; I
want the figures to show so that the
reader may judge for himself.

Mr. Boyuni' — It is all up to the bee-
keeper himself, I believe; but why
can't we have two standard sections
as well as one — the 4x5 and the 4%
x4% ? That would be all right.

Mr. Murry — Un'iformity is funda-
mentally desirable; a few years ago
we had no uniformity; if we don't
make a start in some direction, and
recommend what seems to be the best,
it appears' to me we would never get
anywhere.

Mr. Otto — -As long as this Associa-
tion has adopted a standard size of
shipping case, or has recommend/;d
its adoption, it would be no more thaa
fair and proper that this association
adopt a standard package for extract-
ed honey.

Mr. Ramer — I think we are all too
much like a set of lawyers — we want
to carry our point. I use the plain
sectiop; I prefer it; it is easier to
clean ; up. Mr. Selser sent a man to
our c^ounty to buy some honey; I had
a talk with him about the different
sections, and he said: "I wish you
would all get 'into the way of using
the plain sections."

I am fitted up with plain sections,
yet I see the advantage of having
everything uniform'; if we had every-
thing uniform through the whole busi-
ness, why, it would be much better
for the bee-keepeV.

In our town there is a supply dealer
who has 7 two-foot sections, and he
has several thousands of those on
hand; when we all wanted sections — I
wanted the plain, another man wanted
the bee-way, and there he had several
thousand, and they were no good to us.
So you see that is a disadvantage.

Although I am in favor of the plain
section, yet I would be willinig to throw
them aside an'd' adopt another, if the
majority are using a uniform size.

Standard Can For Extracted Honey.

Mr. Wilcox — ^I move that — now that
we are through with comb honey

that we 'adopt the five -gallon tin can
as a standard package for the whole-
sale market for extracted honey.

Mr. Muth^-Five-gallon can, two in
a crate.

Pres. Tork — Mr. Wilcox, you will
admit of that, will you?

Mr. Wilcox — No; I am not willing to
go as far as that; let it go at flve-
gallon cans until we have demon-
strated the further use of those round
jacketed cans.

Sec. Tyrrell — There is a question; it
was a surprise to me to leam it; there
are some bee-keepers who ship a 60
pound can, gross weight, and others
of course make it 60 pounds net
weight; it seems as if something
should be settled, whether it contains
60 pounds of honey, or 60 pounds of
honey with the can. That would come
up as another question, though, would
it not?

Pres. York — Yes, that could be con-
siidered later. Are there any further
remarks on the" motion . to adopt the
five-gallon can?

The motion was carried.

Mr. France — In regard to the ques-
tion Mr. Tyrrell brought up — If you
comply with thel demands of the pure
food law you will have to sell a 60
pound can net, and not gross; when
you sell 60 pounds according tO' the
pure food law, it does not mean in-
cluding the can; and the Government
will get after you if you do it. In any
article of food the Government de-
mands that you get what you pay for.

A Member — ^^Those 60 pound cans
filled as full as you can fill them, will
not weigh 60 pound's.

Mr. France — They hold 60 pounds
net weight, square or round cans.

Sec. Tyrrell' — I think there is a
difference in cans, in size.

E. A. Duax (Wisconsin) — ^I find*
that the round can doesn't hold as
much as the square can does.

Mr. Wilcox — The 60 pound can will
hold 60 pounds of honey if they are
filled full at the proper temperature.

Pres. York — The quality or ripeness
of the honey makes a difference; the
density of the honey.

Mr. Holmberg — The grocers sell
honey by the section; they never sell
by the pound. If you buy berries you
buy the box, large box or snaall box.
If I am goinig to buy 60 pounds of

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

197

honey, I am going^ to have 60 pounds
net. '

Pres. York — ^\^at is the weight of
a gallon of honey?

Mr. Holmberg'— 12 pounds.

Pres York — Not very often. I had
a talk with the National Biscuit Com-
pany buyer about a year ago; and they
test every sample of honey that comes
in, and only once in all their years
of buying did they fmd honey that
weighed 12 pounds to the gallon; it is
nearly always 11% or 11 and 14 ounces,
but only once in all their buying did
they have 12 pounds to the gallon.

• W. E. Krause — There is a difference
in honey. To make a show I often put
honey in a glass, put the light honey
in the bottom and the dark at the top;
keep it there for years. You have
sometimes a pretty hard time to get
buckwheat honey 60 pounds to the can
but clover honey is heavier.

Sec. Tyrrell' — I know of a large
honey-buyer who won't buy honey in
60 pound cans. I have bought honey
to some extent to seel to the retail
trade in the city of Detroit, repacked
it, and almost invariably when I buy
a certain number of pounds in 60
pound cans, draining every ounce of
it, I And a shortage when I get
through. I wonder how many have
that same experience.

W. E. 'Krause — That is a good deal
like buying sugar; I had a neighbor
once who used to buy sugar by the
quart, because he got more sugar.

Mr. Kim'ball — How many pounds of
honey should be given for a gallon?
I have been in th© habit of selling 12
pounds to the gallon; I have an im-
pression I read, perhaps in Oleianings
a few years ago, that was the govern-
ment standards If I am not correct I
would like to know it.

Mr, Dadant — I believe well-ripened
honey will contain twelve pounds to
the gallon; you all know that the nec^
tar in the flowers in the first harvest
usually contains 75 per cent of water;
most of the moisture is really evapora-
ted, but there is a great difference in
grades of honey. Honey at this time
of the year is almost always heavier
than in June; with basswood a great
deal of it is not suflaciently ripened,
and you will find that honey foams
when you transfer it from one vessel
to another, and you will find that it
weighs less than 12 pounds to the gal-

lon. I believe a five-gallon can will
usually hold 60 pounds, but it is a
great deal of trouble for those that
buy in car lots to make sure of the 60
pounds net per can. We weigh every
can when we buy in carlots. "We near-
ly always findi a shortage.

Pres. York — ^Do you take the can out
of the box and weigh them?

Mr. Dadant — Yes, we do; and we ex-
amine the honey in every can, and
weigh it, so that when we sell the
honey we don't have a shortage; it is
unpleasant to ^ get complaints of a
shortage. Do not let us give more
then the weight, but let us give full
weight; the pure fdod law insists that
we give full weight. When the pure
food law was passed the demand was
that we have the net amount labeled
oni the can, and we did that every
time; of course we have to charge a
little more for the honey.

Mr. Otto — 75 per cent evaporates,
did you say?

Mr. Dadant — When I read that, I
thought 75 per cent was an over-state-
ment, but I have seen it so often
claimed by scientists that I believe
there are times when it does shrink 75
per cent. If you weigh a hive in the
morning, then after weighing it in the
evening you will find a great loss. Do
you ever put the hives on the scale
and weigh them every day? We U'sed
to do it, but didn't do it regularly
enough, but the scientific men are
very particular, and they weigh in that
way, and claim that nectar will lose
%of its weight. I believe it will ever
be.

Mrs. Chatfield — I wanted to ask if
our cans that we buy — 60 pound cans —
uniformly hold five gallons.

Mr. France — Square or round cans.

Mrs. Chatfieldt— Either.

Mr. Prance — The majority of the
square cans will hold full 60 pounds,
but that is honey in thi& vicinity;
they would hold about 60% or 60%
of the Western Colorado honey, where
it is dry, but of the five- gallon round
can, I want some of you to stand a
little correction in regard to that. It
is a new feature which I have been
trying to bring before the bee-keep-
ers to market honey in five-gallon in-
stead of two, and' the convenience of
one can — the first can made did not
hold 60 pounds — some 58%; some 59;
some 59% pounds; but it was learned

-■•■:.'•

198

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

where the trouble was. I had cans
made, in order to get the 60 pounds.

Mrs. Chatfleld — I have used the
round cans, on Mr. France's recomm-
endation, and last year we had con-
siderably more than 60 pounds of
honey.

Sec. Tyrrell — There is still another
point: I was in a canning factory a
short time ago, and asked the sales
manager at what price he would
furnish us 60-pound cans. The very
first thing he asked me, "What are the
dimensions?" When I got home, I
found the old cans were of different
size. I find these canning factories, in
manufacturing cans, cater to the man
that buys them in large quantities,
and sometimes make short-weight
cans; the question that occurred to me
was, "What are the dimensions of 60-
pound cans that should 'be -lused by
honey- producers ?"

I received a shipment just a short
time ago where one can had burst
open by coming just a few miles over
the railroad; the tin was too light;
the can or case was not solid enough
to stand any kind of rough usage.

We have something to do — to learn
what size our 60-pound cans should be,
and what material we want our ship-
ping-cases made of, and whether with
one division-board between two cans.

Mr. France — In our last Annual
Report, as you know, the picture
taken at the annual meeting was
folded in the Report; the best we
could do to get this cut, and printed,
last year, was $17.50. I am instructed
to cut that out. this year. Anyone can
have one of the pictures taken this
year by arranging with the artist.

The Convention then adjourned until
7:00 p. m.

SECOND DAY— EVENING SESSION.

Pres. York — ^We have come to the
last session of this Convention — the
Co- Operation Session. Every session
has grown more important, I believe,
from the first, and this session cer-
tainly ought to be the livest of them
all. But before taking up the program
of the evening, I want to say that this
gavel was made from wood taken from
a tree that Father Langstroth planted
in Oxford, Ohio, 50 or 60 yeears ago;
a lady in Chicago — Mrs. J. L Glessner
— thought it would be very nice to

have some gavels made out of the
wood of the tree that Father Lang-
stroth planted, so she sent for a limb
of it, and her son made two gavels;
this is one of them.

When the National Association met
in Chicago, in 1905, Mr. Dadant waa
President, and I was President of the
Chicago-Northwestern Association. Dr.
Miller presented this gavel to Mr.
Dadant, President of the National, and
another to me. President of the Chi-
cago-Northwestern. For the past two
years I have had charge of both
gavels, as I am still President of the
Chicago -Northwestern. The gavels are
made of bass-wood, and are very
nice gavels. This one, of course, will
always be kept in the hands of the
President of the National, whoever he
may be. I thought you might like to
know the history of this gavel. ;

Co-Operation Among Bee-Keepers.
, Pres. York — The first subject of this
"Co-Operative Session" is, "What the
Colorado Honey-Producers' Associa-
tion is Doing."

Sec. Tyrrell — This is another one of
the cases where a man is ahsent, but
he has sent us this very interesting
paper:

What the Colorado Honey- Producers'
Association is Doing.

It may seem impertinent, but it is
true, that the Colorado Honey-Pro-
ducers' Association is doing what
nearly every writer in the bee-journals
of late has been doubting the possi-
bility of doing.

The Association was born of neces-
sity, for the year 1899 the cost of pro-
duction was higher than the market
price of honey. Comb honey would not
sell at $1.65 to $1.75 per case of 24 se-
sell at $1.65 to $1.75 per case of 24
sections, and fine honey, at that.
Something had to be done — the organ-,
ization of the Association, with a
capitalization of $10,000, was the re-
sult. It was rough sailing for the sev-
eral years, but a dollar a case was
added to the price secured for comb
honey, and supplies were bought and
sold for less than had been the rule a
short time before.

The Association is now buying and
selling bee-supplies throughout the
Rocky Mountain region at a price
lower than factory list-price. No
dealer in the territory can successfully
compete with the Association who

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

19^

does not meet the prices made by the
Association. There are no goods
handled because they are cheap. The
goods that are cheapest in the long
rim are sold at as close a margin as
possible. iSupplies are sold to non-
members at the same price as to mem-
bers, and the Association has a con-
siderable trade with these, some of
whom take stock when acquainted
with the business and methods. And
so the Association grows.

The "Association sells the honey of
the members on commission, and as
most are comb honey-producers, the
sale and shipment of comb honey in
car-lots is a specialty. From fifteen to
twenty cars are handled annually, the
most of which is comb honey. Some
honey is handled for non-members on
commission, and some is bought out-
right. The business done with non-
members tends to instill confidence,
and many finally take one or more
shares of stock. Ten per cent commis-
sion is charged for handling the honey
through the Denver w^arehouse. Insur-
ance is carried on the honey while in
the store, and the expense for drayage,
etc., in loading cars is borne by the
Association,

Probably over 50 per cent of the
comb honey is loaded at the nearest
railroad switch t(X._the point of pro-
duction, which may be several hun-
dred miles from Denver, or even in
other States. Five per cent commis-
sion is charged for selling, when load-
t ing in this way, as there is no insur-
ance, no drayage, and the producers
pay the expense of loading and bracing
the car. The manager collects, and
remits to the producer for the full
amount, less the 5 per cent commis-
sion. The manager or some repre-
sentative generally inspects the honey
before or at the time of loading.

The Association has been bottling
honey for twelve years, with a con-
stant endeavor to improve methods,
and get the honey to the dealer and
consumer in the very best shape. The
constantly growing trade is indicative
of the measure of success. The bulk
of the bottled and small tin-package
, goods is handled through wholesalers
and jobbers, who receive the usual
trade discount. This has been found
to be the most satisfactory method of
distribution. The sale to retailers, lo-
cally and outside, is a considerable

item. Local wholesalers and retailers
call at the store for the honey. Out-
side orders are sold f. o. b., Denver.

The equipment for melting, straining
and ]30ttling honey is not surpassed
anywhere, when quantity and quality
of work done is taken into considera-
tion. The bottling of honey to prevent
early granulation has met with a
measure of success, which is having
an influence on bottled honey sales.

Every box or case of package-honey
bears the imprint of the Association in
large letters upon it, and the caps of
all jars bear the tradeonark in addition
to the label.

The honey is put in five sizes of
glass jars, the pint jar being the larg-
est. The tins are in four sizes, a pail
holding about a quart (lard pail style),
beautifully lithographed; and quart,
half-gallon, and gallon friction top
cans.

The Colorado Honey-Producers' As-
sociation was an outgrowth of, or was
conceived in, the State Bee-Keepers'
Association, as the latter could not do
the business that was desired. The
Colorado Honey-Producers' Associa-
tion is handling the business which is
outside the province of the State
Bee-Keepers Association. The organ-
izations are district, though many bee-
keepers belong to both. As an
educative influence the Colorado
Honey-Producers' Association has
done, and is doing, much to bring
about better methods of production,
grading and packing of honey. The
result is, that the word of the Associ-
ation is accepted by the buyers, who
seldom inspect the honey till unloaded
at destination. This saves sending a
man, at great expense, a long distance
to examine the goods before pur-
chase. The difference goes to the
producers who sell through the Asso-
ciation, which guarantees the honey
to be as represented, and stand
ready to make any error right, if the
Association is at fault. This reputa-
tion for guaranteed grading is worth
fully twenty-five cents a case on comb
honey. The Association get this
much more than others, on the aver-
age. ./.-:::■;',;■-;;■.: V-.: v- ■".'

Freight Rates and Breakage Claims.

The many carloads of bee-supplies
and honey handled make the Associa-
tion's business of importance to the
railroads to the extent that rates, when

200

ELEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT - OF THE

excessive, have been modified when
brought to the attention of the West-
ern Classification Committee. Hun-
dreds of dollars have 'been -saved bee-
keepers in this way.

The Association is also able to collect
bona-fide claims for breakage in ship-
ment, in a much more satisfactory
manner, and with more promptness,
■than can individuals.

Dividends and Rebates.

At the end of the business year an
inventory is taken, dividends on stock
declared, and the remaining cash is
rebated back to members: according to
the amount of honey sold. So far it
■has cost members less than 3 per cent
on the average to market their honey.
Dividends of 10 percent on stock have
been paid since organization. Half of
the rebates are now paid in stock, in
order to furnish capital to extend the
business.

The stookiholders are now scattered
over a dozen states, and honey is
handled for members in as many.
The business is no longer confined to
Colorado, but has burst the bonds of
its name, and is a force to be reckoned
with wherever honey is produced in the
West.

The capital stock is now $20,000, and
Is altogether inadequate for the volume
of business done, which runs from
$60^000 to $100,0'00 each year. Shares
of stock are ten dollars, and are non-
assessable. There are about one hun-
dred and fifty stockholders who own
and operate probably twenty thousand
colonies of bees. Bee-keepers only can
hold stock, and no one person can pur-
chase more than ten shares without
the consent of the Board of Directors,
seven in number.

The Association has proven that co-
operation among bee-keepers is a prac-
tical possibility in the West, at least.
There are dissatisfied ones, but they
are in the minority, and in the main
the troubles are minor ones. Little
of the stock is offered for sale hy those
who at times may become disgruntled.

To sum up, there is not any doubt
but that the Association is the greatest
single benefit to the bee-keepers of the
West, and especially so to the mem-
bers. The best of supplies are sold as
cheap as is possible with good business.
The price of honey has been raised,

and costly methods of distribution
eliminated.

The Colorado Honey Producers' As-
sociation is doing what it was organ-
ized to do — it is a success.

FRANK RAUCHFUSS.
Denver, Colorado, -

Pres. York — Surely this is an inter-
esting paper, when we hear of things
that have succeeded. Is there any-
thing else about the Colorado Associa-
'tion? Perhaps there is some one here
who has lived in Colorado and knows
something about it personally, further
than the paper. We would like to
hear from any such if you are here.

Sec. Tyrrell — Now, there are two
points in this I wish to mention, for
the reason that there might be a time
when the people of Minnesota will
want to organize something along the
lines of a stock company. Having had
a little experience in that line, there
are two things to look out for: Be
sure your stock- is non-assessable; and
then, the company cannot begin to levy
assessments on you after they get you
incorporated.

He says that only bee-keepers can
hold stooki, and no one person can pur-
chase more than 10 shares without the
consent of the Board of Directors.

A Member — They cannot make that
hold in law. If I could find some fel-
low who would sell me shares, there
is nothing preventing me getting them.

Mr. Tyrrell — As a rule, the majority
of stockholders stand toy it; it serves
its purpose the same as though it really
could be enforced.

Pres. York — ^In selling the stock they
could have the person buying the stock
sign an agreement.

Mr. Tyrrell — But how could you hold
them ? There would be nothing to hold
them if they did agree.

Mr. Wilcox — If the stock is issued
with a distinct clause written in it,
or make it not transferable without the
consent of the Executive Committee
or Oflicers of the Company, that would
probably make it work all right.

Mr. Tyrrell — The law will not hack
you up in it — not In Michigan,

Mr. Wilcox — ^It will in real estate;
if you sell a farm and deed that to a
certain person, it won't descend to his
heirs necessarily unless so asserted In
the deed. I don't know, I am a little
in doubt about it. You can deed it

V

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

201

to him and his heirs and assigns for-
ever, but if you don't, I don't know
that it necessarily follows that his heirs
can dispose of it. It might be con-
strued that it was deeded to him for
his benefit during life, were those
words omitted.
. Mr. Tyrrell — Where would it go then?

Mr. Wilcox — Back to the man who
sold it; hence all warranty deeds deed
it to him, his heir.s and assigns for-
ever, I suppose that stock in bank is
not transferable without the consent
of the officers of the bank, and would
not take effect until the transfer was
registered; I will raise that question
when I get home, because I am one
of the directors of the bank there.

Sec. Tyrrell — Well, of course, differ-
ent states have different laws.

Pres. York — We have a number of
topics tonight; the second is, "Co-
Operative Effects in California."

Sec. Tyrrell — I think we will have
to pass that because we could not get
A California man here.

Pres. York — We will go from Cali-
fornia to Michigan; Mr. Tyrrell will
tell us of — "The Michigan plan, or what
the Michigan Association is doing."

Sec. Tyrrell — ^In the first place, when
we started' our booklet we had some
difficulty in holding our membership;
so we conceived the idea of getting out
a booklet containing the names of
members, their addresses, the number
of colonies they had, and the amount
of honey; that was about seven or
eight years ago. We sent to all bee-
keepers this booklet, expecting them to
distribute it, but we found that the
bee-keepers who got it did not dis-
tribute it; they said, "We are advertis-
ing the other fellow's honey as well as
our own." There is where the spirit
of selfishness comes in.

After a few years of that kind of
business, we quit, and we sent only
two copies to each member, unless he
made a request for more. Then the
booklet is advertising in the bee papers.

Then we omitted the amount of
boney that we had, because we found
in actual practice that some buyers did
not know anything about what a good
or bad crop of honey was — they would
look at that book and say, "My sakes,
look at the "honey there :s for sale by
those members; we con't pay you any
such price as you are asking!" Then
we cut that down, and gave the num-
ber of colonies each member had. Last

year we went a little further than the
book, and compiled a list of 100 buyers
— men who actually bought honey; we
gave the buyers' names and addresses,
a statement of the amount of honey
he wanted, the kind, etc., and that
little list of 100 buyers went to every
member of our association. Look what
that meant to the beginner. He would
secure a crop of honey and w^ould not
know where to sell it, nor how much
to get for it; with a list of 100 buyers
before him, he had' 100 outlets for his
honey.

Last year the Executive Board con-
ferred after the honey fiow, and wrote
out a little card advising the members
of the honey conditions, and telling
them' what they ought to get as a
minimum price.

That was sent to our members so ■
that no member was selling his honey
for less than the amount advised on
that card, and most of them got more
because we didn't get it too high for
last year.

And this year we have run across
another proposition, in that the buyers
got ahead of us on the booklet; a great
deal of Michigan honey has been
bought up to date, and the booklet is
not mailed to the members (until this
week — a little late).

Now, the question comes up,
whether the booklet is not too slow,
and I suppose the plan of our Mich-
igan Association next will be to get
a report of the crops from our mem-
bers, just the same as formerly, and
then before waiting for the booklet
with instructions to appear, tell him
the conditions in the state, and in
every part of the United States, in
general. In that way we try to keep
our members informed as to what is
going on; what the conditions are;
what they ought to be able to expect
in the way of marketing their honey,
that method has built up our associa-
tion until we have between 200 to 300
members at the present time; I think
there are over 250' paid members to-
day, with probably enough more that
will renewr to make dt 300.

There is one thing we had last year,
we had' a campaign against foul brood.

We sent out circulars to 4000 Michi-
gan bee-keepers — a foul brood circular.
It was a four page circular; on the
front we had' a picture of a healthy
frame of brood and a diseased frame
of brood. W« sent this out and the

■ 1K*

^ W

202

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

amount of good it did, of course,
would be impossible to estimate. The
inspector toM' me a few days ago, that
he had found' lots and lots of places
where they had received the circular;
in a measure it prepared the way for
his inspection.

We are 'trying to bring the bee-
keepers and the jobber closer togeth-
er, so that the one who wants to
know where to sell may have the in-
formation, and the one who wants
to buy will know of whom to t>uy
and where the honey can be had, I
think we have done a remarkably
good work along that line.

Mr. Lathrop — What was the mini-
mum price last year?

Sec. Tyrrell — ^We advised our mem-
bers to sell their extracted honey at
not less than 8 cents f. o. b., and
not less than 14 cents for comb. This
simply prevented the beginner and
many others cErom selling under 8
cents; that was not the top price.

The National Association and Co-
operation.

Pres. York — "What can the National
Do Along Co-operative Lines?"

Mr. Poore — ^I recognize co-operation
as the highest form of business civil-
ization. I was told that this topic
was assigned to me. I felt it required
of me to outline my views as to
what the National Association could
do on the line of co-operation.

It reminds me of the condition that
I was ini when I first started out in
the world at the age of 16, with $10,
and without half as much knowledge
as the ordinary boy of ten years of
age has about things. I went to work
on a farm and they had a very lively
buU-terrior dog; I was not familiar
with dogs, nor what they would do;
the lady said he was a good' dog to
get the cows.

I was working along the lane they
had, and I heard the dog coming down
the lane; I could see his teeth as he
went by, making for the clover-field'.
He shot beyond the cows a little way
and just as quick as they saw him
coming each cow tried its best to get
in that lane first; every cow was
trying to get ahead because they
knew the dog would try to hang on
to the tail of the cow. I thought that
was a great way to bring cows home!

Now, our competitors' system of

business reminds me of the method
used by the cows, trying to get ahead
to keep out of the reach of the dog.

The report read of the co-operation
in Colorado and these other States
indicates to me that the bee-keepers
of those States have got to the point
where they are forced to adopt some
other system' besides the one — every
fellow for himself.

I am forced to view conditions as
they exist in this State. Under the
competitive system the nian who has
the poorest article is the man who
endeavors to get the best price for it.
I don't feel in this State we are in
shape to start the co-operative effort
with any degree of success, because
we have not reached that point.

It occurs to me that before the Na-
tional organization can take any
great step in the line of co-operation
the bee-keepers of a large number of
the States must be forced to that
last condition, to save themselves
financially — to adopt co-operation. We
have to reach that point where the
bee-keepers themselves who produce
the honey will receive what they are
justly entitled to, and those who con-
sume will not be obliged to pay
more than they should pay.

Now, under the conditions in which
we find ourselves today, it occurs to
me that there could be some general
advertising done, in what I would
term a co-operative way; that each
contribute individually towards the
National organization to have a gen-
eral advertising of the actual benefits
of honey as a food, over and above
all other sweets. We have not ad-
vertised the benefits to be derived
from the consumption of honey suffic- *
iently to make the demand for it what
it should be.

■ If we could advertise the benefits
of honey to that point where the de-
mand exceeds the supply, we would
never have any trouble about the
price.

When I heard of the subjects named
here, and the members of the Na-
tional Associajtion who were to talk
on the different subjects not being
here, it Is hard for me to realize that
the National Association Is in shape
to take up co-toperatlve effort at this
time and make it effective.

Co-operative effort is a development
brought about by conditions that force
people to resort to that to enable

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

203

. them to secure what they are justly

entitled to. Denmark is one of the

'most co-operative nations I know of;

-they had to co-operate in order to

exist, and' the farmers there are thriv-

. ing.

Now, the bee-industry is such that
a man is not obliged' to follow it un-
less he wants to, but the most of us
; that have the bee-fever will follow it
even at a loss. "Ncrw if we can. de-
vise any form of advertising that will
produce general good results to all
the bee-keepers throughout the United
States', that is what we want to do.
If the National can form some line of
co-operative advertising to get the
people to realize what the honey is
as a food, I think it would be a bene-
ficial step to take, and I, as an in-
dividual, am willing to contribute my
L proportion of what would be considered
necessary to start some kind of
educational advertisiing as to the ben-
efits of honey.
, I know there was a circular sent to

me which I was requested to publish
in a local paper — sheets of printed
matter giving the value of honey, its
■■■■' use in various forms, what the differ-
ent medical men had stated in re-
gard to the benefits of honey as an
■ article of food as compared with oth-
:; er sweets, — but I could not get our
;/ local papers to publish it. If a man
wanted' to have a publication of a
dog-fight that was to take place next
week, they could get it all right, if they
* gave the newspaper some good seats
-;; at a show; but I could not get any-
thing published locally with reference
to honey-production or its value.

I tell you, my friends, I may be con-
sidered pessimistic, but I am opti-
, mistic, but conditions' today are such
/ that commercialism seems to take
; possession of the people; there is no
form of amusement gotten up today
>-: but it is "How much can we make
out of the crowd gathering to see it?"
There is no form of amusement got-
.^ ten up with a view of educating the
■, people, and we are handicapped in
our efforts to get this subject before
' the people; but if we can desire a
method of advertising the benefits of
-honey through jointly contributing to
the National Association, it will take
bait very little from each in'dlvidual to
have a sufllcient fund to do a large
amount of advertising.

I had no idea I would be called

upon to take any part in this pro-
gram until yesterday, and this topic
is of such great importance it is hard
for me to decide what to suggest
what the National Association take
up at this time as a co-operative
measure.

Pres. York — MJr. Poore certainly has
introduced the subject splendidly. It
seems to me there ought to be several
of those present who will be able to
say something that will help a little
further. The question is, "What can
the National do along co-operative
lines?" Has any one anything fur-
ther to suggest?

Mr. Wilcox — I might say that I
think the Michigan plan gave more
of co-operation than the Colorado.
The Colorado plan is best on joint-
stock-company operation; the Mich-
igan plan is co-operative, pure and
simple, so far as they have gone,
and I believe that is the line upon
which the National should progress —
first find out what there is to sell,
and' where to sell — that is a good
starter.

Pres. York — I think that probably
in another year we will know more
about this than now. If we adopt the
new constitution it will give us an
opportunity to worki on co-operative
ideas. At the next convention we
will know more about what this
Association can do along co-operative
lines than we can think of tonight.
3ut if you have anything else to say
we would' be glad to hear from you.
We would like suggestions from all
our membership to see what they
want done. If the Michigan plan is
though, best to start on, no doubt
something like that will be started.
I think no one would think of start-
ing on the Colorado plan at once, be-
cause that means a great deal of capi-
tal.

Sec. Tyrrell — I remember when we
were boys down at the old "swimmin'
hole," if some big fellow wanted to
give us a licking, we always felt pretty
good if we had a big brother to take
our part. I feel that the National As-
sociation of Bee -Keepers should take,
with reference to its various hranches,
just the position of the big brother, and
help all the local (branches in their
efforts.

In Colorado they are going it alone;
they have had no help from the out-
side; nobody else has told them what

204

KL.EVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

to do, because nobody else has done
it. If Minnesota should try to start
some co-operative effort, would it ibe
necessary for this state to go through
all the preliminary operations that the
Colorado Association has, provided it
was possible for the National Associa-
tion to come and help you get started
— tell you what Colorado has succeeded
in doing, what obstacles they have had
to overcome, and simply act as a big
brother to help you in your efforts to
get on a right footing?

So far as the National could go in
actually handling honey, I don't think
we are at that stage in the game, but
they can act as an adviser and help
you get started right. This manner
of organization and incorporation is a
vital topic to - every association that
ever undertakes such a thing, because
one little slip in getting organized will
put you in a position where some day
you have the penalty to pay.

You want somebody, somewhere,
somehow, to show you what you ought
to do, and get on the right road, and
there the National Association, I think,
can ibe of vital importance to the local
branches that are being started all
over the country, in getting your local
associations on the right track, and
when you all get to going in the right
direction how easy it is to work in
unison and have united effort. Out-
side of that I don't see w^here there
will be a better field for the National
than to work right along that line.

Mr. Lathrop — In the Annual Report
of the Wisconsin State Inspector of
Apiaries, I notice a reprint of a little
paper I had in our State Association
last winter; the last clause gives a
little outline or plan for something of
that kind which I will read:

What I advocated was representative
bodies, and I stated that our Wisconsin
State Association was not representa-
tive because only a mere handful be-
longed, to it or took any interest in the
deliberations; they were not represen-
tatives, and therefore were of no par-
ticular good to the larger body. In
order to represent there must be dele-
gated authority, "This leads me to
suggest a plan for the reorganization
of Wisconsin bee-keepers. The plan
is this: To create local associations
in all parts of the state where there
are resident bee-keepers; each associa-
tion to hold a meeting at least once
each year, and at that meeting to ap-

point a delegate to a state convention
which by reason of these delegates
shall represent the whole body." It
further says that I had not the space
in such a paper to go into details re-
garding the work that such a central
organization should attempt, but would
say one thing, that it should establish
uniform prices and grades. "The in-
discriminate butchering of prices
should be stopped at once and forever,
and this could be done, if in no other
way, by having the State Association
offer to buy all the honey for sale in
the state, under a certain price."

Now, if we could do this through
our State Association or National, it
would be a great step, and I don't see
why we can't. That is something the
honey business has always lacked; it
is not like the egg business. If a
farmer raises any eggs, if he has any
eggs to sell, or a pig to sell, or any-
thing of that kind, you can't buy it
from him for one cent less than the
market price in his state, and he knows
all about what the market price is;
'but not so with honey. If bee-keepers
have honey to sell, oftentimes they do
not know what it is worth, and more
often don't care, but if they have eggs
to sell they iknow all about it, and get
the market price, and sometimes a little
bit more. I have always thought we
ought to do something like that, so
that everybody would know what
honey is worth, and make it a staple
article.

W. E. Krause — For a couple of years
I have thought the National Associa-
tion could help bee-keepers on some
plan, the same as the Michigan plan.
If the bee-keepers of the United States
could know the condition of the honey
market; if the National could have a
Board of Directors who would in some
way get the reports and make a mini-
mum price, the same as in Michigan —
that is the first thing the National
ought to do, and it would help a great
deal.

I think if the National would advise
the bee-keepers the uniform minimum
price — one for Chicago, one for Cin-
cinnati, one for Minneapolis — we would
know how to sell in the market.

A Member — There is one point al-
most all of us overlooked. I think it
has been spoken of. Mr. Krause says,
"The National Association should in-
form the bee-iloeepers about what they
ought to have — what prices ought to

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

205

be paid." But here is the man to in-
form — the fellow that does not take
a bee paper, and does not belong to
an association; that is the fellow you
want to reach; devise some means to
get these farmer bee-keepers who
have no bee papers and don't belong
to any association — get to these men.
It would be an easy matter for the
association to notify their members, but
I understand a very small per cent
of the bee-keepers of the country are
members of associations.

Sec. Tyrrell — There is missionary
work for you members; go to that bee-
keeper and say, "Why did you sell
yoiy honey for 12% cents? Don't you
know the market is 14r cents? If you
■don't know where to sell your honey, .
and at the best price, if you are a
member of the National, they will in-
form you of the market" and you will
gef those fellows to become members.

Pres. York — I think Mr. Bacon gave
us a good suggestion today, that it
would be well for the National Associa-
tion to follow the coming year. He
said that so far as his firm was con-
cerned they would he willing to send
out a National letter with their cata-
log, and these catalogs would reach a
hundred thousand people; it would
reach a great many bee-keepers who
don't take the bee papers and who
sacrifice their honey and spoil the
market for others.

I believe every bee supply dealer or
manufacturer in the country would be
willing to do the same thing as Mr.
Bacon's firm has offered to do.

I think the Secretary could get out
a little leaflet, printe4 both sides, giv-
ing a great deal of information con-
cerning this Association and urging
bee-keepers to join; or, if they would
write to their Secretary, he could put
them in touch with their state or local
associations.

It is not the members of this As-
sociation who are makiing trouble;
they are informed, and they know
better. I suppose nearly every mem-
ber of the National Bee-Keepers' As-
sociation here reads some bee paper
and they are willing to co-operate, but
it .is the other fellow who cuts the
prices.

• I think Mr. Bacon's suggestion a fine
one, and it would put us in touch with
the smaller bee-keeper; if you could
get up such a circular as suggested
and say to them, "Do you want to get

more money from your bees? Then
write to the Secretary of the National
Bee-Keepers' Association and he will
tell you what to do." Then send your
literature; work along that line, and
let them know what this Association
proposes to do for them. If they put
$1.50i into the membership fee of this
Association, and will try to work with
us and follow the suggestions of the
Association, they will make from $10
to $100 more on their annual crop of
honey. I believe if we can show them
that we can put more money in their
pocket, they would be willing to pay a
membership fee and work with us.

"W. E. Krause — I kept close watch
of the price of honey last year in the
bee papers. Last fall I had some
comb honey. I wrote to one commis-
sion house in Minneapolis and asked
what they would pay for No. 1 honey.
I didn't have a great deal of fancy
honey; and they wrote back they would
give me 14% cents for fancy, delivered
there.

Now I would have to pay the
freight, etc., and get 14% cents in
Minneapolis, and I said, "Tou give
me 14 cents and you can have it," of
some one right there, and they bought
it — 14 cents for No. 1; a shilling for
No. 2. I afterwards learned the com-
mission man didn't offer me enough;
that honey was scarce. I watched the
bee-journals, but they are not up-to-
date in quoting the market price,
sometimes.

Mr. Demuth — They won't tell you.

W. E. Krause — If I had been in-
formed that the honey crop was as
short as it was, I would not have sold
for less than 16 cents, and I would
have made $50.00; and then I could
have paid $2.00 or $3.00 to the Na-
tional for dues, and I would have
made more money by it.

Sec. Tyrrell — Now let us put our-
selves in the position of the buyer.
The bee-paper editors ask the buyers
to give us quotations; do you sup-
pose it is to their interest to quote
prices any higher than is really nec-
essary? You can't blame them. I
feel we are asking quite a lot of them
when we ask them to do it. It is to
their interest, of course, to quote a
price, because it gives them a certain
amount of popularity among bee-
keepers, but when you get down to
facts, is it to their interest to quote
the market higher than they really

206

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

have to? So if you are goin? to look
to that source, the question is. How
reliable Is the information? We must
get at it in some other manner.

This question has come to me very
forcibly. This man made a statement
that he doubted' whether very many
of those quotations that appeared
in the bee-Dpapers were really reliable,
and yet he was a honey-buyer.

You axe asking quite a lot when you
ask a honey-buyer to quote you the
marked price, knowing that if he does
quote the market that every bee-keep-
er that gets that will not sell him for
less than the price that he has' quoted;
otherwise he might pick up lots of
honey at a good deal less price than
the market, if the bee-keeper does not
know it.

W. B. Krause — "We can't blame the
commission men for offering low prices.
We bee-keepers are the ones who
ought to know, we ought to have some
central office to give the crop report;
then, if the National would send the
members statements telling what the
honey is worth, how much in the
United States and what the price
should be, then may be the commis-
sion man would know, and we would
get a right price for our honey.

I*robably the man who offered me
14% cents for honey last fall didn't
know bow much it was worth. We are
to blame for under- selling if we are
not posted on what honey is worth; I
try to keep myself informed.

Mr. Wilcox — Now that somebody
has broken the ice — I have been think-
ing for several years, but hardly ha'I
courage to say anything. I have been
a subscriber to the American Bee
Journal for about 30 years, and I
have recommended it steadfastly to
all my friends and acquaintances,
but for the last few years it has
begun to go back on me, and why?
Because it ceased to be a weekly;
since it ceased to be a weekly I could
no longer recommend it as superior
to all others, because I could not get
the latest quotations. I have always
regarded' the editors of bee-papers as
being thoroughly honest.

Pres. York — We certainly are!

Mr. Wilcox — But they are too slow.

Pres. York — ^We are "slow but sure."

Mr. Wilcox — They are like the
weather forecaster; he knows what the
weather is after we get forecast!

There is no use saying anything

more; you know what I think; the
remedy is what we need next. I don't
see any prospect of any better remedy
than to make up our minds to abandon
the bee-papers as a source of informa-
tion regarding prices of honey, and
look for information through the In-
formation Bureau of the National As-
sociation.

Pres. York — You should have daily
reports.

Mr. Rice — I think Mr. York has
touched' a vital point in regard to try-
ing to educate these farmer bee-keep-
ers.

I want to relate a little incident: My
son was coming to make .me a visit,
and he almost always brings me a
present when he comes; he came with
a package and said, "Pa, I want you
to undo that and see what I got for
you." I was surprised to see two sec-
tions of comb honey, as fine as any
one could produce. I said, "Well, I
am glad you brought me a little honey."

He says, ."How much do you think I
gave for that?" I said, "Fifteen or 17
cents." "No, not as much as that; I
got that for 10 cents a pound."

"Where in the world did you get that
for 10 cents?" I asked. He replied, "A
little way down- on the Mississippi
river."

He was going through the town, and
he went to the store there and saw the
honey, and asked the price of it; they
told him and said to him, "We get that
honey for 10 cents in trade, and sell it
for 10 cents cash." I told my son,
"You would better take all you can get
of such honey at that price."

Now, that honey was as nice bass-
wood honey as I ever saw in a section;
there were good 16 ounces to the pound
in a section; it was sold by the section;
it was full, and very nice.

Pres. York — I don't know whether I
ought to say anything or not in reply
to Mr. Wilcox. I am willing my friend,
Mr. Tyrrell, should publish a good
paper for $1.00 a year, issued weekly!
I tried it something like 20 years, and
I don't want any more of it. You peo-
ple are not willing to pay what it is
worth for a publication like that. I
should have had $2.00 a year for the
American Bee Journal when it was a
weekly. That is the trouble — you can't
get oat a paper weekly, like the Ameri-
can Bee Journal, for $1.00 a year and
make a living.

ILUNOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

207

Mr. Wilcox — ^We have always paid
you all you asked.

Pres. York — ^But if I had asked $2.00,
half the subscription list would have
dropped off. Tou never will catch me
trying again to publish a weekly paper
at a dollar a year; it cannot be done
with the expense there is in the city,
and it is foolishness to think of it —
publish a paper like the American Bee
Journal for 2 cents a copy! That is the
reason it was discontinued, and made a
monthly. Outside of the market re-
ports there is absolutely nothing in
bee-keeping that requires announce-
ment every week; once a month is
plenty often enough to learn the new
things in bee-keeping. If it is simply
a matter of reports, it seems to me the
National can learn the extent and
prospects of the honey crop much bet-
ter than can be given in a publication,
when we get the National running the
way we hope to have it. We will have
members scattered all over the country,
and they will feel an interest in report-
ing to the National; such an interest
that they would not have in reporting
to a bee paper. I know what a job it
is to get out a crop report; I tried it
once, and that is all I want; I learned
something in doing that.

If we could get a crop report, or
market quotations, every week, it
would be a good thing, and if it were
made daily, it would be "better, prob-
ably. The very day you are ready to
sell your hoiley, you would like to have
the prices. There is one paper you can
get the market reports every two
weeks. I am glad to advertise my
friends. I would like very much to
publish a weekly bee paper; I enjoy
it; the trouble is, there are not enough
bee-keei>ers who are willing to pay
what it is worth.

Mr. Ijathrop — ^For the encouragement
of Mr. York, and in order to give both
sides of the question, I would say that
I like the American Bee Journal since
it is published monthly. I have a month
to use the Journal, and digest it, and
look it over, and I would rather have
it monthly than have it come weekly.

Pres. York — ^I think perhaps Mr.
Wilcox's digestive apparatus works t^o
fast.

Obstacles to Co- Operation.

Pres. York — ^The next question Is,
"Obstacles to be met with in co-oper-
ative efforts, and how to overcome
them."

Sec. Tyrrell — I had assigned this
topic to James K. Hedstrom, of Cali-
fornia, He has sent a paper which I
will read:

I appreciate your courtesy in selec-
ting me to make a few remarks on the
above title in your program. I suppose
you mean co-operation in a breader
sense than locally. Locally co-opera-
tion is a success in several districts at
the present time. The only reason it is
dormant in other districts is the
lethargy of the bee-keepers in those
districts. This lethargy is due either
to the producer being satisfied with the
dealer's price paid hijn ( ?) or the
producer's ignorance of the advan-
tages to be derived by co-operation,
and on this I would refer you to my
article on "Co-Operation in Selling
Honey," in Gleanings of April 1, 1911.

If a National selling agency can be
effected by affiliation of present and
future local organizations, then the first
obstacle — standardization of honey-
grading rules, in justice to the dealer
and consumer — may be met. The idea
here is to make a staple of honey so
that when the consumer thinks of
honey he thinks of it as he does of a
pound of sugar, or a five-gallon can of
gasoline or kerosene, and knows the
price is the same wherever he goes, for
the particular grade he wishes to buy.

The next obstacle is the elimination
of the honey commission man and»the
speculator. This will be accomplished
as the producer gains confidence in the
National selling agency; and the last
obstacle will be importations of foreign
honeys as the price of native honey
goes up. This can be stopped by the
tariff; or by effecting an International
selling agency (?).

The only other obstacle will be minor
details of a business character. I would
emphasize the necessity of keeping
clear of all kinds of trade agreements,
pooling Interests, etc. The National
must be free to dictate, and, if they
conduct a clean, honest business, they
will dictate.

JAMES K. HEDSTROM,

Calabasas, Calif. \

Sec. Tyrrell — It seems to me there is
a chance there for some lively discus-
sion on what you are up against in co-
operative efCort.

Pres. York — ^I think that Mr. Poore
would say one of the greatest obstacles

208

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

is "Ignorance on the part of bee-
keepers!"

What obstacles will we have to meet,
and what will we have to overcome ?

Mr. Johnstone — It seemed to me
while I sat here I could not keep still
any longer; there is certainly one man
in every county in this State who could
be relied on to make a report on the
honey crop in that vicinity. I believe
such a person could be found in every
county in the United States to report
to the National officers; that is what is
done by our wheat buyers all over the
country, and they have a National
Bureau, which reports on the condi-
tions of the wheat crop every year.

Well, now, what has happened?
There is somebody in every county all
over the country — in Dakota, in Min-
nesota — who is out there in their carri-
age riding around all over the country,
looking every few days at the condition
of the wheat crop as they see it; they
report to the Board of Trade in Minne-
apolis, or Washington, or wherever
they are; an officer compiles the report
and send it out.

It seems to me there are bee experts
enough all over the country who could
make such a report to a National offi-
cer, and he in turn could inform the
people what the conditions are, and
what would be a reasonable price to
ask for honey. Our Secretary has
offered some good suggestions, and has
given us a practical plan of that kind
of work.

Pres. York — I think the Secretary
could arrange under this new plan, if
it goes through, with the various deal-
ers and commission men to send the
reports to him — daily, if necessary —
and if any member wishes to have all
those reports, let him write to the Sec-
retary; you could get information right
from him; he would have a lot of cor-
respondence, where you get reports as
often as you call for them; a small
extra charge might be made for such
reports. Probably nine-tenths of this
Association would not care for those
reports; some may not produce enough
honey, and some may have their mar-
ket already supplied, and they are
satisfied with the conditions through
what they get from the bee papers. It
seems to me something like this could
be done.

Some one wondered hoov the com-
mission men got up their market re-
ports. As I understand it, in Chicago,

they make them up from their sales of
honey. When I send to Burnett & Co.
for a market report, 1 imagine they
make them up from their ^sales; if that ,
is not right, I would like to hare Mr.
Muth tell us. They are not going to-
quote a higher price than a dealer that
a commission man would be inclined to
quote a higher price than a dealer that
buys for cash — that buys outright, and
sells outright. The commission man
ought to be willing to put on the high-
est price he can get, but the buyer who
deals on a cash basis wants to get it as
cheap as he can. If Mr. Muth would
like to say anything on this, we will be
glad to hear from him, although we
won't force him to do so, seeing he is
from Cincinnati,

Mr. Muth — We quote the honey mar-
ket on conditions, and sometimes the
conditions, as we see them, are alto-
gether different from what they are in
reality. I will give you a little experi-
ence, an experience that cost a whole
lot of money.

You all know that the demand for
honey, especially comb honey, extracted
as well, was greater than ever last
year (1910). I think we received, in-
side of two months, a car-load and a
half of comb honey in local shipments
from the North, and as fast as they
came in they were placed in different
piles. We are very fortunately situ-
ated for buyers; as they come along the
street I sell them their capacity. Here
comes along a big retail grocer. I say
to him, "I want you to smell this
honey; this is raspberry honey." (This
retail grocer knows that I am strictly
honest!)

Pres. York — Like bee paper editors.

Mr. Muth— I tell him, "I think this is ,
your last opportunity; you take this
whole lot." I sell him that 40, 50 or 60
cases.

Along comes another man; I have
another lot; may be not raspberry
honey; it may be clover honey; it just
fits his capacity. In that way we sold
one car-load and a half of honey from
local shipments, from our friends up
North.

It was going so fast, and there was
no more honey coming in, and no more
in sight. All at once we get an oppor-
tunity to buy a car — a (big car of comb
honey from the other side of the Di-
vide, in Colorado. This almost took my
breath away, because I felt it called
for 50 cents more a case than it was

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

209

worth — to pay $7,000 for a car-load of
comb honey, sight draft against bill of
lading, and to know that this is 50
cents a case more than it is worth — it
means that you had better look out! I
took the car because the demand was
so great; I was selling all the honey in
sight; it was in October. Relying on
my salesmanship, I believed I could un-
load half a car to my bee customers,
and I brought a big wagon truck along
the street where those friends of mine
are who buy wagon-loads of honey,
and I call on every one of them and
tell them, "Here is your chance to buy
your honey; it will be gone before
night." I tell them the price. I sell 25
cases from that car of 1,900 cases. I
paid the draft, of course; otherwise I
could not have unloaded the car. Well,
some times you sweat blood.

(I am pretty well situated in the
honey business, as we have a hot
room.) This was at the end of October,
and in cool weather, and you all know
yoii^ don't want any comb honey after
the first of January. I knew, because
I could not sell more than 25 cases of
honey, that the price was 50 cents too
high, and when the first of January
came I had about $4,000 worth of honey
in that hot room; we wanted to get rid
of it, but if I had sacrificed it I would
not have made a cent, so I kept it, and
kept it. I never get disgusted, because
the honey business is a very interest-
ing subject to me. I knew there woi^Qd
be a further demand for that honey,
and I would not sell it and lose, but I
did not make anything on it, y^ you
were to add interest on the money in-
vested.

Tou don't want to ship any honey to
a man who won't pay his bills; nor to
a man who don't pay the day he gets
the shipment, either. Tou want to
send your honey to a man that you are
sure you will your money from, and
then you like to ship there.

Three years back there was a bee-
keeper in our neighborhood who was a
very fine honey- producer; it was before
shipments of honey were coming in,
and I wanted his honey.

I help him out on fbee supplies; if he
doesn't receive a crop of honey I have
carried him for about $300.00 until he
gets a crop of honey the next year; he
can sell to whom he pleases, and then
I get my money. Now, this fellow
knew that he was the first man in the
field with honey, and that he can get
—14

any price he wants. I paid this f elloiw
$1,100 for his honey, at 16% cents a
pound, just to get it first, and sell it at
17 and 16% cents. I no more had that
big lot of honey in my house, when a
car-load of. Western honey came in,
and was selling at the rate of about 14
cents a pound,

Tou have got to grin and bear that
kind of things. I laid that honey aside,
and I would not sell it until I could get
17 or 18 cents.

In quoting your honey market, you
have to make yourself safe, and be fair
with the producer, and I do really
believe that the quotations in the biee
papers for the honey market are about
as fair as they can be. I would say,
"Quote your honey market fair, al-
ways."

Sec. Tyrrell — There is another com-
munication from Mr. Rauchfuss, on
local shipments, if you want to have it
read. It is as follows:

Local Shipments of Comb Honey.

Owing to an almost entire honey
crop failure in Northern Colorado dur-
ing the past season (1910), local ship-
ments of comb honey from other sec-
tions of the State became necessary.

Some of these shipments were made
by express, but most of them by
freight, as our experience in former
years with express companies has been
that it is simply a matter of paying
higher charges for a poorer service.

Having received many local ship-
ments during the past fall, ranging in
lots of 12 cases to several hundred
c^ses, and in distance of shipment from
75 to 450 miles, we have had plenty of
opportunity to experiment as to what
is needed to make the shipping of small
lots of comib honey during cool or cold
weather a success, and will herewith
give you some of our observations.

While warm iweather prevailed, ship-
ments came through in fairly good
condition.

When cold nights came on, no ship-
ment arrived in good condition when
cases were shipped singly (glass al-
ways protected by thin boards),
whether packed in single or double-tier
cases.

Honey in double-tier eases came
through with much less breakage than
that in single-tier cases.

Honey produced without bottom
starters in sections broke down more
than with the bottom starters.

210

ELEVENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

Single-tier cases and also dout)le-tier
cases crated together with lath (4 in a
crate) came through in very bad con-
dition; however, in explanation, it may
be stated that these came the longest
distance and were transferred twice in
transit, and the damage, most likely,
was done in the transferring by tumib-
ling the crates around, as they have no
projecting handles.

Single -tier cases with the new and
much praised sliding covers have
proven a dismal failure; cases had to
be tied with a string in transit to keep
them from falling apart.

Large printed cards with lengthy in-
structions to freight handlers proved of
little or no value; evidently they were
too long to be read.

The only lots that came through
during cold weather without damage
were those that were shipped in 8 -case
carriers, with straw or hay beneath the
cases and projecting handles at the
ends. While these handles are of little
value to carry the crates, they seem to
prevent the placing of the crates on end
in the cars, and to prevent their being
tumbled about.

Altogether the damage in these local
shipments not packed in carriers has
been so frequent that we have come to
the conclusion to notify our members
that after this we shall not receive any
local shipments of comb honey unless
packed in carriers. Another advantage
of the. carriers Is, that the cases are
protected and arrive in clean condition.

The present rulings of the Western
Classification Committee do not make
any distinction between comb honey
shipped in single cases, glass protected,
and comb honey shipped in 8 -case
carriers, which is manifestly a hard-
ship to the producers, and the cause
why the use of these carriers for ship-
ments is not more general. I am,
therefore, trying to enlist the support
of large jobbers and shippers of comb
honey within the territory of the West-
ern Classification to urge the Western
Classification Committee to rule that
comb honey in carriers with straw or
hay ^beneath the cases shall go as sec-
ond-class freight, for the reason that it
will take less time to handle them, and
the danger of damage is reduced to a
minimum, thereby saving the railroads
many damage claims. I hope that this
move will find the support of this Asso-
ciation, at its present session.

FRANK RAUCHFUSS. Denver, Colo.

(The forgoing had also been read
before a meeting of the Colorado
Honey-Producers' Association.)

Mr. France — I got a letter from Mr.
Rauchfuss that the Western Freight
Classification had already gotten out a
statement that they would consider in
July modifying the freight transporta-
tion, and that this meeting would be
held in Milwaukee, Wis., and that the
National Association ought to take
some action on it. Nobody had any
authority to do anything, but the day
for the meeting came, and I took the
responsibility upon myself, and went to
Milwaukee. The G. B. Lewis people
were generous enough to make one of
these carrier-crates with straw under-
neath and handle ends. With their
representative we were fortunate
enough in drawing lots to get an early
opportunity to go before the Classifica-
tion Committee, and we plead as best
we could, I, for one, favoring the rais-
ing of the freight-rate on single case
of comb honey, first-class; I think
when a man Is shipping only one, or
two cases of comb honey, he ought not
to be considered a shipper.

The classification would not apply to
only one size case, but it does ask that
we shall have a carrier- crate for the
cases, with straw or hay or some ex-
celsior, or something, underneath, and
in that way you can ship your honey
hereafter as second-class freight. This
committee will meet in Texas in the
winter.

]Mr. Muth — I want to relate an ex-
perience of a shipment from Illinois
last summer. A shipper sent me, I be-
lieve, 30 cases of comb honey. My
driver brought them from the railroad;
he had signed for them O. K., and when
he came down to our store we opened
them up, and everything was mashed
and smashed. My man says, "I didn't
see any breakage." "Great Caesar,"
says I, "and you O. K.'d them." Well,
the railroad company knows we are
square, and I called down my friend
from the railroad company immedi-
ately, telling him my man had signed
for the goods O. K. We got the claim
for the honey, (but they should not have
paid it. The bee-man thought I was a
scoundrel, and all this for not paying
for that honey as I agreed to; but I
think they should have lost all of that,
and the railroad company ought not to
have had to stand any of it.

''i,<-.:

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

211

Pres. York — He shipped you "bulk

honey!"

Mr Muth — I should say "hashed
honey."

Mr. Wilcox — If there is nothing
further, I move that we adjourn.

Pres. York — Just a few words before
we go. I hope when you go home, and
have an opportunity to vote on the new
Constitution, that you will approve it.
I have been going to conventions for
something like 25 years. I remember,
something like ten or fifteen years ago,
working out a scheme for the affiilia-
tion of the National Association, spend-
ing a great deal of time on it, but it
didn't pass. Finally, today we have
begun to adopt a Constitution that
contemplates affiliating societies; I
would like to see it approved and tried.
I believe it is the beginning of a new
era for this Association, and perhaps
for the bee-keepers of this country. I
am sure any of us who have anything

to do with it will feel repaid for the
time we have spent in trying to get
something that the bee-keepers of this
country need.

If there is anything further I can do,
or if the officers and directors can do
anything further, we will try to do it.
"We don't ask anything in the way of
positions, but just give us a chance to
help you, and the bee papers, I am sure,
will all help this thing along. Let us
see if we cannot introduce something
along the line of co-operation that will
amount to something. Let us work
along the educational line as well.

I thank you for your interest and at-
tention; it has been a great help to me
in presiding over this meeting, and I
know that we will continue to enjoy
the rest of the time we are permitted
to spend in Minneaapolis.

At '9:Z0 p. m., the Convention ad-
journed to meet at the call of the
Executive Committee or Board of
Directors.

212

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

J

LIST or MEMBERS

-OF THE-

Illinois State Bcc-Kccpcr$' /Issociation

FOR 1912,
and Statistical Report for 1911.

(Where no State is given "Illinois" is understood.)

NAME AND ADDRESS.

91

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33

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t-'hH
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Ahlers, H. C. — West Bend!, Wis

Anthony, A. B.— Sterling, 111 90

Arnd, H. M. — 191 Superior St, Chicago, 111

Arnold, P. X. — ^Deer FJain, 111

Ash, J. W. — HiiBailton, 111

Augenstein, A. A. — ^R. 1, Dakota, 111

Bal<&idge, M. M.— St. Charles, 111

Balduff, Henry — Beardstown, 111

Bamberger, John — Freeport, 111 ....

Barkemeyer, B. D. — 302 Chi. Ave., Oak Park, 111

Barr, C. W.— Gardner, 111 60 500

Baxter, E. J. — Nauvoo, 111

Becker, Chas, — Pleasant Plains, 111 ....

Benecke, Rev. W. F. — Dieterick, 111 17 Failure

Beidler, W. H. — R. 3, Freeport, 111

Benson, August — R. 2, Prophets town. 111 100 50

Bishop, Frank — Virden, 111 74 Failure

Bishop, W. W. — Virginia, 111 , 6 220

Blocher, D. J. — Pearl City, 111 -

Blume, W. B. — Norwood Park Sta, Chicago, 111.. 49 1250
Bodenschatz, Adam — Lemont, 111 300 None

Bormer, E. H. — ^R. 1, Pecatonica, 111 ....

Bowen, J. W. — Jacksonville, 111 '

Boyd, C. J. — Anna, 111 40 48

Brelsford, W. H.— Kenney, 111. 12 400

Bronell, L. F. — Piano, 111 6 ....

Brown, E. W. — ^Willow Springs, 111 ; . .

Brubaker, W. H. — R. 3, Freeport, 111 ;

Bruilette, J. B. — St. Anne, 111

Bruner, E. H.— 3836 N. 44th Ave., Chicago, 111

Buckmayer, J. F. — Iowa City, Iowa

Bull, John C. — ^Valparaiso, Ind

Burnett, R. A. — 199 S. Water St., Chicago, 111

Burtis, Eugene — Grover, Pa ,

Candtler, Miss Mathilda — Cassville, Wis

a

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200

50

None

None

3H

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: ft

Yes

Yes

No
Yes i
Yes

Yes i

i
■ • • •

Yes

• • • •

Yes

■;.■*:

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

213

NAME AND ADDRESS.

w

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81

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Carrico, Jno. G.— Barnett, 111 24 300 Yes

Caumford, C. J. — ^R. 1, Winnebago, 111 .... .... ....

Clark, Frank — Ridott, 111. . i

Clawson, W. A. — B.. 2, Assumption, 111 22 1000

Cooke, A- N., & Son — ^WoodhuU, 111 50 Not a section.. Yes

Conrad, C. M — Flanagan, 111 . . . . .... :''••• • •••

Coppin, Aaron — ^Wenona, 111 .... .... . — ....

Cox, Wm.— Oakland, III 50 500

Craven, Thomas — Seneca, 111. 32 500

Crotzer, A. S. — ^Lena, 111 41 400

Dadant, C. P. — Hamilton, 111 .... ... ..... .^ • .

Dadant, H. C. — Hamilton, 111 .... .... ....

Dadant, L. C. — ^Hamilton, 111 . . . .'

Dadant, M. G. — ^Hamilton, 111 - .... .... ....

Dailey, Wm. — R. 3, Woods'tock, 111 -. 33 500

Deem, B. L, — Colona, 111 24 .... .... ....

Diebold, A. J. — Seneca, 111 46 60 1150

Dittmer, Gus. — ^Augusta, Wis ....

Donges, G. F. — Durand, 111 75 50 2500

Downey, Elmer E. — ^Putnam, 111 .... ....

Drorak, John, Jr. — Algonquin, III 22 1100 120

Duby, H. S. — R. 4, St. Anne, 111 Failure

Duff, Peter N.— 1749 W. 58th St., Chicago, 111

Dustman, Chas. E. — Des Moines, Iowa ....

Eidmann, E. C. — 119 S. 111. St., Belleville, 111

Einhaus, John — Sfeneca, 111 97 1400 2400

Enlgenburg, John' — Oakglen, 111 50 700 2100

Evans, J. M. — ^Auburn, III .... ....

Falconer, W. W.— 300 N. 48'th Ave., Chicago, 111.

Finger, C. A. — Marissa, HI 20 120 850

Finkenbinder, D. A. — Stockton, 111 30 ....

Fischer, Henry F. — Bensonville, 111 •••• 50 225 ....

Foltz, Adam C— Elpaso, 111. 14 100 ....

Fosse, E. P. — Marion, 111 ...^... 54 2000 2700

Frank, J. C. — R. 1, Davis, 111 .\ . . ; ..... 200 4000

Frank, John C. — ^Dodge City, Kans. 85 300

Frisch, John — Cor. Irving Park Blvd. and. 56th

Ave., Irving Park Station, Chicago, 111 .... .... .;.,.

Funk, H. W. — Normal, 111 100 No crop

Geissaz, Alfred' — Greenville, 111 104 2400 4500

Gilbert, G. B.— 505 E. Boston Av., Monmouth, 111. .... .... ....

Glasser, Wm. — ^Dakota, 111 ...'.• ....

Glenn, C. J. — Geneseo, 111

Glessner, Mrs. J. J. — 1800 Prairie Ave, Chicago

Gortschler, Ben — ^Bllston, Iowa

Grabbe, F. — ^Libertyville, 111. ..i...... . . ....

Grant, W. W.— Marion, 111 15 55 140 ...!

Gray, W. H. — Chillicothe, 111 112 100 1000 Yes

Greer, J. R. — Shumway, 111 18 lOOO 40

Group, John F. — Franklin Grove, 111 15 100 Yes

GuUiforct G. L. — ^Bloomington, 111.............: 28 25 100 Yes

Gundy, W. C. — R'itchey, 111 5 60

Hansel, Charlie — Minooka, 111 20 300 120 . '. . ,"

Yes

No
Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes
Yes

t^.,y,'f^& .

V' »>^^

214

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

NAME AND ADDRESS.

Hansel, Will — Box 14, Minooka, 111

Hartman, Fred E. — ^R. 2, Troy, 111

Hastings, Chas. — '1625 N. Union St., Decatur, 111.

H«inold, Fred^ — Cissan Park, 111

Heinze, Herman — R. 1, More, 111

Heinzel, Albert O. — Lincoln, 111

Heise, Paul — L. Box 444, Warsaw, 111

Heslop, Edward — R. 8, Springrfield^ 111

Hight, Leroy, Cornell, 111

Hill, H. D.— Lima, 111

Hinderer, Frank — Frederick, III

Hitch, Rev. H. F.— R. 1, Harrisburg, Ill..i

Hitt, Samuel H. — Elizabeth, 111 .]

Hohner, Peter — H. 1, Henry, 111

Holmes, Miss H. C. — Belle Rive, III "

Homan, W. A. — 703 N. 12th St., Quincy, 111

Horstman, Wm. H. — 6759 Morgan, Chicago

Howland, Harry D. — Gardner, 111

Huffman, Jacob — Monroe, Wis

Hutt, Jos. G.— 1710 S. Wash. St., Peoria, 111

Hyde, Geo. S. — New Canton, 111

Hyde, W. H. — New Canton, 111

' Jansen, Wm. F. — R. 8, Quincy, 111

Johnson, M. D. — ^Webster, Iowa

Jones, Geo. W. — ^West Bend, Wis

Josephson, Mrs. Aug. — Box 121, Granville, 111. . .

Kaler, Sylvester, — Smithfield, 111

Kendall, J. S. — Chemung, 111

Kenneberg, C. F. — 416 Marion St., Oak Park, 111.

Kennedy-, Miss L. C. — R. 11, Curran, 111

Kennedy, B.^Cherry Valley, 111

Kerley, Josiah — ^Anna Hospital, Southern 111

Kildow, A. L. — ^Putnam, 111

Kile, Henry — Mason City, 111

King, Chris C — Savanna, 111

Kluck, N. A.— Lena, 111

Kneser, John — Barrington, 111

Kucznnski, John F. — ^Box 114, Oglesby, 111. •

Laxton, J. G. — Lyndon, 111

Lee, Arthur — Rockton, 111 -. .

Lee, H. W. — Pecatomica, 111

Legat, Sylves'ter — R. 1, Sipring Valley, 111

Lind, M. H. — ^Badfers, 111

Longwell, B. R.— 1115 1st Ave., Rochelle, 111

Lovell, W. C. — Sycamore, 111

Ludwig, H. M. — CoUinsville, 111

LjTnan, W. C. — Downers Grove, 111

Lynard, M. M. — Auburn, 111

Mackie, J. M. — Liberty, 111.

Magee, Geo. T. — Cairo, 111

Marshall, Wm. Carpenterville, 111

Maschger, W. C. — lola, 111

May, Fred H. — P, O. Box 34, Meredosia, 111

29
6

15

20
11

160
27
.20

130

14
65
16
.10

36

30
20
60

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135

200

300

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101

200
100

Light crop

2200

1500 400

300 2000

525

2000

100

500

■ • • *

2400

500
300
200

50 300

30 Failure

115

20

700
300

175
200
750

500
100

200

500 200

120 None None

140(f-

No

Yes
No

Yes
Yes

Yes

Yes-

Yes

Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes

Yes
.Yes

Yes

30

100

30

No

18

40

• • • •

■ • • ■

10

. > ■ ■

240

Yes

87

210

1800

• • • •

^ -

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

215

NAME AND ADDRESS.

33

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Meise, F. A. — Coatsburg-, 111

Michel], Philip A. — Forkland, Ala.

Miller, Dr. C. C. — Marengo, 111

Miller, W. C. — Box R., Ottawa, 111

Moore, W. B. — Altona, 111

Muchleip, H. — ^Apple River, 111

Ness, L. L. — Morris, 111

Niblack, M. J. — Vincennes, Ind.

Norberg, Peter J. — Spring Valley, 111

Null, WiMiam D. — DemcipGlis, Ala

Nydegger, John — 801 W. Voorhees St., Danville

Oakes, Lannes P. — Joppa, 111

O'Donnell, Leo — 1345 Jackson St. Rockford. III..

Offner, Fred— Monee, 111

Opfer, A. H. — 2650 Patterson Ave., Dunning Sta.,

Chicago, 111 - . .

Ostermeier, John — Mechanicsburg, 111

Payne, Jno. W.— R. 1, Georgetown, 11

Peterson, C. B. — 6959 Union Ave., Chicago

Piper, G. M.— Chillicothe, 111

Pippenger, M. A. — Lincoln, 111

Poindexter, Jas. — R. 5, Bloomington, 111

Poitstock, H. A. — 5427 Milwaukee Ave., Chicago
Pressler, E. W. — 1726 Armitage Ave., Chicago..

Pritchard, Charlie — Grand' Raplpds, Wis

Pyles, I. E. — Putnam, 111

Ranschenberg, Wm. — 5812 Lawrence Ave.,

Jefferson Sta., Chicago

Rehnstrom, Stephen — Andover. Ill

Reynolds, Alvah — Altona, 111. (Life Member) . . .
Reynolds, W. G. — 1956 Ogden Ave., Chicago....

Riley, W.— Breeds, 111

Robbins, Daniel E. — Payson, 111

Roberts, Jesse H. — ^Watseka, 111

Roberts, Thos. D. — Herscher, 111

Rogers, H. D. — Lewistown, 111

Rohkaster, Herman, Fruit, 111

Rolf, William — Hoyleton, 111

Ross, R. B., Jr.— 412 Corestine Bldg., Montreal,

Canada *.

Russow, Gottlieb — 1584 N. Leavitt St., Chicago.

Siauer, John — H. 5, Springfield, 111

Scaggs, Oliver — Putnam, 111

Schaar, Wm.— R. 3, Joliet, 111

Schmertman, Louis — R. 1, Freeport, 111

Schroll, Julius — 4922 Medill Ave., Chicago

Seastream; George — Box 142, Pawnee, 111

Seoor, Eugene — P. M., Forest City, Iowa

Secor, W. G.— Greenfield, 111

Seeley, John W. — Toledo, 111

Seibold, Jacob — Homer, 111

Sells, L. M. — R. F. D., Walnut, 111

Settle, W. H.— Gridley, 111

100
lOO

66
200

170

80

35

3

12

19

108

20
30

12

None None

1800

5000

1400

Small amount
Total failure

Very little

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes
No

Yes

24

250 300

21

Failure

36

600

1«

425 . ....

50 550

400 None
635

4 None None
60 None None

Yes
Yes

No
Yes

J

216

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

NAME AND ADDRESS.

Shaw, Duane — Palestine, 111 90

Shawver, Oscar — Casey, 111 44

Slherrlll, Burt L.— Pittwood, III 50

Shrontz, Mack — Momence, III

Shupe, Frank — Mazon, 111 55

Simmons, J. R. — Harvey, 111 22

Simpson, W. — Meyer, 111

Slack, Geo. B. — Mapleton, 11}

Smith, C. C— 5533 Cornell Aye., Chicago, 111

Smith, B. F.— Chadwick, 111.*. 14

Stoith, Walter E. — Lincoln, 111

Snell, F. A.— Milledgeville, 111. 80

Stanley, Arthur — Dixon, 111

Stockdale, Dr. F, A.— Coal City, 111

Stone, Jas. A. — R. 4, Springfield, 111

Stombraker, J. S. — Walnut, 111

Sulzberger, Harry M. — Ransom, 111 48

Tobias, Engle — Freeport, 111

Trickey, H. — Reno, Nevada

Truby, S. K. — Maple Park, 111

Turner, W. P. — Peoria Heights, 111 80

Ulrich, G. E. — Campus, 111 7

VanButsele, Louis — R. 1, Collinsville, 111 27

Van DeWiel, Anton — E. -Dubuque, 111 10

Vaughn, B. O. — ^Box 35, Auburn, 111 25

Vawter, F. E. — Box 165, Industry, 111 15

Vernon, George — Carlj le, 111

Vogel, Henry— Galena, 111 35

Voorhees, Abe — Oglesby, LaSalle Co., 111.

Wagner, L. E. — Readstown, Wis

Walker, Albert — Petersburg, 111 10

Watts, C. S.— Monticello, 111 50

Weckerle, Mrs. Anna — 12345 Wallace St., W.

Pullman, 111 18

Werner, Louis — Ediwardsville, 111

Weston, Miss Georgia M. — Geneva, 111

Wheeler, J. C— Oak Park, 111

Whitmore, Dr. N. P. — Gardner, Grundy Co.', 111.. 13

Whltmore, H. — Box 551, Momence, 111 32

Wicklein, F, A. — Percy, 111 15

Widiicus, Daniel — St. Jacob, 111 15

Wilkie, J. D.— R. 2, Chi. Heights, 111 15

Williams, Jesse E. — Wheelerville, Pa -: .

Wilson, Miss Emma — Marengo, III

Withrow, G. M. — Buffalo, 111

Woodman, A. G. — Grand Rapids, Mich „.

Woolsey, Geo. A. — 6i23 Jefferson St., Rockford.. 50

Wrightman, Henry — ^Auburn, 111 ,

Tork, Geo. W. — 117 N. Jefferson St., Chicago

Zeiler, Mrs. Caroline — R. 35, Peoria, 111 '9

Zimmerman, Henry — Bethaldo, 111

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3500
400
500

1000
200

300

500
600

Yes

Yes

1500

2100

100

250 400

600

No

350

40

450

250

100

surplus
200

980

200
750
500

res
Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes
No

Yes
Yes

Yes
Yes

Yes

200

50

Yes

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

217

INDEX TO ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Page.
Address of Welcome by the Mayor

of Milwaukee 129

Anatomical Bee Models and Lec-
tures 68

Annual Address of the President

of National 165

• Annual Meeting — Date of 59

, Anti Spraying Law 82

Apiary Inspection — Methods of —

By Geo. S. Demuth 150

Appropriation Bill 13

Auditing Committee — Reports of 52, 69

Baxter, E. J. — Resolution by 69

Baxter, E. J. — The Hofney Bee and
the Average Horticulturist...... 117

Bee Disease Legislation 166

Bee Escape for Removing Honey. . 120

Bee Keeper — Oldest 89

Bee Keepers Buying Honey to Re-
tail 100

Bee Keepers — Co-operation Among 198

Bee Keepers — Letter to 26

Bee Keeping at the State Uni-
versity 69

Bees at State Fair — ^Premiumi for

Manipulating them 49

Bees Dying Outside the Hives — "

Cause of 113

Bees — Heavy Mortality in 100

Bees in Trees^ — Foul Bro^d and... 164

Bees — Paralysis in 114

Beeswax Cakes — Black Substance

at Bottom of 105

Beeswax — Testing for Purity 104

Black Brood — Treatment of 22

Blocher, D. J. — Should Honey Pro-
ducers Try to Rear Queens? 106

Brood Diseases — Campaign Against

(By Dr. E. F. Phillips) 132

Bulletins — National Association . . 175

Buying Honey to Sell Again 65

By-Laws of the State Association. 9

Caucasian Bees — What I think of
Them (A. D. D. Wood) 97

Charter of Illinois State Bee-Keep-
ers' Association 8

Charter Members of 111. State Bee-
Keepers' Association 7

Chicago Northwestern — ^Adjourn-
ment of " 127

Page.

Chicago Northwestern — Afternoon
Session, First Day 83

Chicago Northwestern — ^Afternoon
Session, Second Day 117

Chicago Northwestern — Morning
Session, Second Day '. . . . 106

Chicago Northwestern — Proceed-
ings of the 73

Chicago Northwestern — Report of
Committee on Resolutions 119

Chicago Northwestern — Time of
Holding Annual Meeting 127

Colorado Honey Producers' Associ-
ation — What it is Doing 198

Color of Honey — Change in 102

Comb and Extracted Honey — Pro-
ducing 60

Comb Honey — Local Shipments of 209

Comb Honey — Uniform Shipping
Cases for 191

Committees — Appointment of 28

Committees in the National As-
sociation 154

Constitution 111. State Bee Keep-
ers' Association 9

Contagion — Causes of 17

Co-Operation Among Bee Keepers 198

Co-Operation — National Associa-
tion and 202

Co-Operation — Obstacles to (Jas.
K. Hedstrom) 207

Dadant, C. P. — Do We Need Other

State Law1*-ior Bee Keepers?... 110
Dadant, L. C. — Marketing Honey —
From the Producers' Stand Point 61

Dadiant, L. C. — Picture of 74

Discussion 57

Dividends and Rebates' — (Frank

Rauchfus) 200

Double Tier Cases — Specifications

for , . j . . 192

Dr. Leonard's Foul Brood Treat-
ment 153

Drones — ^Heat Produced By 89

Drones — To Keep the Brood Warm 29

DufC's Old Queen Bee. 127

Dysentery— Causes^Treatment ... 22

Election of Delegates to the Na-
tional 92

r~:^:yy •:!»;. ~ ••'..■■ .,; , :" . i-4f^T>'?Tp»-v^- '^'^ :'i- i'S^'-'.^'vyr ';'".■'• '-"«" '''-'■"■ ■S:-nW^^S^p!Vy''^!^'<'W^

J ■■

218

ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Page.
Election of Officers — Chicago

Northwestern 92

Election of Officers — Illinois State. 64

European Foul Brood 93

Experiments 18

Extracted Honey — Premiums on

Samples of 51

Extracted Honey — Standard Can

for 196

Extracting Frames — Shallow 117

Facey, Mr. — Le'tter from 176

Financial Report of Secretary 29

Foul Bpood 35

Foul Brood and Bees in Trees 164

Foul Broodi and Other Diseases of

Bees 16

Foul Brood — Curing 150

Foul Broodi — Dr. Miller — Talk on . . 83

Foul Brood — European 93

Foul Birood — McEvoy Treatment . . 19

Foul Brood*— Symptoms of 18

Foul Brood' — Treatment of 19

Foul Broody Colonies — Honey from 70

France, Hon. N. E. — Picture of 128

Freight Rates and Breakage Claims 199
Fruit Juice in the Hives 58

Glass for Shipping Cases— Width
of 58

Government — The— And Bee Cul-
ture 166

Hedstrom, Jas. K. — Obstacles to

Co-Operation 207

Hive — Ten Frames with Nine

Frames 108

Honey — Adulteration of 179'

Honey a Luxury — When is? 101

Honey Label — Wording for 102

Honey — Prevent from Souring 112

Honey Producers — Should they try

to Rear Queens? By D. J. Blocher 106

Honey — Proof of Pure 103

Honey — Ready Sale of 90

Honey Receptacles 92

Honey — Rules for Grading 14

Honey Tank — A Sample 120

Honey Trade-Mark — National 99

Honey Vinegar — Making 115

House to House Peddling 160

Hotel^The Great Northern 126

Hutchinson, W. Z. — Resolution on

Death of 126

Illinois State Association — After-
noon Session, First Day 34

Illinois State Association — Conisti-
tutlon 9

Illinois State Association — Evening
Session, First Day 52

Page.

Illinois State Association — Forma-
tion of 7

Illinois State Association — Morning
Session, Second Day 59

Illinois State Association — Officers
for 19-12 5

Illinois State Association — Picture
of Members Present ^ 12

Illinois State Association — Pro-
ceedings Twenty-first Annual
Session 23

Illinois State University — Bee
Keeping at 69

Italian Bees' — Hybrid vs. Leather
Colored 108

Langstroth's Picture 4

Laws — State — Passing of 80

Letter of Transmittal 3

Local Market — Developing a 160

Mail Order Honey Trade 159

Marketing Honey — ^From the Pro-
ducers' Stand Point — L. C.

Dadant 62

Mayor — Address of Welcome by.. 129
Minutes of Last Meeting (1910) ... 24

National Bee -Keepers' Association

and Co-Operation 202

National Bee-Keepers' Association

— Annual Convention Report .... 172
National Bee-Keepers' Association

— Bulletins 175

National Bee-Keepers' Association

— Committes in 154

National Bee-Keepers' Association

— Constitution of 180

National Bee-Keepers' Association

— First Day, Evening Session... 154
National Bee-Keepers' Association

—Future of (Geo. W. York) 166

National Bee-Keepers* Association

— Helping to Grow 177

National Bee-Keepers' Association

— Next Place of Meeting 177

National Bee-Keepers' Association

— Reference to « 41

National Bee-Keepers' Association

—Report of 128

National Bee -Keepers' Association

— ^Resolutions Adopted by 178

National Bee-Keepers' Association

— Rules of Order 188

National Bee-Keepers' Association

— Second Day, Afternoon Session 180
National Bee-Keepers' Association

— Second Day, Evening Session. 198
National Bee-Keepers' Association

— Second Day, Morning Session. 165
National Bee -Keepers' Association

— Secretary's Report 171

ILLINmS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

219

Page
National Government — Its Relation
to Foul Brood — By Wm. A. Selser 141

Pickled Brood' — Ssrmptoms — Treat-
ment .' 21

Queen-Mating Stations 189

Rauchfus, Frank — Dividends and
Rebates 200

Resolution of Sympathy to T. F.
Bingham 127

Second Story Extracting Frames . . 109
Secretary's Report for 1911 (Illinois

State Association) 25

Selser, Wm. A. — National Grovern-

mept — Foul Brood 141

Shipping Cases — Single or Double

Tier? 33, 87

Shipping Cases — ^Width of Glass in 88
Size of Package for Retail Trade. . 161

Standard Sections 194

State Insi>ector of Apiaries 11

Page.
State Inspector's Report (A. L.

Kildow) 53

State Laws on Bee-Keeping — Do

We Need Other? (C. P.

Dadant) 110

Stores — Display of 160

Sweet Clover Area — Increasing it.. 122
Sweet Clover Bloom.' — ^Yellow and

White 121

Texas and Other Southern Queens 107
Treasurer's Report. (111. State) 27

Uncapping Knives — Steam Heated 109
Uncapping Melters or Machines... 190
Utah 20

White Clover — Prospects for 1912. 58
Wood, A. D. D.— What I Think of

Caucasian Bees 97

Wright, V. P.— Letters From 129

York, Geo. W^. — Picture of 74

York, Geo. W. — The Future of the
National 166

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